1. Correctly treat Sino-US trade disputes.
(1) Sino-US market access dispute
Market access is the essence of Sino-US trade and the core of China's entry into the multilateral trading system. The relative decline of American economic strength and increasingly fierce international competition are the fundamental reasons for this problem. In recent decades, the Asia-Pacific region, especially China, has developed rapidly in economy and trade, becoming one of the regions with the greatest development potential and vitality in the world. As the largest developing country, China has a huge potential market, which is of great significance for the United States to expand its exports. Therefore, the United States has vigorously explored the China market in recent years, creating favorable conditions for American companies to occupy the China market. The United States has repeatedly accused China of closing its market to American products, and criticized China's trade system and many "obstacles" and "barriers" in trade, such as complicated import management and licensing system, undisclosed import quota management, and insufficient transparency in trade management and regulations. In addition, the United States also accused China of overprotecting the service industry, especially in the fields of finance, insurance, accounting firms and transportation where the United States is particularly competitive, and China's openness is too low. The United States has made a big fuss about market access and frequently put pressure on China, which fully reflects that American trade policies and strategies have shifted from pursuing fair and reasonable competition rules to pursuing equality of competition results, and from simply restricting imports to combining restricting imports with actively expanding exports. By increasing exports, improving the trade situation, developing the domestic economy and solving the unemployment problem.
(2) China's entry into the world trade system and the obstruction of the United States.
China's basic position is to adhere to the existing international standards and our own national conditions, as a developing country to join the multilateral trading system. Since the reform and opening up, China has made great progress in the reform of foreign trade management system and market opening, and the level of import tariffs has been greatly reduced. The United States, on the other hand, ignores China's economic development level and achievements, adopts the market opening standards and economic and trade management practices of mature developed countries, and demands China and China to assume too many obligations and responsibilities that are incompatible with their own national strength and development level. By introducing its domestic trade legislation, the United States threatened to take trade sanctions and retaliatory measures, and unilaterally put pressure on China, trying to force China to make more open and liberalized concessions, so as to expand the share of the United States in China's development.
(3) Sino-US intellectual property disputes
In recent years, there have been frequent disputes between China and the United States in the field of intellectual property rights. As early as 1989 and 1990, the United States included China in the list of "key observer countries" according to special clause 30 1. 1991On April 26th, the Office of the US Trade Representative listed China as one of the "key countries" under the special clause 30 1 on the grounds that China had not taken effective measures to protect intellectual property rights, and signed a trade agreement with China to stop pirated computer software and audio products with trade sanctions worth 2.8 billion US dollars and the threat of imposing high import tariffs on some export products from China. Since then, the United States has repeatedly made a fuss about intellectual property rights in 1994 and 1996, and threatened to impose high trade sanctions. The essence of American practice is to link intellectual property rights with trade interests and economic strength, and impose one country's intellectual property protection policies and regulations on other countries by means of trade issues and trade means diplomacy. Its essence is the protectionist trade policy of American interests first. From the perspective of implementation, Special Clause 30 1 implements a set of strict procedures, but its actual implementation often depends on the trade situation of the United States in that year and the judgment that the poor protection of intellectual property rights of trading partners harms the interests of the United States. In this regard, the US Trade Representative has greater discretion.
2. Take correct strategies to deal with American trade policy and trade legislation.
(1) Adhere to China's economic system reform and opening-up policy, and enhance China's overall economic strength and economic and technological competitiveness. This is to improve China's political and economic status, strengthen its negotiating power with its trading rivals, and better safeguard China's economic interests. Only when the economy is strong can foreign countries handle bilateral economic and trade frictions more equally.
(2) Further reform China's trade management system and actively move closer to international standards. Perfecting the import management system, improving the transparency of trade policies and promoting trade liberalization are the general trend of international trade development. At present, we should strengthen the study of international economic and trade management and rules, carefully analyze and study China's current trade system and trade management model, and make up our minds to reform and innovate those outdated practices that do not meet the requirements of China's economic development, and gradually realize the goals that can be achieved after a period of hard work in a planned and step-by-step manner. However, we must resolutely resist the pressure and safeguard China's basic economic interests for those demands and practices that harm China's basic economic interests and belong to principles and positions.
(3) strive to join the multilateral trading system as soon as possible, use the constraints of multilateral mechanisms to resist hegemonic trade, and strive for China's legitimate protection rights and legitimate economic interests as a developing country at this stage. Joining the World Trade Organization is the general trend. China should actively use multilateral mechanisms to properly resolve trade disputes with other countries and better coordinate its foreign economic and trade relations. Relying on multilateral rules and dispute settlement mechanisms has effectively restricted and restrained the proliferation of trade unilateralism and trade sanctions in individual countries.
(4) Actively promote the market diversification strategy. In Sino-US trade, because China's dependence on the American market is far greater than that of the United States on China, the United States often shows great aggressiveness in its China policy by virtue of its strong political and economic strength. It not only takes a tough attitude in the negotiations, but also often takes unilateral actions to resort, intimidating China with trade sanctions and making excessive demands on China. In view of the practice of the United States, China should strengthen the macro supervision and management of trade, reasonably adjust the trade flow direction, and avoid excessive concentration of exports in certain markets, especially in developed countries. Further explore various forms of economic and trade exchanges with other Asian countries, Latin American and African countries, reduce excessive dependence on a single market, spread trade risks, minimize and avoid unnecessary disputes on market access and other issues, and create a good external environment for China's economic and trade development.
(5) Improve the legislation and protection system of intellectual property rights and strengthen the enforcement of intellectual property rights.
Sino-US trade friction has a long history, mainly in the following aspects:
1. US anti-dumping against China
The United States has filed the most anti-dumping lawsuits against China products in the world? The strongest country? Since 1980, * * has implemented more than 100 anti-dumping measures on China's export products, covering many China products, including textiles? Bicycles and other products, the amount involved is expanding [2]?
2. Sino-US textile trade friction
Textile trade friction has always been a major problem that plagues Sino-US trade? Textiles have always been an important export product of China to the United States, and the textile industry has become a sunset industry in the United States. Coupled with the impact of textiles from China, the unemployment rate of American textiles has been rising year by year in recent years. The United States has always implemented a strict quota management system for textiles exported to the United States, which has restricted our textile exports to the United States?
3. Intellectual property protection issues
China and the United States have frequent storms in the field of intellectual property rights? Over the years, intellectual property disputes between China and the United States have come and gone? The United States has always been dissatisfied with China's efforts in intellectual property protection, and repeatedly waved the 30/kloc-0 clause to sanction and accuse China?
Two? Causes of Sino-US Trade Friction
Connecting with the causes of Sino-US trade disputes before China's entry into WTO, it is not difficult to find that the bilateral trade balance remains the crux of Sino-US economic and trade friction after China's entry into WTO? How is the widening trade deficit formed? The United States believes that unfair competition mainly comes from China, such as dumping goods at low prices? Subsidize export commodities? Illegal transshipment and rampant piracy? China believes that the US-China trade deficit is actually greatly overestimated. According to the statistics of China Customs, China's trade with the United States was in deficit at 1987- 1992, and it didn't appear surplus until 1993. After that, the trade surplus difference was not as big as that of the United States? The statistical deviation between the two sides is mainly the difference in statistical caliber. Excluding this factor, the expanding trade deficit between the United States and China in recent years mainly comes from the following reasons:
1. American control policy on high-tech exports? Low wages in China make the cost of products in China low? Labor-intensive products and low-tech products have low prices and strong competitiveness; The United States has advanced technology, high labor productivity and a strong competitive advantage in high-tech products? However, the United States implements a high-tech export control policy for China, which is the key to affect its trade balance?
Second, the export of foreign-funded enterprises in China has increased? This is an important reason for the rapid expansion of the US trade deficit with China this year? With the acceleration of world economic integration, China's economy continues? The steady high-speed growth has attracted more and more multinational companies to enter China? Foreign companies in China use China's cheap labor and resources for production, and sell some or most of their products back to their own countries or other countries, which makes China's exports soar?
Third, the world economic downturn has led to a decline in US exports? Statistics in the United States show that the main reason for the increase in the trade deficit in the United States lies in the decline in American export trade, rather than the surge in import trade? According to the data of the National Manufacturers Association, in the past two years, the export trade volume of American manufacturing industry has decreased by $85 billion, mainly due to weak overseas demand? On the contrary, China's imports to the United States are increasing?
Fourthly, China enterprises such as Haier are a group of excellent enterprises, and their products are increasingly competitive in domestic and foreign markets, thus promoting China's export and investment? The expansion of the balance of payments surplus?
In addition, there are political factors that lead to frequent economic and trade frictions between China and the United States? That is to say, the United States wants to "export its free market values through global commercial agreements" [3] and use economic and trade exchanges with China to promote political changes in China, which is a typical manifestation of promoting "peaceful evolution" by economic means?
Of course, in Sino-US economic relations, China itself has some problems? Some problems in China's foreign trade and economic cooperation system and foreign trade policy are indeed a cause of Sino-US economic friction? But it is worth noting that these imperfections in China are gradually improving through economic restructuring? In recent years, the World Trade Organization's review of China's "annual transitional review mechanism" shows that China has made remarkable achievements in improving its economic system [4]?
Three? Countermeasures that China should take.
1. Properly handle bilateral economic and trade relations between China and the United States
To properly handle Sino-US economic and trade relations, we need to start from many aspects? First of all, be realistic? It is well-founded that developing Sino-US trade relations is the economic foundation of Sino-US cooperation in many aspects. The two sides win each other, and the United States is a huge beneficiary. The main reason for the trade deficit between the United States and China is that the United States excessively restricts the export of technology to China; The United States attacks me on trade issues, which is not in line with WTO rules and is also detrimental to the economic development of the United States and the interests of the American people. Sino-American cooperation in many aspects should deal with trade issues from the overall situation of strengthening and developing Sino-American cooperative relations? Secondly, on the trade issues that the United States is very concerned about, we should adopt a flexible approach, appropriately expand the imports of representative American products through bilateral consultations, and urge the United States to relax export restrictions to China? Third, we should pay attention to the positive role of Chinese and American-funded enterprises. Once Sino-US trade relations are tense, Chinese-funded and American-funded enterprises will also become direct victims. We should convince the American government that it is in its own interest to maintain Sino-US economic and trade relations? Finally, maintain the export order to the United States? China should give full play to the role of governments at all levels? The role of chambers of commerce and large enterprises, strengthen the coordination of export order to the United States, and avoid vicious internal competition and export trade disputes?
2. Actively respond to Sino-US trade disputes
In order to solve the trade disputes caused by trade imbalance, from the perspective of export products, China should take necessary measures to adjust labor-intensive low-grade products? For example, use economic and legal means to eliminate a number of irregular operations? Less value-added in processing? Processing trade enterprises with big management loopholes? China can take the initiative through self-restraint? Promote industrial upgrading and export product upgrading step by step? However, in the export of capital-intensive high-grade products or high-tech products, should we take active measures to deal with and promote exports according to WTO rules [5]?
3. Vigorously develop the "domestic demand economy" and gradually change the situation of excessive dependence on external demand.
When China's economy enters the stage of strategic structural adjustment, expanding domestic demand is the basic foothold of China's development? Need to build a higher level of open economy to develop domestic demand economy? Opening the domestic market to the outside world, expanding and deepening the international market is not only the meaning of building an open economy, but also an important part of developing a domestic demand-oriented economy? So we should vigorously promote the integration of domestic and foreign trade? Comprehensive operational capability of global logistics and global supply chain management? Developing domestic demand economy needs to deepen the structure and change investment and export into consumption? Investment (including the net difference between attracting foreign investment and foreign investment)? Deepen domestic demand, especially cultivate and expand housing? Consumption of durable goods such as automobiles? Credit consumption? Debt consumption? Rural final consumption? Leisure service consumption? New domestic demand structure such as human investment is necessary? Gradually expand from domestic demand to external demand, and strive to promote the continuous transformation and upgrading of the ability to meet external demand?
4. Accelerate the pace of "going out"
Encourage our competitive industries and enterprises to "go global"? Enterprises and institutions can be set up locally through foreign investment to reduce domestic excess production capacity. Raw materials and spare parts are exported to foreign markets? It can be divided into several stages: first, the initial stage in the next five to ten years, with the main goal of gradually exploring and establishing a foreign investment model suitable for the transnational operation of China enterprises in practice? Region? Ways and management system? Is the investment enterprise a state-owned enterprise after restructuring? Export-oriented enterprises and powerful private enterprises are the main bodies, and the investment fields are mainly domestic industries with comparative advantages and R&D? Sales and production links? 2. In the stage of steady development in the next 20 years, the main goal is to initially establish an international production system, form a number of medium-sized multinational companies and enterprises, and gradually cultivate international comprehensive logistics and financial operation capabilities? Third, develop the global production system in a longer period of time, and form a group of large multinational companies and enterprises with global competitiveness, with the ability to allocate supply chains and technological innovation in the global market?
5. Carefully respond to the pressure of RMB exchange rate appreciation and exchange rate mechanism.
Increasing flexibility to reflect changes in market supply and demand is the direction of RMB exchange rate system reform, and it is also an inevitable requirement to better play the role of exchange rate in balance of payments adjustment and maintain the independence of monetary policy? However, the adjustment of RMB exchange rate system must be cautious and selective.
Less pressure on choosing a job? Basic balance of payments? When the foreign exchange market is relatively stable? Increase the trading subjects in the foreign exchange market? Increase foreign exchange trading tools? Cultivate the exchange rate risk awareness of enterprises and financial institutions, and actively create conditions for the adjustment of RMB exchange rate system?
References:
[1] People's Republic of China (PRC) * * * and the website of Ministry of Commerce,/a article/no category/20070204344141.html, 2007-02-02.
[2] Li Yuefen. Why China has become the world's number one anti-dumping object [J]. World Economy and Politics, 2006, (4):73-80.
[3] Noam Chomsky. Passion for the free market: exporting American values through the World Trade Organization [J]. China and the world, 1999(29).
[4] Li, Jiang. WTO legal system [M]. Beijing: China Founder Publishing House, 200 1.
[5] Jia Haiji. Study on the Rationality and Countermeasures of Frequent Outbreaks of Foreign Trade Friction in China [J]. International Trade Issues, 2006, (7):9- 14.