When the huge flowers are bright and clean, the fragrance is overflowing, and potted viewing makes people feel auspicious, so it is also called "auspicious fruit".
Pitaya has high health care value, besides preventing constipation, promoting eye care, increasing bone density, helping cell membrane formation, preventing anemia, neuritis and angular stomatitis, lowering cholesterol, whitening skin and preventing dark spots, it also has the effects of relieving heavy metal poisoning, resisting free radicals, preventing senile diseases, losing weight, preventing colorectal cancer, and inhibiting tumor and virus growth.
Pitaya is a new famous fruit in our county. Because of its few pests and diseases and drought tolerance, it is especially suitable for green and pollution-free cultivation. It has a good development prospect in the thermal dam area of our county and is a sunrise industry.
Pitaya is a kind of health fruit, which has the characteristics of drought resistance, long fruit picking period, less pests and diseases, high output value and storage and transportation resistance. It is in line with the development requirements of the "four business cards" of Yunnan plateau characteristic agriculture-eco-friendly, safe and high-quality, rich and diverse, and fragrant in all seasons.
Pitaya, as a typical tropical and subtropical fruit, is not afraid of high temperature but very afraid of low temperature, and can grow well even at 42℃. The optimum growth temperature is 20-30℃. When the temperature drops below 4, there will be slight chilling injury. Below zero, the succulent stems above the grafting site will freeze to death.
Pitaya is drought-tolerant, but it needs enough water for normal growth. In the spring drought season, you must water it, otherwise it will stop growing, and even the originally thick fleshy stems will slowly wither.
Pitaya is a typical sunny plant, which likes warm direct sunlight, especially in July-September. If the illumination time is long and the sunshine is sufficient, the photosynthesis will be particularly vigorous, the fleshy stems will be thick, the color will be dark green, there will be many flowers and the fruit yield will be high. On the contrary, the fruit yield will be significantly reduced.
Yuanmou thermal dam is distributed between 898- 1350m above sea level, with an area of158,000mu, with an annual average temperature of 2 1.5, an extreme maximum temperature of 42 and an extreme minimum temperature of-0.4.
In the hottest May, the monthly average temperature is 27, and in the coldest February, the monthly average temperature is 14.9, and the annual average frost days are 2 days, with few years or times less than 4. The average annual rainfall is 620, which is concentrated in May 5- 10/October. There is little rain in winter and spring, and there is a clear distinction between wet and dry. There is plenty of sunshine, with annual sunshine hours of 2,670 hours, sunshine rate above 60%, annual total solar radiation of 6,400 J/and annual effective accumulated temperature of 7,99610 year. Because of the unique sunshine and temperature conditions, crops can survive above the critical temperature all year round, so they are called "natural greenhouses".
Judging from the climatic conditions of Yuanmou Thermal Dam, except that the extreme minimum temperature of minus 0.4 (which rarely happens) is harmful to pitaya, all other conditions are suitable for the ecological adaptability of pitaya. Practice has proved that pitaya has good adaptability in Yuanmou thermal dam area. The cultivation techniques of pitaya in our county are introduced as follows:
I. Variety situation
Pitaya can be divided into red skin, red skin and white meat and yellow skin and white meat according to pulp color. Among them, Taiwan Province New Rose Red 1, 2 and 3 are the main varieties of red skin and red meat, and Yu-lung Pai and Black King Kong series are the main varieties of red skin and white meat. In terms of sugar content, pitaya with yellow skin and white meat is the highest, followed by red skin and red meat, and red skin and white meat is the lowest. Although the variety with yellow skin and white meat has good quality and higher sugar content than the other two, it has not been widely cultivated and utilized because of its low yield.
Second, scaffolding and planting density
1. Single-column cultivation method: the column height is1.95m, the buried depth is 0.4m, and it is1.55m from the ground. Two holes are transversely reserved at 5cm from the top of the column for inserting12mm steel bars to form a cross-supporting circular shelf surface for supporting pitaya after being tied on the shelf. Column row spacing 1.7m 2.3m, planting per mu 170 plants. Planting 3-4 fruit seedlings under each column requires 5 10 or 680 plants per mu.
2. Planting method of horizontal scaffold: scaffold height 1.6m, width 1.5m and scaffold spacing1m.. On both sides of the scaffold, a bamboo strip is erected every 0.6-0.8m to bind the stem, and the scaffold surface is made of iron wire or bamboo strip. Plant 666-888 plants per mu.
3. Single-line support planting method: steel rope, steel pipe or bamboo are used to set support lines along the soil moisture surface, and fruit seedlings are planted under the line, with a spacing of 0.4-0.6 meters and a row spacing of 2.3 meters, and 580 plants are planted per mu.
Third, colonization.
Pitaya is a shallow-rooted plant, which likes soil with good air permeability and rich oxygen content. Therefore, there is no need to plant the soil foundation too deep. Dig a planting pit with a width of 0.8m and a depth of 0.4m or a planting ditch with a width of 0.8m and a depth of 0.4m, apply base fertilizer (farm manure plus phosphorus and potassium fertilizer), backfill and drain, and plant after the soil has settled and the topsoil has dried. If cutting directly, pay attention to shallow burial, generally no more than 2 cm. Cover the roots tightly with rooted soil. There is no need to pan at all, and the root water will be soaked after 2-3 days according to the humidity of the air.
Fourth, fertilizer and water management.
Pitaya is not suitable for unisexual fertilizer, but must be applied in combination with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium, and farmyard manure must be piled up before it can be used.
1, seedling stage: in the first half year of planting, base fertilizer (phosphorus and potassium farmyard manure) is used, and nitrogen fertilizer is mainly applied as topdressing. In the second half of the year, mixed topdressing of macro and medium elements will be carried out, and the reference ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 1.5: 1: 2, so compound fertilizer can be selected according to this ratio. You can also use unisexual fertilizers, such as urea 3 15g, calcium magnesium phosphate 650g and potassium chloride 325g, which are all used in proportion now.
2. biennial and above plants: pitaya grows rapidly, and it can blossom and bear fruit after 8- 12 months. This time is divided into two stages. The first stage is from 12 to April of the following year, which belongs to the recovery growth period. According to the application ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, nitrogen fertilizer is the main one. May-165438+ 10 belongs to the second stage and is a continuous reproductive growth period. Referring to the application ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of 2: 4:4, phosphorus and potassium are mainly used, and foliar spraying should be timely supplemented with fertilizer at each fruiting stage.
Fertilization method:
1, ground application: Pitaya root system is located in 20 cm topsoil and can be directly applied to the ground.
2. foliar spraying: the stem of pitaya is equivalent to its leaves, and the foliar spraying effect is quite good in the fruiting period. Spraying concentrations are: urea 3-5, potassium dihydrogen phosphate 3, magnesium sulfate 3, zinc sulfate 3 and potassium sulfate 2-3. According to different growth stages, 2-3 kinds of pitaya are selected every 7- 10 day, and sprayed for 3 times continuously, and it is advisable to moisten the fleshy stems without dripping water.
3. If drip irrigation or sprinkler irrigation can save water and fertilizer and avoid fruit cracking, the effect is the best.
Water management:
The root system of pitaya needs a good ventilation environment, even the roots exposed on the soil surface can grow well, and aerial roots can also be produced on the stems. Therefore, keeping the soil surface layer 1-3 cm moist but the soil surface layer dry is most beneficial to root growth, and the soil water content is about 20%. Keep the soil moist during the fruiting period. Too much water will squeeze out oxygen and inhibit the growth of root system, and alternating dry and wet will easily cause fruit cracking. The root system of pitaya is most afraid of waterlogging, so we should consider choosing a field that can discharge energy and irrigate it in advance.
Pitaya root system is developed and located in topsoil, so it is easy to damage the root system by using herbicides. Straw mulching or green grass mulching cultivation (planting short plants such as sunflower and forage grass on the ground for mulching) can be considered, which not only saves labor, but also does not affect the normal growth of pitaya.
V. Stem management
The planted pitaya seedlings must ensure that the stems are upright, so that the terminal buds can play the top advantage and grow rapidly, and at the same time pay attention to protecting the growing points from pests, otherwise the injured growing points will grow after 15-20 days, which is easy to promote side branches and disperse nutrition. Therefore, it is necessary to set up scaffolding before planting seedlings, and tie the stems to the scaffolding to keep them upright.
No lateral buds (branches) germinated below 1.3 meters are left. When the main stem is over1.5m, it naturally hangs on the supporting frame, leaving branches about 5cm above and below the supporting frame. Generally, 8- 10 branches are selected for each plant, and no extra buds can be left. According to different planting methods, there are about 6800 stems per mu.
When the main stem is hung from the supporting frame (single column cultivation method) to the ground 40 cm, topping promotes the growth of lateral branches, and the lateral branches above 80 cm are good fruiting mother branches. After picking the fruit every year, cut off the already fruiting stems to promote the development of new stems, which is conducive to fruiting in the coming year.
Six, flower and fruit management
The yield of pitaya is high, which is 600-800 kg per mu in the second year of planting and 2-3 tons per mu in the third year. Pitaya bloomed as early as April 16 in the thermal dam area of our county. It takes 20 days from budding to flowering, 28 days from flowering to fruit turning red, and 7- 10 days to mature. The first batch of fruits was harvested in June and ended in February, 65438, which can blossom and bear fruit in about 8 batches every year, including September and 1650.
However, if reasonable variety collocation and artificial pollination are not carried out, pitaya will only blossom but not bear fruit, or simply grow long stems without flowering.
How to promote the flowering and fruiting of pitaya;
1. Picking: Only a single main stem is left on the shelf, and only lateral branches are left after being put on the shelf. Branches below 1.3 meters shall be resolutely removed. Control the number of stems (only 8- 10 per plant), make the stems droop naturally, and when they grow to 20 cm above the ground, there will be pits, which will inhibit their vegetative growth and promote flower bud differentiation.
2. Water control and flower promotion: Pitaya generally blooms and bears fruit in April-June and 65438+February in Reba area of our county. Pay attention to proper water control before each batch of flowers appears 10 and 5 days after pollination to promote flower bud differentiation and flowering and fruiting.
3. Increase the application of phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, magnesium fertilizer and iron fertilizer to promote flowering and fruiting.
4. Artificial pollination: The seed setting rate of natural pitaya is only about 30%, so artificial pollination is a necessary means to improve the seed setting rate of pitaya. The greater the genetic difference between varieties, the higher the seed setting rate of pollination. Therefore, when planting pitaya, other types of pitaya must be intercropped, that is, red meat and white meat should be matched with each other, and the main varieties and matched varieties should be configured according to the ratio of 10: 1 to improve the seed setting rate.
Pollination must be carried out in the evening (after 8 o'clock) and before the flowers close in the morning. Shake the pollen out of the pollen box with a soft pen, and then apply the pollen to the pistil stigma of another flower.
5. Sparse flowers: Only 1-2 flowers can be left on each stem of the same batch of flowers, and the rest are sparse, which is convenient for concentrating nutrition, promoting flowering and fruiting, and improving fruit quality.
Except for the corolla and stigma: after four days of flowering, there will be obvious isolation zones with different colors between the fruit and the corolla, so it is necessary to remove the corolla and stigma in time, otherwise the decay of the corolla will affect the growth of the fruit, and the root rot of the stigma will make the navel of the fruit maggot and the color dim (normally lavender).
The method is to hold the fruit in one hand and the drooping corolla in the other hand, so that the corolla and the fruit are separated, and then the stigma is removed in the same way.
Fruit bagging: it can not only reduce pests and diseases, prevent pesticide and dust pollution, but also prevent bird damage, increase fruit brightness and improve varieties. It is best to use colorless transparent plastic bags, which are packed when the fruit begins to turn red.
Seven, pest control
Pitaya has strong disease resistance and few pests and diseases on mature stems, but its young stems are vulnerable to the damage of Spodoptera litura larvae (caterpillars), aphids and scale insects, so it should be controlled emphatically.
The main disease is leaf spot, which can be controlled by carbendazim or thiophanate-methyl From the second year of planting, there are not many pests and diseases, and even no need to spray pesticides all year round, which is very suitable for green planting.