International geophysical year (International Geophysical Year)
The International Geophysical Year is the first feat of global scientific and technological cooperation, marking the beginning of a new era-the era of international large-scale scientific investigation. From 1 July, 9571to1February, 9581,it was initiated and organized by the International Council of Scientific Unions (now the International Council for Science, renamed as 1998 in April). More than 20,000 scientists from 76 countries have extensively observed and studied various geophysical phenomena at more than 1000 observation points in the global inland and ocean, and collected a lot of information and data.
The International Geophysical Year is also the first international year initiated by the international community after the Second World War. Through the activities of the International Geophysical Year, human beings have obtained some information about high-altitude physical phenomena and polar relations. The success of scientific activities in the International Geophysical Year has made the scientific investigation activities of the North and South Poles enter the stage of normalization, modernization and internationalization.
The scientific research content of the International Geophysical Year is very extensive, involving 13 projects: meteorology, geomagnetism and geoelectricity, aurora, gas glow and noctilucent clouds, ionosphere, solar activity, cosmic rays and nuclear radiation, latitude and longitude determination, glaciology, oceanography, gravity determination, earthquakes, rocket and satellite detection, etc. The activities of the International Geophysical Year have achieved fruitful results, laying a good foundation for the first global experiment of the global atmospheric research program since 1979, the polar experiment of the international climate research program since 1980, the major international cooperation survey of the Arctic Ocean and the "Upper Mantle Program" and many other projects. In the past International Geophysical Year, the activities of observing the earth in all aspects to obtain all kinds of data were not only of direct significance to people's daily production and life, but also related to the future and destiny of human society in the long run.
China has also made active efforts in international Earth observation. 1952, after the establishment of the special committee for the International Geophysical Year, China decided to organize the China Committee for the International Geophysical Year, with Zhu Kezhen as the chairman and Zhao Jiuzhang and Tu as the vice-chairmen, so as to promote the scientific development of the International Geophysical Year and promote the friendly exchanges among scientists from various countries. During the International Geophysical Year, China carried out ground observation of wind, temperature and humidity as planned, observed and recorded geomagnetic, cosmic rays, ionosphere and other parameters, observed aurora, ocean and astronomy, and comprehensively studied the influence and laws of solar activities on the near-earth space environment. Some scientists had academic discussions on satellites, interstellar travel and space physics, which were concerned by the international scientific community at that time. In a word, China has made its own unique contribution to international Earth observation.
The establishment of the United Nations Geophysical Year has set a good precedent for human beings to conduct all-round, cross-border and interdisciplinary research on the earth.
The International Geophysical Year has greatly promoted the development of earth science, prompting scientists from many countries to investigate and study the North and South poles. The International Geophysical Year has promoted the United Nations' attention to outer space. The Special Committee of the International Geophysical Year adopted a formal resolution, calling on the participating countries to pay attention to the use of artificial earth satellites in the Geophysical Year. During the International Geophysical Year, both the United States and the Soviet Union actively responded to the exploration of outer space and made substantial progress in the development of artificial satellites. 1957 10 year 10 4 October, the Soviet union successfully launched its first artificial earth satellite, marking the arrival of the "space age". The United States launched an artificial earth satellite on 1958,65438+1October 3 1, and launched its first communication satellite on1958 and1February 8. All these show that the International Geophysical Year has successfully achieved its expected goals and embodied the spirit of scientific cooperation and competition to promote scientific and technological progress. With the launch of1Sputnik 1 in June 1957, the beginning of space exploration was ushered in. This historic event directly attracted the attention of the United Nations General Assembly to outer space, and led to the establishment of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, which is the main committee of the United Nations dealing with the use of outer space for peaceful purposes.
International lithospheric plan
A subordinate organization of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). The English abbreviation is ICL. In the late 1970s, the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) and the International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) negotiated an international lithospheric plan. This is an international multidisciplinary research project, which aims to clarify the nature, dynamics, origin and evolution of the earth's lithosphere in the 1980s, with special attention to the mainland and its marginal parts. The implementation of the plan also provides scientific information and advanced technology for increasing non-renewable mineral resources and energy and opening up their utilization prospects. The plan also aims to identify, predict and mitigate geological, geophysical and geochemical disasters caused by natural and human activities. The plan was approved by ICSU on 1980, and ICL was established on 198 1, and the plan was implemented. In view of the importance of this plan, ICSU decided to make ICL a permanent institution. The leading body of the Committee is the Executive Board, and the Committee consists of 10 working groups and 7 coordinating committees. Up to 199 1, 62 countries and regions have participated in the work of the international lithosphere plan.
The new lithosphere research plan was implemented from 1990. The new plan includes four research topics, namely, global change geoscience, contemporary dynamics and deep processes, continental lithosphere and marine lithosphere. Each theme also contains some cutting-edge scientific issues implemented by the working group. The Coordination Committee is responsible for the coordination and data exchange of major scientific issues of the same sex, such as regional scientific research and continental deep drilling. The publication of the Committee is a newsletter.
China was one of the earliest countries to participate, and established the China National Committee corresponding to ICL in 1982.
World Climate Research Program.
The World Climate Research Program (WCRP) is jointly sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization and the International Union for Science, with the physical climate system as the main research object. This plan was conceived in 1970s and implemented in 1980s. This is an early plan in the study of global change.
WCRP mainly studies the physical process of climate in the earth system, involving the whole climate system. Its main parts are atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere (cryosphere) and land, and the interaction and feedback between these components. It mainly focuses on climate change within a few weeks to decades.
The goal of WCRP has two aspects: one is the predictability of climate; The second is the impact of human activities on the climate.
WCRP research has three directions: long-term weather forecast for several weeks, interannual change of global atmosphere and interannual change and long-term change of tropical ocean for several years. Including two experiments: tropical ocean and global atmosphere experiment and world ocean circulation experiment, as the center of the second and third research directions. In 1993, WCRP Scientific Committee put forward a research plan on climate variability and predictability based on the tropical ocean and global atmosphere plan, aiming at describing, analyzing, simulating and predicting climate variability on a century scale.
International year of polar observation.
The International Year of Polar Observation is a large-scale polar scientific expedition jointly planned and carried out by scientists from all over the world. It is known as the "Olympic" grand event of international scientific investigation of the North and South Poles. Since 1882, it has only been sorted three times, namely 1882 to 1883, 1932 to 65438+. During the International Geophysical Year from 1957 to 1958, the largest polar scientific expedition in history was carried out, which directly contributed to the birth of the Antarctic Treaty. Due to historical reasons, China did not participate in the first three international polar observation years.
Integrated offshore drilling program (IODP)
From 2003 to 20 13, more than 20 countries participated in the comprehensive ocean drilling program, and China joined in 1998. Guided by the idea of "earth system science", the plan aims to break through the ocean crust, reveal the earthquake mechanism, find out the deep biosphere and natural gas hydrate in the deep seabed, understand the extreme climate and the rapid climate change process, build a platform for the international academic community to study earth system science in the new century, and serve the practical goals of exploration and development of new resources in the deep sea, environmental prediction, earthquake prevention and disaster reduction. This plan is based on the international deep-sea drilling plan DSDP (1968 ~ 1983) and the ocean drilling plan ODP (1985 ~ 2003).
Some drilling platforms that can drill in sea ice area and shallow sea area will also join IODP. In addition, the National Natural Science Foundation of the United States is studying to rebuild a new research ship similar to Jody's Determination, but with more complete functions. IODP's voyage will enter areas that ODP plans could not enter in the past, such as the continental shelf and polar sea ice coverage areas; Due to the adoption of advanced drilling technology, the drilling depth has been greatly improved, reaching several kilometers. Therefore, IODP will play an important and unique role in the fields of paleoenvironment, seabed resources (including natural gas hydrate), seismic mechanism, marine lithosphere, sea level change and deep biosphere.
There are still a large number of microorganisms at a depth of several thousand meters below the seabed, which is called "deep biosphere", and its total amount is estimated to account for110 to 1/2 of the global biomass. The study of deep biosphere is of great significance to the global material cycle, environmental evolution, the exploration of the origin and essence of life, and the development and utilization of extreme biological resources, and has become a research hotspot and strategic frontier in international academic circles.
International continental scientific drilling program.
1993 1 From August 30th to September 30th, 2008, the German Geoscience Research Center (GFZ) held an international conference on scientific drilling in Postan, with more than 250 participants from 28 countries. After this meeting, scientists from 15 countries once again gathered at the KTB drilling site in Germany to formally discuss the establishment of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP). 1995, German GFZ signed a memorandum of cooperation with the National Science Foundation of the United States and decided to establish ICDP. 65438-0995, with the approval of the State Council, China joined the international continental scientific drilling program. 1In February 1996, Germany, the United States and China initiated the establishment of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP). Up to now, nearly 20 countries and organizations have joined the program.
2009 international year of astronomy (2009 international year of astronomy)
To commemorate the 400th anniversary of Galileo's astronomical observation with a telescope, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) proposed to designate 2009 as the international year of astronomy with the theme "Universe, Your Discovery". In 2009, all kinds of activities at the national, regional and global levels will run through the year, focusing on education and facing the public, especially attracting young people to participate. This will be a global celebration of astronomy and its contribution to society and culture. This proposal was supported by UNESCO. On February 20th, 2007, international year of astronomy was officially declared by the United Nations in 2009.
International Programme on the Human Dimension of Global Environmental Change (International Programme on Human Dimension of Global Environmental Change)
IHDP is one of the four global environmental change plans of the Earth System Science Partnership, which is a consortium for comprehensive research on the Earth system. The Human Factors Impact Plan of Global Environmental Change is an interdisciplinary non-governmental international scientific plan, aiming at promoting and coordinating research. IHDP was originally initiated by the Council of the International Union of Social Sciences in 1990, and is called "Human Factor Plan". 1In February, 1996, the International Council of Scientific Unions became the co-sponsor of the project.
The structure of IHDP revolves around three main objectives: research, capacity building and networking, and includes five modules: scientific committee, core scientific plan, joint scientific plan, secretariat and national committee.
IHDP and three other programs, namely the International Geosphere-Biosphere Program, the World Climate Research Program and the Biodiversity Program, are collectively referred to as the "Earth System Science Partnership Program". Through the joint sustainable plan, these plans have established close cooperation.
IHDP focuses on description, analysis and understanding, and studies such major issues as land use/land cover change, institutional factors of global environmental change, human security, sustainable production and consumption system, food and water problems, global carbon cycle, etc.
The IHDP plan revolves around three main objectives: scientific research, scientific research capacity building and international scientific network. The research of IHDP needs the joint efforts and cooperation of researchers from various disciplines all over the world.
Human activities have a great influence on many aspects of the earth's environment. The direct activities of human beings have changed nearly 50% of the land surface, which has great influence on biological species, land structure and climate. The fresh water resources directly or indirectly used by human beings have exceeded half of the total, and the groundwater data in many areas are rapidly drying up. Since mankind entered the era of industrialization, the concentration of some important greenhouse gases has risen rapidly, which has brought about potential changes in the earth's climate. The living environment along the coast and coastline is changing rapidly, and the world fishery production is declining.
Scientists all over the world are studying the causes, results and possible natural reactions of these changes. Obviously, only through the joint efforts of natural scientists (such as ecologists, climatologists and oceanographers) and social scientists (such as economists, anthropologists and economists) can we better understand this series of global environmental changes.
The study of human factors of global environmental change mainly studies the causes and results of environmental changes caused by human activities, as well as human responses to these changes. This kind of research is interdisciplinary and needs the joint efforts of scholars from developed and developing countries. In recent years, the study of global environmental change has increasingly recognized the importance of human beings as the center of the earth system.
International Human Factors Program for Global Environmental Change (IHDP) plays an important role in human development.