It depends on the situation. There are methods such as intercostal chest entry, intercostal bed entry, sternal chest entry, etc. The methods are simple and do not require very full exposure surgery. The electric knife cuts off the muscles between the ribs, and then slowly expands them with a chest opener (the ribs are thin, but elastic and expandable) until they can be operated. After the operation, they were closed with a chest closure device and then sutured. Then take out the retractor (instrument for chest closure). There are hooks, cross bar nuts, hook bars, etc. at both ends. , turn the nut on the crossbar and tighten the incision) enter the chest through the rib bed and take out the ribs. Close your chest. Just cut the periosteum, peel it off, and then cut off the ribs with a rib cutter. Transsternal thoracic surgery is used for open heart surgery and surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. In thoracic surgery, the sternum is split with a chain saw and tied with steel wire at the end of the operation.