Master without a degree
It took him two years to complete the road that ordinary people need eight years to complete. 1933 was promoted to teaching assistant, 1935 became a lecturer. 1936 was recommended by Tsinghua University and sent to Cambridge University in England. During his two years in Cambridge, he devoted all his energy to the study of difficult problems in mathematical theory, unwilling to waste time applying for a degree, and his research results attracted the attention of the international mathematical community. 1938 returned to China and was employed by Professor The National SouthWest Associated University. From 1939 to 194 1, under extremely difficult conditions, he wrote more than 20 papers and completed his first mathematical monograph, the theory of prime numbers on overlapping bases. Under the influence of Mr. Wen Yiduo, he also actively participated in the anti-Japanese democratic and patriotic movement that was in full swing at that time. The prime number theory based on piling later became a classic in mathematics. It was published in Russian in the Soviet Union on 1947, and was translated into German, English, Japanese, Hungarian and Chinese for publication in various countries (Hua should have won the Stalin Prize for this book, but Stalin died). 1946 was invited to visit the Soviet union from February to May. 1946, the then national government also wanted to build an atomic bomb, so it sent three famous scientists, Hua, Zeng Zhaolun, to visit the United States. In September, Hua, Zhu Guangya and Zhang left Shanghai for the United States. They first served as visiting professors at the Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies, and later were hired as tenured professors by the University of Illinois, where they cured their legs.
Serve the country.
1949 after the founding of new China, China was extremely excited, overcame all kinds of difficulties brought by the American government, and decided to return home with her family. The five of them left the United States by boat and arrived in Hong Kong on February 1950. In Hongkong, he published an open letter to students studying in the United States, full of patriotic passion, encouraging them to return to China to serve the new China. On March 1 1, Xinhua News Agency broadcast this letter. On March 1950, Hua, his wife and children arrived in Beijing by train. Hua returned to Tsinghua campus and served as the head of the Department of Mathematics of Tsinghua University. Then, at the invitation of Guo Moruo, President of China Academy of Sciences, he started to build a mathematical research institute. 1952 In July, the Institute of Mathematics was established with him as its director. He devoted himself to training mathematics talents for New China, and Wang Yuan, Lu Qikeng, Gong Sheng, Chen Jingrun and Wan Zhexian all became world-famous mathematicians under his training. In just a few years after returning to China, his research in the field of mathematics has been fruitful. His paper "On Functions of Multiple Complex Variables in Typical Fields" won the first prize of national invention in June 1957, and has been published in Chinese, Russian and English versions. 1957 published Introduction to Number Theory; 1959, Leipzig first published the estimation of exponential sum and its application in number theory in German, and then successively published Russian and Chinese versions. 1963 co-authored the book Typical Groups with student Wan Zhexian. In order to cultivate teenagers' enthusiasm for learning mathematics, he initiated and organized a mathematics competition for middle school students in Beijing. He personally participated in the problem setting, invigilation and marking, and repeatedly went to other places to publicize this activity. He also wrote a series of popular math books, which had a great influence on teenagers. He advocated cultivating academic atmosphere and conducting academic discussions in scientific research. He initiated the establishment of China Institute of Computer Technology, and was also one of the earliest scientists who advocated the development of electronic computers in China.
Wonderful love, interesting story
1953, the Academy of Sciences organized a delegation to go abroad, headed by the famous scientist Qian Sanqiang. Members include Hua, Zhao Jiuzhang and Zhu Xian. In his spare time, Hua Lao wrote a couplet: "The top three are Han, Zhao and Wei", asking for a couplet. This is a difficult category in "comparative example". As early as the Northern Song Dynasty, some people tried to get the correct answer through the couplets of "Three Lights, the Sun, the Moon and the Stars". At that time, Su Dongpo, a great writer, solved this problem with "four poems". In the Qing Dynasty, someone presented a pair of couplets by the famous painter Zheng Banqiao. When I opened it, I saw the first couplet, which read "Three Unique Poems, Calligraphy and Painting" to describe Zheng Banqiao's contribution. It's no longer appropriate, but the second couplet is really difficult. Later, Zheng Banqiao's friend solved this problem with the bottom line of "one official returns one official". The "one official" here has the triple character of "going back", which not only solves the difficulty of combining numbers, but also quotes the allusions in Tao Yuanming's "Returning to Hometown" and praises the outstanding character of Zheng's combination of poetry and calligraphy. Banqiao's friends have been one step ahead of Su Dongpo. However, the Shanglian proposed by Hua Lao has made new progress. The "top three" here refers to Korea, Zhao and Wei San during the Warring States Period, but it implies the name of the head of the delegation, Comrade Qian Sanqiang, which not only solves the traditional difficulty of the couplet of numbers and numbers, but also requires the name of another scientist to be embedded in the bottom couplet. After a while, when Hua Lao saw that everyone had no bottom line, he revealed his bottom line: "Hook, stock and string nine chapters." Nine Chapters is a famous mathematical work in ancient China. However, the "Nine Chapters" here happen to be the name of another member of the delegation-atmospheric physicist Zhao Jiuzhang. The wonderful couple of Hua Lao fascinated the audience because it created a new "example" of digital couplets. 1980, when Professor Hua was guiding the overall planning method and optimization method in Suzhou, he wrote the following couplets: Watching chess is not a gentleman, helping each other in the same boat; Be a person with regrets and correct your mistakes.
Zu Chongzhi determined a circle with a diameter of ten feet according to the method of Liu Hui's cyclotomy, and cut it in the circle for calculation. When he cut the circle into a polygon with 192 sides, he got the value of "emblem rate". But he was not satisfied, so he continued to cut and made 380 quadrilaterals and 768 polygons ... until he cut into 24576 polygons and calculated the side length of each inscribed regular polygon in turn. Finally, a circle with a diameter of 10 foot is obtained, and its circumference is between three feet, one foot, four inches, one minute, nine milliseconds, seven minutes to three feet, one foot, four inches, one minute, nine milliseconds and six minutes. The above unit of length is not commonly used. In other words, if the diameter of a circle is 1, then the circumference is less than 3. 14 15927, which is far less than ten million. Making such an accurate calculation is an extremely meticulous and arduous mental work. As we know, in the era of Zu Chongzhi, abacus has not yet appeared, and the commonly used calculation tool is called calculation. It is a square or flat stick several inches long, made of bamboo, wood, iron, jade and other materials. Different calculation and financing methods are used to represent various numbers, which is called financing algorithm. If there are more digits, the larger the area needs to be placed. It is not like using a pen to calculate with a calculation formula, it can be left on paper, and every time the calculation is completed, it must be swung again for a new calculation; You can only write down the calculation results with notes, and you can't get more intuitive graphics and formulas. So as long as there are errors, such as calculation errors or calculation errors, we can only start from scratch. To get the value of Zu Chongzhi π, we need to add, subtract, multiply, divide and square the decimals with 9 significant digits. Each step needs to be repeated for more than 10 times and 50 times, and finally the calculated number reaches 16 or 17 digits after the decimal point. Today, it is not an easy task to complete these calculations with an abacus and a pen and paper. Let's think about it. 1500 years ago, in the Southern Dynasties, a middle-aged man kept calculating and remembering under a dim oil lamp. He often had to rearrange his calculations for tens of thousands of times. This is a very hard thing that needs to be repeated day after day. Without great perseverance, one can never finish the work. This brilliant achievement also fully reflects the highly developed level of ancient mathematics in China. Zu Chongzhi is admired not only by the people of China, but also by the scientific community all over the world. The armillary sphere is an instrument for measuring the orientation of celestial bodies. After the development and evolution of the past dynasties, by the Song Dynasty, the structure of the armillary sphere had become very complicated, three times, intertwined and inconvenient to use. Therefore, Shen Kuo reformed the armillary sphere for many times. On the one hand, he canceled the small white ring, simplified the instruments and division of labor, and then linked the relationship between them with mathematical tools ("the moon ring is omitted, and the difference between the moon and the moon is only a step based on the calendar"); On the other hand, it is suggested to change the position of some rings so that they do not block the line of sight. These reform measures in Shen Kuo have opened up a new road for the development of musical instruments. Later, in the 13th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 1276), Guo Shoujing of Yuan Dynasty created a new astronomical instrument-Jane Instrument, which was produced on this basis. Sports achievements
Shen Kuo's achievements in physics research are also extremely rich and precious. The opinions and achievements recorded in Meng Qian's Bi Tan involve mechanics, optics, magnetism, acoustics and other fields. In particular, he has made outstanding achievements in magnetic research. Shen Kuo explicitly talked about the deflection angle of the magnetic needle for the first time in Meng Qian Bi Tan. In terms of optics, Shen Kuo made a popular and vivid exposition on pinhole imaging, concave mirror imaging, and the zoom-in and zoom-out functions of concave-convex mirror through personal observation experiments. He also made some scientific explanations for the light transmission reason of the so-called "transparent mirror" (a bronze mirror that can see the front pattern on the back) handed down from ancient China, which promoted the later research on "transparent mirror". In addition, Shen Kuo also did experiments on the piano to study the phenomenon of acoustic vibration. Shen Kuo first discovered that the north and south poles of geography do not coincide with the north and south poles of geomagnetic field, so there is a small deviation angle between the horizontal magnetic needle and the true north and south poles of geography. It is called magnetic declination.
Chemical achievements
In chemistry, Shen Kuo has also made some achievements. When I was in Yanzhou, I studied Lu Yan's oil reserves and uses. Taking advantage of the fact that oil is not easy to burn completely to produce carbon black, he pioneered the process of making cigarette ink with petroleum carbon black instead of pine carbon black. He has noticed that oil resources are abundant, "born in infinity" and predicted that "this thing will be popular in the world", which has been verified today. In addition, the name "petroleum" was first used in "Shenkuo", which is much more appropriate than the previous names such as stone paint, stone grease water, fierce fire oil, kerosene, naphtha and stone candle. In Meng Qian Bitan's "Taiyin Xuan Jing" (gypsum crystal), Shen Kuo distinguished several kinds of crystals from morphology, deliquescence, cleavage and heating dehydration, and pointed out that although they have the same name, they are not the same thing. He also talked about examples of metal transformation, such as the physical phenomenon of changing iron into copper with copper sulfate solution. These means of identifying substances described by him show that people's research on substances at that time has broken through the observation of simple surface phenomena and began to explore the internal structure of substances.
Mathematical achievement
Shen Kuo also has excellent research in mathematics. Starting from the actual calculation needs, he founded "gap product technology" and "convergence technology". Shen Kuo put forward a correct method to find the total stack number of jars and chess pieces by studying the volumes of jars and chess pieces with gaps, that is, the "gap product method", that is, the second-order arithmetic progression summation method. Shen Kuo's research has developed the arithmetic progression problem since Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, and opened up the research direction of higher-order arithmetic progression in the history of ancient mathematics in China. In addition, Shen Kuo also studied the relationship among arc, chord and vector in a circular bow from the calculation of field, and put forward the first simple and practical approximate formula for calculating arc length from the length of chord and vector in the history of mathematics in China, which is called "the skill of meeting circles". The establishment of this method not only promotes the development of plane geometry, but also plays an important role in astronomical calculation and makes an important contribution to the development of ball science in China.
The achievements of editing medical geography in this section
Geoscience judgment
Shen Kuo also made many outstanding conclusions in geosciences, which reflected that China's geosciences reached the advanced level at that time. He correctly discussed the reasons for the formation of the North China Plain: according to the banded distribution of snail shells and oval gravel between the cliffs of Taihang Mountain in Hebei Province, it was inferred that this area was a seashore in ancient times, and the North China Plain was formed by sediment carried by rivers such as the Yellow River, Zhangshui River, Hutuo River and Sanggan River. During his inspection in eastern Zhejiang, he observed the geomorphological features of Yandang Mountain peak, analyzed its causes, and clearly pointed out that it was the result of water erosion. He also made a similar explanation based on the geomorphological features of the loess area in northwest China. He also observed and studied similar bamboo shoots and various fossils such as peach pit, reed root, pine tree, fish and crab excavated from underground, clearly pointed out that they were the remains of ancient animals and plants, and inferred the ancient natural environment from the fossils. All these show Shen Kuo's valuable materialism. In Europe, it was not until the Renaissance that the Italian Leonardo da Vinci began to discuss the nature of fossils, but it was still more than 400 years later than Shen Kuo. When Shen Kuo visited the border of Hebei Province, he made a three-dimensional geographical model of the mountains, roads and terrain he visited on the board. This practice was quickly extended to the border States. In the ninth year of Xining (A.D. 1076), Shen Kuo was ordered to compile the map of counties in the world. He consulted a large number of files and books, and after nearly 20 years of unremitting efforts, he finally completed a masterpiece in the history of cartography in China-Shouling Map. This is a large atlas, with 20 maps, including a large map, one foot high and two feet wide; Small picture; Eighteen maps for each road (according to the administrative divisions at that time, the whole country was divided into eighteen roads). The scale and detail of the map are rare before. In painting, Shen Kuo put forward nine methods, such as grading, quasi-viewing, mutual integration, side inspection, competition, square inclination and straight pedaling, which are generally consistent with Pei Xiu's famous six-body painting method in the Western Jin Dynasty. He also subdivided all directions into twenty-four directions, which further improved the accuracy of the map and made important contributions to ancient cartography in China.
Medicine and biology
Shen Kuo is also proficient in medicine and biology. He was interested in medicine since he was a child and devoted himself to medical research. He collected many prescriptions and cured many critically ill patients. At the same time, his knowledge of medicinal botany is also extensive, and he can actually find out, distinguish authenticity and correct mistakes in ancient books. He once put forward a new theory of "five difficulties"; There are three kinds of Shen Kuo's medical works: Shen Cun Zhong Fang Yao (also known as Fang Yao). The existing Su Shen Liang Fang is made by later generations attaching Su Shi's Miscellaneous Treatises on Medicine to the Prescription, and there are many existing versions. Both Meng Xi Bitan and Bubitan involve medicine, such as the preparation of Qiu Shi, the morphology, compatibility, pharmacology, preparation, collection and growth environment of 44 drugs.
Edit this military achievement.
Shen Kuo, who is both civil and military, not only made brilliant achievements in science, but also made important contributions to defending the territory of the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions were very sharp. The aristocratic rulers of Liao and Xixia often invaded the Central Plains and plundered the population and livestock, which brought great damage to the social economy. Shen Kuo is firmly on the side of the hawk. Zaixi (AD 1074) served as the governor of Hebei West Road and the chief inspector of military equipment during the seven years of Ning. He studied the art of war, seriously studied military issues such as city defense, array law, personnel vehicles, weapons, strategy and tactics, and compiled military works such as the Treaty of Repairing the City of France and the Array Law of Frontier States, and successfully applied some advanced science and technology to military science. At the same time, Shen Kuo has also made in-depth research on the manufacture of crossbow armor, knives, guns and other weapons, which has made certain contributions to improving the quality of weapons and equipment.
Gauss is the son of an ordinary couple. His mother is the daughter of a poor stonemason. Clever as she is, she has no education and is almost illiterate. Before becoming Gauss's father's second wife, she was a maid. His father used to be a gardener, a foreman, an assistant to a businessman and an appraiser of a small insurance company. It has become an anecdote that Gauss was able to correct his father's debt account when he was three years old. He once said that he learned to calculate on Macon's pile of things. Being able to perform complex calculations in his mind is a gift from God for his life. Gauss worked out the tasks assigned by primary school teachers in a short time: the sum of natural numbers from 1 to 100. The method he used was: sum 50 pairs of sequences constructed as sum101(1+100, 2+99, 3+98 ...) and get the result: 5050. This year, Gauss was 9 years old. My father, Gerhard Diederich, is extremely strict with Gauss, even a little too strict, and often likes to plan his life for the young Gauss according to his own experience. Gauss respected his father and inherited his honest and cautious character. In the process of growing up, young Gauss mainly benefited from his mother and uncle: Gauss's mother Luo Jieya and uncle Flier. Flier Ritchie is smart, enthusiastic, intelligent and capable, and has made great achievements in textile trade. He found his sister's son clever, so he spent part of his energy on this little genius and developed Gauss's intelligence in a lively way. A few years later, Gauss, who was an adult and achieved great success, recalled what his uncle had done for him and felt that it was crucial to his success. He remembered his prolific thoughts and said sadly, "We lost a genius because of the death of our uncle". It is precisely because Flier Ritchie has an eye for talents and often persuades her brother-in-law to let her children develop into scholars that Gauss didn't become a gardener or a mason. In the history of mathematics, few people are as lucky as Gauss to have a mother who strongly supports his success. Luo Jieya got married at the age of 34 and was 35 when she gave birth to Gauss. She has a strong personality, wisdom and sense of humor. Since his birth, Gauss has been very curious about all phenomena and things, and he is determined to get to the bottom of it, which is beyond the scope allowed by a child. When her husband reprimanded the child for this, she always supported Gauss and resolutely opposed the stubborn husband's attempt to make his son as ignorant as he was. Luo Jieya really hopes that her son can do something big, and she also cherishes Gauss's talent. However, she didn't dare to let her son devote himself to the math research that can't support his family when he was fashionable. /kloc-when she was 0/9 years old, although Gauss had made many great achievements in mathematics, she still asked her friend W. Bolyai (the father of J. Bolyai, one of the founders of non-Euclidean geometry): Will Gauss have a future? W Bolyai said that her son would become "the greatest mathematician in Europe", and her eyes were filled with tears. At the age of seven, Gauss went to school for the first time. Nothing special happened in the first two years. 1787 years old, Gauss 10. He entered the first math class. Children have never heard of such a course as arithmetic before. The math teacher is Butner, who also played a certain role in the growth of Gauss. Of course, this is also a question of peace in arithmetic progression. As soon as Butner finished writing, Gauss finished the calculation and handed in the small tablet with the answers written on it. E.T. Bell wrote that in his later years, Gauss often liked to tell people about it, saying that only his answer was right and all the other children were wrong. Gauss didn't specify how he solved the problem so quickly. Mathematical historians tend to think that Gauss had mastered arithmetic progression's summation method at that time. For a child as young as 10, it is unusual to discover this mathematical method independently. The historical facts described by Bell according to Gauss's own account in his later years should be more credible. Moreover, it can better reflect the characteristics that Gauss paid attention to mastering more essential mathematical methods since he was a child. Gauss's computing ability, mainly his unique mathematical methods and extraordinary creativity, made Butner sit up and take notice of him. He specially bought Gauss the best arithmetic book from Hamburg, saying, "You have surpassed me, and I have nothing to teach you." Then, Gauss and Bater's assistant Bater established a sincere friendship until Bater died. They studied together and helped each other, and Gauss began real mathematics research. 1788, 1 1 year-old gauss entered a liberal arts school. In his new school, all his classes are excellent, especially classical literature and mathematics. On the recommendation of Bater and others, the Duke of zwick summoned Gauss, who was 14 years old. This simple, clever but poor child won the sympathy of the Duke, who generously offered to be Gauss' patron and let him continue his studies. Duke Brunswick played an important role in Gauss's success. Moreover, this function actually reflects a model of scientific development in modern Europe, indicating that private funding was one of the important driving factors for scientific development before the socialization of scientific research. Gauss is in the transition period of privately funded scientific research and socialization of scientific research. 1792, Gauss entered Caroline College in Brunswick for further study. 1795, the duke paid various expenses for him and sent him to the famous University of G? ttingen in Germany, which made Gauss study hard and started creative research according to his own ideals. 1799, Gauss finished his doctoral thesis and returned to his hometown of Brunswick-Zwick. Just when he fell ill and worried about his future and livelihood-although his doctoral thesis was successfully passed, he was awarded a doctorate and obtained a lecturer position, but he failed to attract students and had to return to his hometown-the duke once again extended a helping hand. The Duke paid for the printing of Gauss's long doctoral thesis, gave him an apartment, and printed Arithmetic Research for him, so that the book could be published in 180 1. Also bear all the living expenses of Gauss. All this moved Gauss very much. In his doctoral thesis and arithmetic research, he wrote a sincere dedication: "To Dagong" and "Your kindness relieved me of all troubles and enabled me to engage in this unique research". 1806, the duke was killed while resisting the French army commanded by Napoleon, which dealt a heavy blow to Gauss. He is heartbroken and has long been deeply hostile to the French. The death of Dagong brought economic difficulties to Gauss, the misfortune that Germany was enslaved by the French army, and the death of his first wife, all of which made Gauss somewhat disheartened, but he was a strong man and never revealed his predicament to others, nor did he let his friends comfort his misfortune. It was not until19th century that people knew his state of mind at that time when sorting out his unpublished mathematical manuscripts. In a discussion of elliptic functions, a subtle pencil word was suddenly inserted: "For me, it is better to die than to live like this." In order not to lose Germany's greatest genius, Humboldt, a famous German scholar, joined other scholars and politicians to win Gauss the privileged positions of professor of mathematics and astronomy at the University of G? ttingen and director of the G? ttingen Observatory. 1807, Gauss went to Kottingen to take office, and his family moved here. Since then, he has lived in G? ttingen except for attending a scientific conference in Berlin. The efforts of Humboldt and others not only made the Gauss family have a comfortable living environment, but also enabled Gauss himself to give full play to his genius, and created conditions for the establishment of Gottingen Mathematics School and Germany to become a world science center and mathematics center. At the same time, it also marks a good beginning of scientific research socialization. Gauss's mathematical research covers almost all fields and has made pioneering contributions in number theory, algebra, non-Euclidean geometry, complex variable function, differential geometry and so on. He also applied mathematics to the study of astronomy, geodesy and magnetism, and invented the principle of least square method. It attaches great importance to the application of mathematics, and also emphasizes the application of mathematical methods in astronomy, geodesy and magnetic research. C.f. gauss showed superhuman mathematical genius in his early years. 1 1 discovered binomial theorem at the age of 17, invented quadratic reciprocity law at the age of 18, and invented the ruler and gauge drawing method of regular heptagon at the age of18, which solved the unsolved problem for more than two thousand years. He also regarded it as a masterpiece of his life and told him to carve the regular heptagon on his tombstone, but later his tombstone. He discovered the prime number distribution theorem, arithmetic average and geometric average. 2/kloc-graduated from university at the age of 0, and received his doctorate at the age of 22. 1804 was elected as a member of the royal society. 1807 to 1855. He was a professor at the University of G? ttingen and director of astronomy in G? ttingen. In the process of growing up. Goss's childhood was mainly concentrated on his mother and uncle. Gauss's grandfather was a stonemason who died of tuberculosis at the age of 30, leaving two children: Gauss's mother Luo Jieya and his uncle Flier Ritchie. Flier Ritchie is smart, enthusiastic, intelligent and capable, and has made great achievements in textile trade. He found his sister's son clever, so he spent part of his energy on this little genius and developed Gauss's intelligence in a lively way. A few years later, Gauss, who was an adult and achieved great success, recalled what his uncle had done for him and felt that it was crucial to his success. He remembered his prolific thoughts and said sadly, "We lost a genius because of the death of our uncle". It is precisely because Flier Ritchie has an eye for talents and often persuades her brother-in-law to let her children develop into scholars that Gauss didn't become a gardener or a mason.