Some students regard writing small scientific papers as normal, and think that it is a matter for scientists, which is unattainable for us children. This is a complete misunderstanding. Students can not only write, but also write high-quality papers. Scientific papers written by scientific workers refer to scientific research reports written by the author through experiments, observation and other means, and then through analysis and research according to the scientific research projects and determined scientific research topics. The scientific papers written by students are shorter than those written by scientists, so don't be too profound. In fact, a scientific paper is a written summary of the achievements made by students through scientific observation, experiment or investigation in extracurricular scientific activities. Its manifestations are various: it can be a conclusion drawn after careful observation and in-depth thinking about something; It can be the conclusion of analysis after hands-on experiment; It can also be a summary after a local investigation; You can also draw a conclusion through logical reasoning ... So, are there any quality standards for small scientific papers? Yes It must have three requirements of "three natures". 1, science. Scientificity is one of the important characteristics that distinguish scientific papers from other genres, and it is the life of scientific papers. It requires scientific topics, correct research methods, conclusive arguments, reasonable and logical arguments, and concise and accurate words. 2. Creativity. The topic selection and main viewpoints of small papers should have their own new discoveries and unique opinions, which have certain practical significance to people's production and life. The same small paper has not participated in scientific seminars at all levels, nor has it been published in newspapers at all levels. Of course, if you further study on the basis of other people's research, it is also feasible and creative to put forward novel, unique and fully demonstrated views. 3. practicality. The title of the paper must be discovered by the author himself in scientific exploration activities; The arguments supporting the main points must be obtained by the author through observation, investigation, experiment and other research methods, and have practical basis; The paper must be written by the author himself. There can be no signs of fabrication, speculation or adult substitution.

Second, the methods and skills of writing small scientific papers

A scientific paper is a summary of students' scientific research, not a literary work. The writing of the composition has certain standardization, including the following contents: 1. Thesis title: the topic should be consistent with the content of the study, and the article cannot be irrelevant. The title should be concise, novel and attractive to readers. For example, "Why does salted egg yolk produce oil? This topic is simple and clear, attracting readers. The research topic should not be too broad or too profound, otherwise there is no way to start. 2. Introduction: It is the introduction of the paper, which briefly explains the purpose of this study or how the author thought of conducting this study. 3. Materials and research methods: it is necessary to write clearly the objects of investigation and observation, the materials of the experiment and the sources of the materials; What research methods and specific research steps are adopted; What instruments to use, etc. , should truthfully explain, in order to stand the repeated inspection of others. 4. Results: This is the argument part of the thesis. In addition to words, you can also use the data, pictures and photos in the table, which is convincing. The authenticity and reliability of data is the key to experimental research. 5. Discussion: This is the argumentation and argument part of the paper. What scientific conclusions have been drawn through experiments? And it should be explained on the basis of theory. Arguments must be based on scientific research methods and results, appropriate and realistic. If we are divorced from reality and deliberately expand the research results, we will lose the scientific nature of the paper, and as a result, we will lose the authenticity of the original paper. The topic selection of this scientific paper can refer to the related topics in the series through observation, investigation and experiment. You can also discuss your own creative skills and production process.

Matters needing attention in editing this paragraph and writing a short scientific paper

First, choose a good topic.

When writing a scientific essay, we should first consider what to write, that is, the topic. Topic selection is the key to writing a good paper. We should pay attention to the following principles: the value principle, that is, the theoretical value and practical value of the topic. It should be enlightening, instructive and referential to other students. The principle of feasibility refers to the possibility of subjective and objective conditions, that is, the writer's personal professional knowledge, theoretical accomplishment, knowledge, materials at hand, experimental conditions and surrounding environment, and should not be greedy for the big and seek the deep, but should do what he can; The principle of novelty means that topics should be unsolved or completely solved that others have not studied or studied, and attention should be paid to "literary innovation"

Second, formulate the topic.

The title of the article is as good as the eyes, and a good title can make people see at a glance and never forget. It is just like advertising words to promote products, which plays a key role in attracting readers. The title of a good scientific paper should emphasize three words: accuracy, brevity and novelty. Accuracy means to reveal the topic accurately with concise words. For example, a scientific paper written by a classmate is entitled "Decontamination Principle and Optimum Washing Concentration of Soap". When you look at the topic, you can know the content of the paper at a glance. Small means that the angle of the topic is small. If the angle is small, it will have a good directivity, the idea of the article will be clear, and it will be easy to write centrally and concisely. The topic is too wide, often because we have little energy, narrow scope and poor professional knowledge. For example, a scientific and technological composition written by a middle school student is entitled "Development of Electrostatic Precipitator Blackboard Eraser", which is small and specific and students can elaborate deeply. Innovation means trying to reveal fresh ideas in the title. Only when the topic is fresh can you read on. No original insights, no new discoveries, no matter how well expressed and how powerful the argument is, it is a waste of wax for the blind to light a lamp.

Third, write the opening remarks.

The beginning of the article is in a special position of setting the tone, which has always been valued by writers. The ancients said, "If you can't get up, you will float in chaos." Although the opening part is short, it is an integral part of the whole article, which prompts the author's thinking and intercepts a lot of materials, so we must have a general grasp of the whole article before writing. There are many beginnings of scientific papers, and there is no fixed format, but there are rules to follow. It is necessary to carefully understand all kinds of starting skills and use them flexibly according to writing practice. 1. Writing scientific papers with examples leads the way and leads the topic at the beginning, which shows the reality of research problems and stimulates readers' desire to follow. For example, in the article "An Easy-to-Solve Mechanical Problem" written by a classmate, the author put forward a mechanical problem that students are familiar with and easy to make mistakes at the beginning, and stated the wrong solution process to readers, which aroused readers' strong interest and made them eager to read the whole article to understand the mistakes of this problem. 2. Revealing the background method puts the research problem in the current social and economic development environment and background, so that readers can understand the significance and even direction of their research at a higher level. For example, the article "Countermeasures for the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution in Township Industries" begins like this: "Since the reform and opening up, the rapid rise and vigorous development of township enterprises have created a lot of material wealth and brought about a series of profound changes in the rural economy. In some developed and relatively developed areas, township enterprises have become an important pillar of rural economy and an important part of national economy. However, with the rapid development of township enterprises, the environmental pollution and ecological destruction of township industries have become increasingly prominent. The problems studied are closely related to the development trend of the proposition from the beginning, as well as the environmental pollution and ecological damage caused by township industries today, which makes people realize the urgency of controlling environmental pollution. 3. Point out that many articles about the contention and correction of the risk rate often point out some disadvantages, which makes people lose their minds at once and realize the urgency of solving the problem. 4. Overview of argumentation methods In the preface, the author presents the main points to the reader, giving people a sense of wholeness, which is tantamount to giving the reader a bunch of keys. Reading on is trying to open a door. 5. The way of asking questions is mainly to leave suspense for readers, so that they can't wait to pay attention to the discussed issues driven by curiosity. These are five ways to write a good scientific paper at the beginning. It is worth noting that there are countless methods at the beginning, and all kinds of methods are often organically combined and infiltrated.

Fourth, point out the main points

There are many and miscellaneous empirical materials, so how to unify them in the central argument in an orderly way? In the main part of the article, it is usually convenient to use the method of discussing one by one. The advantage of this writing method is that it is organized, clear in level and gives people a comprehensive and profound three-dimensional sense. Of course, every viewpoint must be the crystallization of careful consideration, with strong generality, objectivity and innovation.

Fifth, make good use of materials.

Scientific papers are not simply listed, but are characterized by profound reasoning and regular guidance. Views and materials complement each other, and the value of the paper is reflected in the value of the topic and also through the demonstration of materials. The organic combination of the two will form a good scientific and technological paper.

Sixth, common sense of manuscript writing

In order to reduce the difficulty of editing and typesetting, the author should also pay attention to mastering some common sense of manuscript writing when writing small scientific papers. Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following issues: the manuscript should be clearly written on standard manuscript paper (or printed by computer). One word in each grid, and punctuation marks occupy a separate grid. Instructions that don't need to be printed are marked with pencils. When you write, you should use standardized simplified words to prevent typos and not invent new words. Except for the numbers in idioms, ancient prose and quoted documents, Arabic numerals are generally used. Century, year, month, day, hour, minute and second are all Arabic numerals. The year cannot be abbreviated (for example, 1999 cannot be abbreviated to 99). Numbers with more than five digits can be in units of "100 million" and "10,000". Write more than four digits continuously, without dividing nodes; Foreign letters and chemical symbols should be written correctly and clearly. Foreign languages should be written in print, with clear capitalization. Typing should be marked with pencil, italicized and marked with upper and lower corners. Please refer to the writing method in the middle school textbook, and the arrangement of each line in the chemical structural formula must be accurate; Mathematical formulas and chemical equations should be written separately in the middle, using standard fonts; Use standard punctuation and other symbols. When writing, dashes occupy two spaces, ellipses occupy two spaces, hyphens occupy half a space, and other symbols occupy one space. And pay attention to the writing position of pause, comma, colon, semicolon and quotation mark; The units of measurement involved in the manuscript should use legal units of measurement, and use legal Chinese names in the text description; The forms in the manuscript should be filled out clearly by the author. Table number and table name are generally in front of the table, and instructions are behind the table. When the same form is written on another page, the words "continued form" should be marked in front. Return to the top box without punctuation at the end of the text in the table; Words can clearly describe the content, generally without illustrations. The use of illustrations must be illustrated. Pay attention to the connection and collocation of words and illustrations, and the illustrations should be numbered in sequence. Types of scientific essays (1) Scientific observation essays refer to teenagers' careful observation of a certain thing or natural phenomenon, careful analysis and comprehensive research on the obtained materials and data, and then draw conclusions and make scientific explanations and explanations. It should be noted that the research objects in scientific observation papers are objective natural things or phenomena, and the observed objects, processes, conditions and phenomena generated by them cannot be attached with any artificial conditions or personal prejudice. In addition, observation is a long-term, systematic and repeated activity, which requires the patience, meticulousness and perseverance of the author. (II) Essays on Scientific Experiments Essays on scientific experiments, sometimes called experimental reports, are articles in which teenagers create specific conditions for the research objects, analyze the obtained materials and data after repeated experiments, and draw comprehensive conclusions. It focuses on the objective description of the experimental process and the scientific explanation of experimental phenomena. (3) Scientific Investigation Essay If you want to study the pollution degree of a certain water area closely related to people's life, the air pollution source of a certain place, and find out the evolution process, animal and plant resources and distribution of strange rocks and mountains in a certain range, you have to make a field trip. A small paper written through investigation, interview and field investigation is called a scientific investigation small paper. Sometimes it is also called scientific investigation report, scientific investigation report. (4) Scientific Interpretation Prose Scientific Interpretation Prose refers to a kind of prose in which the author uses accurate and reliable information to explain and explain a natural phenomenon or thing. Generally speaking, it does not directly adopt research methods such as observation, experiment and investigation, but mainly obtains rich second-hand information from books, periodicals and teachers, and expounds a certain point of view in a language it understands through its own comprehensive analysis and logical reasoning. I want to remind you in particular, to write a short scientific explanation paper, and never ask a question and look up the information in a hurry, and then write it down without analysis. Such an article without new ideas and new insights can only be regarded as a general popular science article, not as a scientific essay, and it can't cultivate your ability to study problems.

Edit this scientific paper.

Model essay 1: Why is the trunk round?

In the process of observing nature, I happened to find that the shape of the trunk is almost round-an empty cone. Why is the trunk conical? What are the benefits of a conical trunk? In order to discuss these problems, I made more in-depth observation and analysis. With the help of my tutor, I consulted relevant materials and learned that the stems of plants have the functions of supporting plants and transporting water and other nutrients. The stems of trees are mainly composed of vascular bundles. The supporting function of stem is mainly borne by wood fibers in xylem. Although the stems of woody plants will become thicker year by year, in a certain time range, the number of woody fibers in the stems is certain, that is, the cross-sectional area of the stems is certain. Then, based on the assumption that the cross section of the trunk grows into different shapes, we design experiments to explore the reasons and advantages of conical trunk. Through experiments, we find that when the cross-sectional area and length of (1) are fixed, the vertical supporting force of triangular columnar objects is the largest and the lateral bearing capacity is the smallest; The vertical supporting force of cylindrical objects is not as good as that of triangular cylindrical objects, but the lateral bearing force is the largest; (2) For trunks with the same mass and different shapes, the short conical trunk bears the largest wind force; (3) Wind is a natural phenomenon, which affects the cross-sectional shape and height of trees. The approximate cone-shaped trunk has a low center of gravity, and the huge root system is connected with the earth, so the center of gravity drops lower and the stability is greater; (4) The cross section of the trunk is round, which can reduce the damage, has stronger mechanical strength and can resist the wind attack. At the same time, under the action of the wind, the bending degree of the trunk is similar everywhere. No matter which direction the wind blows, the resistance of the trunk is similar, and the trunk is not easy to be damaged. The above experiments reflect the laws of nature, and nature enlightens us: (1) A columnar object with a triangular cross section has the greatest vertical supporting force, and its shape can be used in buildings, such as angle steel; (2) A circular object with a circular cross section has the largest lateral bearing capacity, and similar building materials can be found everywhere, such as TV towers and telephone poles. In the process of observation, experiment and analysis, I gradually explained and revealed the mystery of conical trunk, increased my knowledge, and combined my knowledge with practice, which not only consolidated my knowledge, but also improved my interest in learning, and initially learned the scientific observation and analysis methods.

Fan Wen 2: Why do leather shoes shine brighter and brighter?

Every Sunday, I always finish the task of shoeshine given to me by my mother. Tell you, this is the source of my pocket money for a week! After getting the leather shoes covered with dust, I first wipe off the dust on the vamp, then apply shoe polish and wipe them carefully, and the leather shoes will become bright and beautiful. But why is this? So, I found two pairs of old and new leather shoes with the same brand and style for comparative observation. I first touched the uppers of two pairs of leather shoes and found that the surface of the new shoes was much smoother than the old ones. Old leather shoes are coated with shoe polish. After careful polishing, it shines a lot, but it is still not as good as new leather shoes. Is there a relationship between the brightness of leather shoes and the smoothness of uppers? I brought a pair of old leather shoes that were not polished, and the uppers were uneven under the magnifying glass. Then, I circled two rough areas A and B on the leather shoes. Carefully wipe area A with shoe polish, and area B without shoe polish as a blank control. I found that the surface of area A is obviously smoother after wiping, and it is more shiny than area B when placed in the sun. Why is there such a big difference between them? I think the teacher once said in physics class that the wall of the theater is uneven, so that most of the sound can be absorbed and the audience will not be disturbed by the echo. Similarly, light will be reflected on the surface of any object. If the plane is uneven, light will scatter in all directions. If this plane is smooth, then we can see the reflected light in a certain direction. The surface of leather shoes is not absolutely smooth. If it is an old leather shoe, its surface is of course more uneven and can't reflect light in a certain direction, so it looks dull. There are some small particles in shoe polish, which can just be filled into the pits on the surface of leather shoes when shining shoes. If you wipe it with a cloth again, the shoe polish will be more uniform, the surface of leather shoes will become smooth and flat, and the reflective ability will be strengthened. Through the experiment, I finally know the secret of shoes getting brighter and brighter!

Model essay 3: What effect does vinegar have on flowers?

Vinegar is a common condiment in life, while flowers can purify the ecological environment and beautify our life. Have you ever thought about the relationship between vinegar and flowers? We explored the subject with curiosity. According to people who have rich experience in planting flowers, applying some vinegar on potted flowers can improve the growth of potted flowers and increase flowers, which are bright and leafy. We soon confirmed this in the experiment. Do different concentrations of vinegar have different effects on flowers? This is the second stage of our experiment. We select four pots of gypsophila paniculata, primrose and Chinese rose with the same growth and divide them into four groups. Each group (three pots) has three kinds of flowers, which are numbered and labeled respectively. At the same time, we prepared edible white vinegar into three solutions with different concentrations: 1%(pH 2~3), 0.0 1% (pH ≈4) and 0.000 1% (pH ≈6), and sprayed vinegar on three groups of potted flowers once a day, while the fourth group did not. Observe and record the growth of flowers every five days. The results of this experiment are as follows: spraying low concentration vinegar (pH ≈6) has no obvious effect on these flowers; The flowers sprayed with moderate concentration of vinegar (pH ≈4) are obviously better than other groups, with more buds, earlier flowering, richer colors and longer flowering period. Spraying high concentration vinegar with pH value of 2-3 will make the flowers wither prematurely. Through this experiment, we can tell you that spraying vinegar properly when planting flowers can make flowers grow better. But to master the concentration of vinegar, excessive acetic acid will harm flowers.

Edit this famous award

China Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition

It is a science and technology competition and exhibition for young students jointly sponsored by China Association for Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Science and Technology, State Environmental Protection Administration, General Administration of Sports, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Central Committee of the Communist Youth League and All-China Women's Federation. Established in 1982. At first it was once every two years, and later it was changed to once a year. Every year, more than 1000 million primary and secondary school students take part in youth science and technology innovation competitions at all levels. In each national competition, more than 400 contestants from China provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and Hongkong and Macao Special Administrative Regions took part in the 1 1 discipline competition with their research projects. Teenagers from relevant countries and regions are also invited to participate in each competition. Teachers, officials, volunteers and judges from all over the country also participated in the activities. The National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition consists of two parts: the National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition and the National Youth Biological and Environmental Science Practice Activities. The national youth biological and environmental science practice activity, formerly known as "Hundred Biological Activities", started at 1989 and was sponsored by China Association for Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, State Environmental Protection Administration and National Natural Science Foundation of China. It is held every two years and has been held for six times so far. Nearly 2,400 primary and secondary school students directly participated in the national general evaluation activities at the 10th National Youth Invention Competition and Scientific Seminar, and nearly 2,000 young people's inventions and creations and more than 1000 papers written by young students won prizes. The National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition is co-sponsored by the National Youth Science and Technology Activities Leading Group (led by the China Association for Science and Technology, the Ministry of Education, the Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, the All-China Women's Federation and the State Sports General Administration) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. It has become an exemplary and instructive "key project" in the national youth science and technology activity sequence, and has been widely welcomed by relevant government departments, science and education circles, students and parents. It is based on various forms such as "invention activity group", "small invention club", "youth invention school" and "youth invention lovers association" established by primary and secondary schools, youth science and technology centers at all levels and children's palace. About150,000 primary and secondary school students participate in the activities every year. In order to adapt to the development of the times, 2 1 century youth science and technology education activities will be more suitable for the training of future reserve talents and give full play to the role of existing educational resources. Since 2002, the National Leading Group for Youth Science and Technology Activities has decided to integrate the National Youth Biological and Environmental Science Practice Activities (held for 6 sessions) and the National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition (held for 10) and named it the National Youth Science and Technology Innovation Competition, and held the 17 session in 2002.

Tomorrow, little scientist

In order to implement the strategy of "rejuvenating the country through science and education", cultivate the innovative spirit and practical ability of Chinese teenagers, and comprehensively promote the quality education project, the Ministry of Education decided to jointly organize and implement the "Young Scientists of Tomorrow" award activity with the Zhou Kaixuan Foundation in 20001year. The activity was funded by the Zhou Kaixuan Foundation with 5 million yuan to reward outstanding young scientific and technological innovation talents and their schools, to encourage young people to love science, learn science and apply science from an early age, and to encourage young people who love science to stand out. At the same time, guide schools and other social education institutions to pay attention to the comprehensive quality training of young people. This activity is specifically undertaken by China Association for Science and Technology. The National Organizing Committee of "Tomorrow's Little Scientist" Award is composed of the Ministry of Education, the Zhou Kaixuan Foundation and the China Association for Science and Technology. The director of the organizing committee is Wei Yu, Vice Minister of Education, and the deputy director is Ms. Xu, Chairman of the Foundation and Secretary of the Secretariat of China Association for Science and Technology. "Tomorrow's Little Scientist" awards provide a stage for middle school students' science and technology lovers to show their self-style. The activity aims to inspire the majority of young people to establish innovative consciousness and improve their practical ability from an early age by rewarding outstanding young people's science and technology enthusiasts, and attract more young people's science and technology enthusiasts to participate in science and technology activities. This activity not only rewards young science and technology enthusiasts, but also rewards schools (or youth science and technology education venues) that train talents. It aims to guide schools, youth science and technology education places and other educational institutions, experts and scholars, and youth science and technology counselors to carry out youth science and technology work, attach importance to early youth science and technology education, promote China's youth quality education project, and cultivate more high-tech talents for China's modernization in the new century. The purpose of holding the "Tomorrow's Little Scientist" award activity is to cultivate young people's innovative spirit and practical ability, reward outstanding young people's science and technology lovers and their schools (or youth science and technology museums), encourage young people to love, learn and apply science from an early age, and encourage young people who love science to stand out. At the same time, guide all sectors of society to pay attention to the healthy growth of teenagers.