Pregnancy, as the most important thing in every woman's life, is to attract attention. Bian Xiao encourages everyone who wants to get pregnant, or go out for a walk. Pregnant mothers can learn more information and more health care knowledge. Today, Bian Xiao wants to talk to you: What kind of potential risks will it bring to the baby?
How is ABO blood type distinguished?
ABO blood group system divides blood into four types according to whether there are A antigens and B antigens on the erythrocyte membrane: those with only A antigens on the erythrocyte membrane are type A; Only those containing B antigen are type B; Type AB contains two antigens, a and b; Those who have neither A antigen nor B antigen are all O-type. The distribution of blood group antigens in the population varies with different regions and nationalities. Different blood types of human serum contain different antibodies, but do not contain antibodies corresponding to their own red blood cell antigens.
If the blood of two people with incompatible blood types is mixed together, red blood cells can condense into a group. What is it called medically? Erythrocyte agglutination? Under the action of complement, it can cause the agglutination of red blood cells to rupture, leading to hemolysis.
What is maternal-infant blood group incompatibility?
Just ask friends around you, there are many people whose children and mothers have different blood types. Are different blood types incompatible? Parenting experts tell us that hemolysis is essentially caused by the synergistic effect of antigen-antibody reaction and complement. Antibodies are immunoglobulins produced by the immune system stimulated by foreign antigens, which can specifically bind to antigens.
It is common that the A or B blood group antigen inherited by the fetus from the father enters the O blood mother through the placenta (during childbirth), which stimulates the mother to produce corresponding immune antibodies. When the fetus is pregnant again (the ABO blood type of the fetus is the same as that of the previous fetus), immune antibodies will enter the fetal blood through the placenta, leading to hemolysis of the newborn.
In addition to ABO blood group, there is also Rh blood group system. When Rh-negative pregnant women are pregnant with Rh-positive fetus, the antigen of the fetus can enter the mother, making the mother produce immune antibodies. When the Rh-positive fetus is pregnant for the second time, this antibody can enter the fetal blood through the placenta, causing hemolytic anemia in the newborn and seriously endangering the life of the child.
Manifestation of hemolysis
ABO hemolysis mainly causes jaundice, while Rh hemolysis causes severe fetal anemia and even heart failure. It has been reported that ABO hemolysis accounts for more than 85% of neonatal hemolysis, and Rh hemolysis, which is more harmful, only accounts for about 10% because of its rare antigen type.
About neonatal jaundice
Rh-negative blood, commonly known as panda blood, is rare in daily life, so I won't introduce it here in Bian Xiao. For the common neonatal jaundice caused by ABO blood group incompatibility, we will do some more understanding.
Neonatal jaundice is caused by abnormal bilirubin metabolism in infants, which leads to increased bilirubin content in blood and jaundice in skin, mucosa and sclera. Although it is normal for newborns to have physiological jaundice, parents should pay close attention to it. If the child's jaundice appears earlier and the jaundice is heavier, it can't disappear quickly in a short time. It may be pathological jaundice, so you should go to the hospital in time.
Physiological jaundice manifestations:
Infants with mild jaundice first appear on the face and neck, and then spread all over the trunk and limbs. Generally, they are slightly yellow, and the sclera may be slightly yellow, but the palms and soles are not yellow. After 2-3 days, they fade away, and the skin color returns to normal on the 5-6 th day.
Jaundice with severe symptoms can also spread all over the body, and vomit and cerebrospinal fluid can also be yellow stained 1 week or more, especially for individual premature infants who can last until the fourth week. Urine and urine color are normal, and there is no bilirubin in urine.
Jaundice is more common in the face, neck, sclera, trunk and proximal limbs, generally not in elbows and knees.
Physiological jaundice in premature infants is more common than that in full-term infants, which can be delayed by 1-2 days. The degree of jaundice is serious and can be delayed to 2-4 weeks.
Always and carefully observe the prevention of neonatal jaundice.
1. If a woman has given birth to a baby with fetal jaundice, she should take preventive measures and take medicine on time when she is pregnant again.
2. After the baby is born, it is necessary to closely observe the changes of heart rate, heart sound, anemia degree and liver size, and prevent heart failure at an early stage.
3. After the baby is born, closely observe the scleral jaundice and find that jaundice should be treated as soon as possible, and observe the color change of jaundice to understand the advance and retreat of jaundice.
4. To prevent neonatal jaundice, we should pay attention to protect the baby's skin, navel and buttocks to prevent injury and infection.
5. Pay attention to the general symptoms of Huang Baobao, whether there are symptoms such as listlessness, lethargy, difficulty in sucking milk, panic, strabismus, stiff limbs or convulsions, so as to find and deal with severely ill children as soon as possible.
6. You must not let your baby spend the neonatal period in a dark home. As long as it is not too cold and windy, open the window for ventilation every day to let natural light into the room. If conditions permit, it is best to bathe your baby often, which will not only help to observe whether your baby has jaundice, but also enhance your baby's system and resistance.
How to avoid neonatal hemolysis?
For the first prenatal examination, both husband and wife should have ABO and RH blood group tests. If the blood types of husband and wife are incompatible, blood group antibodies should be checked.
Review regularly. The antibody of ABO system is greater than 1: 64. As long as there are antibodies in the RH system, it is necessary to check regularly to master the dynamic changes of antibodies, and some drugs such as Yangxue Antai granules and vitamin E can be taken to slow down the increase of antibodies.
According to the antibody situation, follow the doctor's advice. When the antibody rises, there is no need to be overly nervous. Just follow the doctor's advice. Because once the disease occurs, neonatal exchange transfusion therapy has become a mature technology. As long as timely treatment, the prognosis is mostly good.