Tourmaline is usually produced in rare metals such as pegmatite, albite, lepidolite and greisen, and contains precious stones. The general chemical formula is nar3al6 [si6o18] [bo3] 3 (oh, f) 4, where r stands for metal cation. When r is Mg2+ Fe2+ or (Li+ plus Al+), three end-member mineral species, namely magnesium tourmaline, black tourmaline and lithium tourmaline, are formed respectively. Tourmaline is often banded, with colorless stripes, glassy luster and no cleavage. The hardness is 6.5-7.0. Fragile. Specific gravity is 3.03-3.25. Piezoelectric and thermoelectric. Under the irradiation of ultraviolet light, it does not fluoresce and emits weak fluorescence, such as the red one emits weak purple fluorescence. Under the microscope, it is multicolored.
Tourmaline is divided into three types according to the dominant elements: 1. Iron tourmaline (black tourmaline) is black; 2. Magnesium tourmaline (magnesium tourmaline) is brown; 3. Alkaline tourmaline, pink (red tourmaline), green (green tourmaline) or colorless (colorless tourmaline). Sometimes one end of the crystal is pink and the other end is green; Concentric bands may also appear. Transparent and flawless varieties of various colors can be carved into gems. Tourmaline is abundant, and the most developed crystals are in pegmatite and metamorphic limestone in contact with granitic magma. Because of its strong weathering resistance, it can be accumulated in clastic sediments and is a common accessory mineral in sedimentary rocks. High-quality gems come from pegmatite in Southern California, Maine, Brazil and Madagascar. Because of its piezoelectricity, it is also used in pressure measuring instruments. Its colored crystals have strong dichroism, that is, from different axes, they show different colors; Ordinary light can be almost completely absorbed. The tourmaline crystal slices cut parallel to the vertical axis only allow extraordinary light to pass through; If two such plates are placed cross, light cannot pass through. A pair of polarizers made of these sheets are called tourmaline pliers.
Five advantages of tourmaline:
The biggest feature of single crystal tourmaline is that it can permanently generate a weak current of 0.06mA, which is similar to the current passing through human nerves and promotes smooth blood circulation. The negative ion and infrared function of tourmaline can cure cold limbs, shoulder pain, low back pain, physiological pain, neuralgia and so on, which have plagued women for many years. )
The advantage of tourmaline is not only to generate current, but also to get various effects if used properly. It has advantages that other minerals do not have, and its characteristics can be roughly divided into the following five types.
(1) produces negative ions.
Negative ions, also known as [air vitamins], have the functions of regulating human ion balance, relaxing body and mind, activating cells, improving natural cure rate, and inhibiting oxidation or aging of the body. There are many important factors that promote the production of positive ions in modern environment, and the body is often in a state of tension. Therefore, negative ions are indispensable substances for modern people. In addition, negative ions also have the function of deodorization.
(2) Electrolyzing water
After water electrolysis, various effects can be obtained, such as interface activation, chlorine stabilization, iron passivation (preventing the formation of red rust and red water), water reduction, and removal of silicon dioxide and adherends (microbial aggregates). Tourmaline reacts with water, which can solve the problem that even chemical lotion and chemicals are difficult to deal with.
(3) narrowing the water molecule beam
Water molecules (H2O) do not exist alone, and their molecules will combine with each other to form a molecular beam. Small molecular beam of water can remove chlorine or impurities, taste good and improve the permeability of the body.
(4) emitting far infrared rays (infrared rays with a wavelength of 4- 14 micron)
Far infrared rays can penetrate deep body, warm cells, promote blood circulation and make metabolism smooth. The far infrared emissivity of tourmaline is close to 100%, which is higher than other minerals.
(5) containing effective trace minerals
Tourmaline contains a variety of natural minerals, many of which are the same as those necessary for human beings. Minerals are easily absorbed by weak current and are excellent sources of minerals.
Other functions of tourmaline: tourmaline can be divided into tourmaline powder, superfine tourmaline powder and nano tourmaline powder according to different uses. Applicable industries include: hugs, cigarettes, coatings, textiles, cosmetics, water purification, air purification, electromagnetic radiation prevention, health care products, etc. * Tourmaline can absorb the peculiar smell of paint, colloid and other products. Used for architectural decoration and interior wall painting, which can absorb the peculiar smell of paint, colloid and coating. Adding a small amount of ultra-fine tourmaline powder to the paint and brushing it on the interior wall and ceiling can not only absorb the odor quickly, but also absorb the smoke smell for a long time.
* Tourmaline powder is used in textile industry and can be used as an environmental protection carbon fiber cloth. Ultrafine tourmaline powder can be made into superfine fiber, which can be made into anti-magnetic, moisture-proof and warm quilts, cotton pads, shirts, vests, insoles, etc.
* It is used to purify water. Tourmaline powder is made into tourmaline ceramsite with various colors and shapes, which is used to purify mineralized containers. It is not only beautiful, but also healthy. It can remove chlorine from tap water, thus changing the acidity of water. At the same time, it can filter all kinds of harmful elements in water and release all kinds of trace elements beneficial to human body.
* Used in health care products and cosmetics. The color of tourmaline, a gem, turns white after superfine and is added to cosmetics or skin cream. Tourmaline contains trace elements such as B, F, SRLI, which are beneficial to human body. After the cosmetic raw materials are treated with tourmaline, the molecular binding of nutrients is reduced, so that nutrients can pass through the gaps between skin cells and even reach the dermis that produces skin cells. It can achieve the effects of removing spots, preventing wrinkles and restoring skin elasticity. Can be made into cosmetics and skin care products such as emulsion, facial cleanser, night cream, shower gel, lotion, facial mask, powder cake, etc. Has the effects of removing acne, removing speckle and whitening skin. And shampoo has a good dandruff removing effect. The ultra-fine powder of tourmaline generates far infrared rays after being badly heated, which can stimulate and activate human facial skin, and achieve skin diseases such as disinfection, sterilization, freckle removal, youth bean's treatment and ulcerative dermatitis. Tourmaline can also be put into the bath to activate the bathing effect of water quality on human body.
Tourmaline is also called tourmaline, tourmaline, broken gold and calcium carbide.
[Crystal Chemistry] The chemical formula can be written as NaR3Al6B3Si6O27(OH)4. In which Na can be partially replaced by k and ca. When R is mainly composed of Fe2, it is called schorl, also called black tourmaline or black tourmaline. Magnesium-based tourmaline is called calcium magnesium stone; With (Al Li) as the main component, it is called El Baite. If Mn enters this position, it will become TSI laist. Fe3 or Cr3 can also enter this position when the electricity price is compensated. Cr2O3 in tourmaline containing Cr can reach 10.86%. There is no phenomenon that Al replaces Si in tourmaline. In lithium tourmaline, part of (OH) is often replaced by F, and two complete isomorphic series are formed between magnesium tourmaline-iron tourmaline and iron tourmaline-lithium tourmaline, but the latter series has fewer intermediate members.
[Configuration] Tripartite crystal system, a0= 1.584~ 1.603nm, C0 = c0 = 0.709 ~ 0.722nm；; ; Z=3. The basic feature of the crystal structure is that the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron forms a complex triangular ring. The coordination number of b is 3, forming a plane triangle. The coordination number of Mg is 6 (two of which are OH-), forming an octahedron, which is connected with [BO3]*** oxygen. Na is filled in the gap above the complex triangular ring of silicon-oxygen tetrahedron, and the coordination number is 9. These rings are connected by [AlO5(OH)] octahedron.
A complex triangular single cone crystal, C3V-3m (L33p). The crystal is columnar. Common simplex includes triangular column M, hexagonal column A, triangular single cone R, complex triangular single cone U and so on. The crystal faces at both ends of the crystal are different, and longitudinal stripes often appear on the cylinder, and the cross section is spherical triangle. Twins are more or less common. The aggregate is rod-shaped, radial, needle-shaped, dense or aphanitic.
[Physical Properties] The color varies with the composition: tourmaline rich in iron is black; Tourmaline rich in lithium, manganese and cesium is rose and light blue; Magnesium-rich tourmaline is brownish yellow; Tourmaline rich in chromium is dark green. Tourmaline often has a ribbon phenomenon. The vertical Z axis forms a horizontal ribbon outward from the center, or the colors at both ends of the Z axis are different. Stripes are colorless. Glass luster. No cleavage. Sometimes there may be vertical L3 cracks. The hardness is 7~7.5. The relative density is 3.03~3.25, and the density increases with the increase of iron and manganese content. Piezoelectric and thermoelectric. The longitudinal slices of transparent crystals are polarized and polychromatic.
[Occurrence and combination] are mostly related to gas generation, mainly occurring in pegmatite and gas-generated hydrothermal deposits.
[Identification Features] Columnar crystal with longitudinal stripes on the cylinder, spherical triangle in cross section, high hardness and no cleavage.
[Industrial Application] Crystals with good piezoelectricity can be used as wavelength adjusters in radio industry, polarizers in polarizers, or as manometers for measuring air and water marks. Fine tourmaline can be used as grinding material. Bright and beautiful in color, clear and transparent, it can be used as a gem, called tourmaline.