Pineapple contains a lot of fructose, glucose, vitamins B, C, phosphorus, citric acid and protease. It has the functions of relieving summer heat, quenching thirst, promoting digestion and stopping diarrhea, and is a seasonal fruit with dual functions of medicine and food in summer.
Pineapple fruit is mostly used for canning except fresh food, and is widely loved because it can keep its original flavor. Leaf fiber can be used as raw materials for ropes, fishing nets and so on.
Chinese name pineapple
Latin scientific name Ananas comosus (Linn. )Merr
Don't call it yellow pear or pineapple.
Double name pineapple
plant kingdom
angisopermae
Monocotyledon class
Gramineae
Bromeliaceae
It belongs to pineapple.
Planting pineapple
Distribution: Lingnan, South America, Thailand and other tropical areas.
Hilly or flat land with low environmental distribution
Ecological habits of terrestrial plants
Life-style perennial herbs
The sun shines like light.
The annual rainfall of water exceeds 1000 mm.
The annual average temperature is above 23℃
The soil is loose, rich in organic matter and well ventilated.
Bahai is 600 meters below sea level.
Edible value raw food, twisted juice, fried soup
Medicinal value of relieving summer-heat, quenching thirst, promoting digestion and stopping diarrhea.
Industrial value pineapple leaves are high-quality feed for ruminants.
Special purpose potted flowers, deodorizing.
Toxic biological glycoside, bromelain.
The symbolism is perfect.
The origin of tropical America
morphological character
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The stem is short. There are many leaves, arranged in a rosette shape, sword-shaped, 40-90 cm long and 4-7 cm wide, with tapering tips, full or pointed teeth, green ventral surface, pink-green back, brownish red edges and tips, and the leaves born at the top of the inflorescence become smaller and often red. The inflorescence is drawn from the leaves, like a pine cone, 6-8 cm long, and increases when it bears fruit; Bracts are green at the base, reddish at the upper part and triangular-ovate; Sepals are broadly ovoid, fleshy and reddish at the top, about 65438 0 cm long; Petals are oval, pointed, about 2 cm long, purple in the upper part and white in the lower part. Chrysanthemum fruit is fleshy, more than15cm long. The flowering period is from summer to winter. [ 1]
plant morphology
China Plant Image Library (Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences) provides and participates in editing.
Pineapple flowers and fruits (8 pieces)
2 growth environment
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Pineapple plantation
Pineapple has its own special growth habits. Most pineapples have rosette leaves. The base of the leaf cluster forms a leaf tube which can store water. The water needed for the growth and development of this pineapple is not stored in the mesophyll, but in the groove naturally formed at the central growth point of the clustered leaves (that is, the unique rosette-shaped leaf tube). In the growing season, we should often water the leaf tube to keep the soil moist and make the leaf tube have enough water to thrive. This is a special habit of pineapple. Another special habit of most ornamental pineapples is that they bloom only once in their lives, and the mother plant will die after a period of flowering. At this time, one or several niè buds will sprout from the stem base or root of the mother plant, which is a good material for cultivating new plants. Generally, the planting depth should not exceed 1/5 of the bud length. After insertion, put it in the shade to keep the soil dry. At the temperature of 22 ~ 24℃, it can take root after about 65438 0 months. [2]
temperature
Pineapple is native to tropical high-temperature and arid areas in South America, with mild nature. It can grow at the annual average temperature of 24-27℃ (the most suitable growth range is 15-40℃, but it grows slowly below 15℃, and basically stops growing below 10℃, and 5℃ is the critical temperature of chilling injury. The optimum temperature for root growth is 29-365438 0℃, and it stops growing when it is lower than 5℃ or higher than 43℃. Roots began to grow in March and grew rapidly with the increase of temperature. The growth peaked from late May to July, and slowed down after 10. 12 to February of the following year, the near-surface roots died of cold and drought. In spring, leaves begin to sprout. From May to July, the leaves are dark green and grow faster. Germination basically stops in winter, and leaves turn red and yellow. If the leaves are dehydrated and turn green due to cold, they will dry up. [3]
moisture
Drought tolerance is strong, but growth and development still need a certain amount of water. It can grow in areas with annual rainfall of 500-2800mm, and the most suitable area is 1000- 1500mm, which is evenly distributed. The annual rainfall in China is above 1000mm, mostly concentrated in April-August, which basically meets the water demand. When the soil is short of water, pineapple plants have the function of self-regulation, which can reduce transpiration intensity, slow down breathing and save water stored in leaves to maintain life activities. When there is serious water shortage, the leaves are red and yellow, so irrigation should be done in time to prevent dryness; Too much rain and high soil moisture will cause root rot and plant heart rot or wilt. Therefore, it is necessary to drain water in time after heavy rain or rainstorm. [3]
illuminate
Pineapple was originally grown in semi-shady tropical rain forest, and it is more tolerant to shade. Due to long-term artificial cultivation and domestication, the demand for light increases, and it grows well with high sugar content and good quality under sufficient light. Insufficient light leads to slow growth, high acid content and poor quality of fruits. Sang Hongde (1962) reported that the illumination decreased by 20% and the yield decreased by 10%. But if the light is too strong and the temperature is too high, the leaves will turn red and yellow, and the fruit will be easily burned. [3]
land
Pineapple has extensive adaptability to soil. Sandy loam or mountain red soil with shallow roots and aerobic, loose, well-drained and rich in organic matter, with a pH value of 5 ~ 5.5, is better, while poor, sticky and poorly drained soil and high groundwater level are not conducive to pineapple growth. The soil with high Mn-Fe ratio will do harm to pineapple, but it can be solved by foliar spraying with 1%FeSO2. [3]
wind
Pineapple is short, and the direct impact of wind disaster is small. Winds below level 3 are also good for breathing. Strong typhoons and strong winds will also blow down plants, break fruit stalks and distort leaves, affecting normal growth and development; The cold wind and rain in winter will cause people to rot. [3]
3 distribution
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Pineapple is native to the dry tropical mountainous areas of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay, but it is not really wild. It was spread to Central America and northern South America for cultivation 0/600 years ago. Because pineapple buds are more resistant to storage and transportation, they are quickly introduced into tropical and subtropical regions of the world in a short time. /kloc-was introduced into southern China from the end of 6th century to the end of 7th century. At present, about 6 1 countries and regions in the world are cultivated. Apart from China, Thailand, the United States, Brazil, Mexico, the Philippines and Malaysia are more cultured. Pineapple cultivation in China is mainly concentrated in Taiwan Province, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Hainan and other provinces, with a small amount of cultivation in Yunnan and southern Guizhou, which has a history of more than 400 years. The main pineapple producing areas in Taiwan Province Province are Tainan, Taichung and Kaohsiung. Guangdong province has a large pineapple planting area and a large output, and its producing areas are concentrated in Shantou, Zhanjiang, Jiangmen and the suburbs of Guangzhou. The main producing areas in Guangxi are Nanning, Wuming, Yongning, Ningming and Bobai. [4]
Four main categories
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Usually, the cultivated varieties of pineapple are divided into four categories, namely Cayenne, Queen, Spain and Hybrid. [5]
Kane class
Also known as Sarawak, the French expedition was named after its discovery in Cain, Guyana, South America. Widely cultivated, accounting for about 80% of the world pineapple cultivation area. This plant is tall and strong, with no thorns at the leaf edge and a little thorns at the top. The fruit is large, the average single fruit weight is more than 1 100g, and it is cylindrical and small.
A detailed map of pineapple
Flat, shallow-eyed, bracts short and wide; The flesh is light yellow, juicy, and moderately sweet and sour. The soluble solids are 65,438+04% ~ 65,438+06%, with a high content of more than 20% and an acid content of 0.5% ~ 0.6%. It is the main variety of canned food. [5]
Queens district
It is the oldest cultivated variety with a history of more than 400 years. It is one of the main cultivated varieties in South Africa, Viet Nam and China. The plant is medium-sized, the leaves are shorter than Cayenne, and the leaves have thorns; The fruit is cylindrical or conical, the weight of a single fruit is 400 ~1500g, the small fruit has a conical protrusion, the eye of the fruit is deep, and the tip of the bract exceeds that of the small fruit; The flesh is yellow to deep yellow, the meat is crisp and tender, the sugar content is high, and the juice is sweet, mainly fresh. [5]
Spanish class
The plant is large, the leaves are soft and yellow-green, and there are red thorns on the edge of the leaves, but there are also varieties without thorns; The fruit is medium and large, the weight of a single fruit is 500 ~1000g, the small fruit is large and flat, and the center is convex or concave; The fruit has deep eyes, orange flesh, strong fragrance and much fiber, and is used in canned food and fruit juice. [5]
Hybrid species
It is an excellent variety cultivated through sexual hybridization. The plant is tall and erect, with thorns on the leaf edge, lavender flowers and irregular fruit shape. Single fruit weight1200 ~1500g. The flesh is yellow, crisp, with little fiber, sweet and delicious. The soluble solid content is 1 1% ~ 15%, and the acid content is 0.3% ~ 0.6%. It can be eaten raw or canned. [5]
5 cultivation techniques
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Training foundation
Pineapple plants have strong adaptability, barren tolerance, drought tolerance and less pests and diseases. They are important pioneer crops in newly reclaimed mountainous areas, easy to cultivate, with high yield and intercropping and interplanting. They are good tree species for developing rural economy and making farmers rich in the southeast hills. [5]
breeding method
pineapple
pineapple
Planting 3800 ~ 4000 pineapples per mu requires a large number of seedlings. There are three commonly used methods, including plastic germination, asexual reproduction and tissue culture. Time and method of accelerating germination: Choose plants with 40 cm green leaves from May to165438+1October, including 40 Cayenne and 35 Philippines. Each plant was irrigated with mixed solution of 250 mg/L ethephon and 25ml 1% urea and 0.5% potassium chloride to accelerate germination. On the 5th and 2nd day after treatment, 25 ml of plastic solution with the times of 1200 ~ 1500 and 600 ~ 750 were used to irrigate the roots respectively. Asexual propagation, common seedling raising, that is, using small terminal buds, small supporting buds, small sucking buds and fruit tumor buds in the field, after being cultivated in the nursery, they will enter the country by classification and go abroad. The small buds left on the fruit stalk after fruit picking are used for growth and seedling raising, and the old stems are used for cutting propagation. Tissue culture seedlings were cultured in Ms medium at room temperature of 30℃, illumination of 65438±02h or natural illumination. [5]
Cultivation method
The technical points of high quality and high yield of pineapple are as follows: 1. Choose a good garden and a place facing south, with abundant sunshine, abundant water resources and convenient transportation as the commodity production base. Second, scientific planting, improving poor soil before planting and applying sufficient base fertilizer; Choose strong seedlings for planting. Density: 3000 ~ 4000 plants of Kane and 4000 ~ 5000 plants of Queen. Thirdly, the management of fertilizer and water should be strengthened after planting. The amount of fertilizer applied per mu in Guangxi is 42.2kg of nitrogen, 26.8kg of phosphorus and 38.5kg of potassium, with n ∶ P2O5 ∶ K2O =1∶ 0.62 ∶ 0.9; Fertilization period, generally from June 65438+February to February of the following year, apply bud-promoting fertilizer before bud picking, and apply strong bud fertilizer from July to August after fruit picking; Applying a strong fruit and bud promoting fertilizer between the bud promoting fertilizer and the strong bud promoting fertilizer; Apply foliar fertilizer once a year in April, June, July and September, and topdressing twice a year in May and August, with 1% urea and 0.5% potassium sulfate solution; Apply base fertilizer after fruit picking. Water conservancy management should be timely irrigation and drainage, flood control and drought relief. Fourth, do other management well, such as properly removing buds and leaving buds in order not to affect the growth and development of fruits; To promote flowers, we must promote flowers; In order to improve the weight and quality of the fruit, after all the florets withered, the fruit was sprayed with 50 mg/L gibberellin and 0.5% urea solution, and sprayed again 20 days later, and then sprayed with 70 mg/L gibberellin and 0.3% urea solution. In order to make the fruit mature evenly, when the fruit reaches the seventh maturity, 300 mg/L ethephon is used to accelerate the fruit ripening. [5]
Planting method: 1, double row, common furrow *** 150cm wide, double row single plant arrangement. Its advantages are: the border furrow is wide, the fibrous roots can expand outward, the row spacing of plants on the border furrow is uniform, the stems and bases are pressed against each other, and the leaves are stretched into hemispheres, which can make full use of sunlight, and it is easy to form a "self-shading" environment between rows, reduce weeds in the border furrow and facilitate management. The pineapple planted in this way generally has a ditch width of100-10 cm, a small row spacing of 40-50cm, and the plant spacing varies with the density. If 3500-4000 plants are planted every 667㎡, the plant spacing is 20cm, and 4500 plants are planted every 667㎡, the plant spacing is about 15cm. 2. The width of furrow and border arranged in three rows of single plants is *** 170cm, in which the width of border is 120cm, the small row spacing is 35-40cm, and the plant spacing varies with the density, generally between 20-25cm. In this way, the individual nutritional area of plants is uniform. 3. Four-row type: Generally, the border is 200cm wide, planted in wide and narrow rows, with a width of 100cm (including 50cm of groove width) and a narrow row of 50cm (including 20cm of groove width). The molded frame is planted with a row spacing of 25cm, and 4500-5000 plants are planted every 667m2. Its advantages are: there is a ditch at the boundary, which can not only drain water but also retain water after the plant is closed, which is beneficial to root growth; Wide row spacing, convenient for pedestrians to operate. There is less man-made damage to the leaves on both sides of the narrow row, and the damage to the leaves during frost is greatly reduced. Most big fruits are obtained in the middle of these two rows.
6 pest control
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Common diseases
After the occurrence of Fusarium wilt, the leaves become soft and droop, the leaves are light green to red, the base rot, and finally the whole plant dies. This disease is caused by the harm of scale insects. [5]
The core of the fruit affected by black rot turned black and gradually expanded to rot, and the bacteria invaded from the bud picking place and the wound of the fruit stalk. [5]
Heart rot seedlings die of heart rot. It is mainly caused by accumulated heat or water. [5]
Prevention and cure method
Control methods of Fusarium wilt: First, strict attention should be paid to disease-free seedling breeding. Secondly, it is necessary to put out the scale insects in time, soak the head with 500 times dimethoate solution when planting, and plant it upside down and dry it. If scale insects are found to be harmful after planting, dimethoate should be sprayed 500 times or 25% zhongkemeiling 1500 times in time. Moreover, if a diseased plant is found in the pineapple garden, it should be dug up in time to prevent its spread. [5]
Prevention and control methods of black rot: pay attention not to pick the heart and fruit in rainy days to reduce the chance of pathogen invasion. The disease is also the main disease of pineapple fresh fruit storage.
Prevention and treatment methods of seedling heart rot: avoid long accumulation time of seedlings, especially in the process of long-distance transportation, and avoid seedling damage caused by high temperature, high humidity or air tightness. Spread it out immediately after delivery to the destination and plant it in the sun 1 day to 2 days. Avoid planting in rainy days and pay attention to deep ploughing and shallow planting. [5]
7 main value
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nutritive value
Pineapple fruit has excellent quality and rich nutrition. According to the analysis, every 100g pulp contains total sugar 12- 16g, organic acid 0.6g, protein 0.4-0.5g, crude fiber 0.3-0.5g, and contains various vitamins, among which the content of vitamin C can be as high as 42mg. In addition, calcium, iron and phosphorus are abundant.
pineapple
Every 100g of pineapple contains 87. 1g of water, 0.5g of protein, 0. 1g of fat, 0.12g of fiber, 0. 1mg of nicotinic acid, 0. 126mg of potassium and sodium. Thiamine 0.03 mg, riboflavin 0.02 mg, vitamin c 18 mg, ash 0.3 g, and other organic acids and bromelain.
1, pineapple contains a substance called "bromelain", which can decompose protein, dissolve blocked fibrin and blood clots in tissues, improve local blood circulation, and eliminate inflammation and edema;
2. The sugar, salt and enzyme contained in pineapple have diuretic effect, and proper consumption is beneficial to patients with nephritis and hypertension;
3, pineapple is sweet and flat, and has the functions of invigorating stomach, promoting digestion, strengthening spleen and stopping diarrhea, clearing stomach and quenching thirst, but it is not advisable to eat too much at one time.
As a fresh food, pineapple is golden in color, rich in fragrance, sweet and sour, crisp and juicy. Canned pineapple is known as "international canned fruit" and can also be made into a variety of processed products, which are widely welcomed by consumers.
Nutrition table
Vitamins (mg)
One microgram
B 1
B2
B6
B 12 (μ g)
C
microgram
E
33
0.08
0.02
0.08
-
24
-
-
Biotin (μ g)
K (microgram)
P (microgram)
renieratene
Folic acid (microgram)
Acid reflux
nicotinic acid
Mineral elements (mg)
calcium (Ca)
5 1
-
-
0.08
1 1
0.28
0.2
18
iron
phosphorus (P)
potassium
natrium
copper
magnesium
Zinc (microgram)
Selenium (microgram)
0.5
28
147
0.8
0.07
eight
0. 14
0.24
Medicinal value
Pineapple peel is rich in bromelain and has rich medicinal value. According to the experiments of foreign experts for more than 20 years, the incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes is obviously reduced after long-term consumption of pineapple peel, and it has certain anti-cancer effect.
Reference contains fructose, glucose, protein, amino acids, organic acids and other ingredients. It also contains an enzyme that can decompose protein.
keep fit
Enzymes that promote blood circulation can always lower blood pressure and dilute blood lipids. Eating pineapple can prevent fat deposition. Athletes are suitable for pineapple: it has anti-inflammatory and detumescence effects and can promote blood circulation.
Clean the stomach
Do you often worry about the meat content? Pineapple can help you solve your digestion and absorption concerns. Bromelain can effectively decompose protein in food and increase gastrointestinal peristalsis. Friends who are often constipated can try a folk prescription: eat a fresh pineapple every morning.
Eliminate a cold
Pineapple slimming juice
Cough and sore throat are the most obvious symptoms of cold. In addition to lying in bed and resting quietly, you might as well drink a cup of fresh pineapple juice, which has the effect of cooling down and effectively preventing bronchitis, but it is best not to eat a fever. According to medical research, since ancient times, human beings often rely on bromelain contained in pineapples to relieve the symptoms of sore throat and cough.
Help digestion
In Compendium of Materia Medica, Li Shizhen also affirmed that pineapple can strengthen the spleen and stomach and strengthen vitality.
When you are full and indigestion, eating pineapple can help digestion and relieve constipation. It helps digestion, mainly because it contains bromelain. This enzyme can decompose protein in the stomach, supplement the deficiency of human digestive enzymes, and restore the normal digestive function of patients with dyspepsia. Because of the function of cellulose, it also has a certain effect on the treatment of constipation.
In addition, pineapple is rich in vitamin B 1, which can promote metabolism and eliminate fatigue. Rich in dietary fiber, make gastrointestinal peristalsis smoother. Protease contained in fresh pineapples can decompose protein in food, so eating some pineapples after meals can stimulate appetite, relieve greasy and help digestion.
Edible
Every 100g pineapple contains 87% water, including 0.4 in protein.
Pineapple (3 slices)
G, 0.5g of fat, 12g of carbohydrate and 0.5g of fiber can provide 209.3kJ of heat. Pineapple contains vitamin C, potassium, magnesium and folic acid. Pineapple has diuretic, gastrointestinal peristalsis and anesthetic effects. Pineapple contains bromelain, which can prevent gel aggregation and can be used to make milk sour or soften other fruits, but this characteristic will be weakened in cooking. Pineapple is sweet, slightly sour and slightly cold, and has the effects of clearing away heat and relieving summer heat, caring skin and slimming. [6]
Edible taboo
1. Because pineapple contains stimulating glycoside and bromelain, it is necessary to clean the peel and thorns, cut the pulp into pieces, soak it in light salt water or sugar water, and then eat it;
After eating meat or greasy food, eating pineapple is good for your health. "Pineapple Goo Old Meat" and "Pineapple Beef" are both safe dishes to eat.
3. Pineapple and eggs can't be eaten together. Protein in eggs is combined with fruit acid in pineapple, which easily coagulates protein and affects digestion.
pineapple
4. Pineapple and honey can be eaten at the same time, and pineapple honey soup can cure bronchitis. However, people who are unwell or have diarrhea symptoms are advised not to eat like this.
Pineapple soaked in salt water
Pineapple, like some fruits, can make some people allergic, and the allergic reaction can appear within 15 minutes at the earliest. This symptom is called "pineapple disease" or "pineapple poisoning". For example, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, skin flushing, itching all over the body, numbness of limbs, mouth and tongue, dyspnea, shock and other serious allergic reactions. [7]
According to scientists' research conclusion, the "pineapple prion" contained in pineapple pulp is the main component that causes "pineapple poisoning". Then, through practice, the methods of treating this ingredient have been accumulated, and people have come to the conclusion that after pineapple is soaked in salt water, it can effectively destroy the internal allergic structure of "pineapple prion", thus losing the ability to make people allergic and lose this ability. Before eating, the pineapple is soaked in salt water, and some organic acids contained in it can be decomposed in salt water to remove the sour taste and make the pineapple taste sweeter. Therefore, before eating pineapple, peel it, slice it and soak it in salt water for a while, which is much safer, so don't worry about bromelain allergy. [7]
Pineapple contains a kind of "pineapple enzyme", which can decompose protein in the body and stimulate the young epidermis of oral mucosa and lips. If you don't soak the pineapple in salt water before eating, you will feel paralyzed and tingling. At this point, everyone already knows why pineapples are soaked in salt water.
Healthy eating method
Peel and dice the pineapple, cut it into pieces or pieces, and cook it in boiling water before eating. Bromelain began to denature at 45℃~50℃, and more than 90% was destroyed at 100℃. Glycosides can also be destroyed and eliminated at the same time; Serotonin is soluble in water. After cooking, the taste is also improved.
If you want to keep the fresh taste of pineapple, you can soak it in salt water (usually the salinity of cooking) for about 30 minutes, and then soak it in cold boiled water to remove the salty taste, which can also achieve the desensitization effect.
The baby who eats for the first time only eats the size of a biscuit. If there is no abnormality, the amount can be increased appropriately next time.
Don't eat too many pineapples at a time. Excessive consumption is harmful to the stomach. [7]
8 plant culture
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Arima
The flower language and symbol of pineapple flower mean: perfection. Pineapple flowers germinate, grow and bloom brilliantly. No distractions, no boundaries, even places, we must go deep into the essence. This belief in pursuing perfection has always been accompanied by pineapple flowers. There are many small flowers densely clustered on the stem, forming a thick spike, and the bracts at the top of the spike extend radially. Every little flower is a star. Flowers are yellow, light green, pink and white.
Pineapple is a very beautiful indoor potted flower, which can enjoy flowers and leaves. With its rosette-like plant type, bright ear color and long flowering period, it has gradually become the "darling" of the New Year flower market. Gift-giving etiquette: paper towels are laid in the flower basket, and tropical fruits such as pineapple, lily and boiled pineapple are put inside.
dispel
About everyone questioning that pineapple and pineapple are two different fruits.
1. Baidu Encyclopedia about [pineapple family], or [edible pineapple], the entry shows that [pineapple] contains only one plant-pineapple and pineapple.
3. The Chinese plant species information database shows that there are three kinds of pineapples, which are produced in the United States. Now it is widely planted in the tropics. China has cultivated 1 species ". [8]
Sri Lankan pineapple
To sum up, the genus pineapple or edible pineapple contains three plants, which are native to America, and one is planted in China, called "pineapple", commonly known as "pineapple".