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The date is getting late. Therefore, the introduction from high latitude to low latitude will be premature, while the introduction from low latitude to high latitude will prolong the maturity. The growth length of red beans varies from variety to variety. The shortest growth period can be 60-90 days; The growth period is 80- 120 days. Red beans need water most before and after flowering, and it is easy to drop flowers and pods when they encounter high temperature and drought during flowering and pod setting. Too wet, plants tend to lodging. In the stage of grain bulging and maturity, sunny days are beneficial to photosynthesis and increase grain weight. Red beans grow best in loose soil rich in humus. Red beans planted in the sand are red and shiny. Red beans planted in loam, deep red and dark red. Adzuki bean has strong adaptability to soil and can grow in both slightly acidic and slightly alkaline soil. [5]
Sowing mode
edit
Adzuki bean is an annual leguminous crop, so it is advisable to choose gramineous crops such as wheat, corn and sorghum in the previous crop to avoid multiple cropping with leguminous crops, so as to avoid infection with pests and diseases and reduce production. Like soybeans, the rotation mode should be three-zone rotation or four-zone rotation: wheat, jade and beans (red beans); Wheat, wheat and beans (red beans); Wheat, miscellaneous and beans (red beans); Wheat, wheat, jade and beans (red beans). We should choose barren stubble instead of fertilizer stubble. It can be intercropped with tall crops such as corn, sorghum and sunflower, which can make full use of land and light energy and obtain high economic benefits. It can also be planted in fields, fields and trees. Monocropping, intercropping and interplanting of red beans. Because shade tolerance is mostly intercropping and interplanting, single cropping is rare. The main forms are:
Red beans are interplanted with spring corn, sorghum and millet. The interplanting rate of spring corn and adzuki bean is 1: 1 or 2:2. Generally, after corn seedlings are fixed, red beans are interplanted between rows of corn.
Red beans are mixed with summer corn and summer grain. When sowing summer corn or millet, red beans should be planted at the same time. When fixing seedlings, pay attention to leave a certain number of red bean seedlings between corn plants.
Intercropping cotton with red beans. After the emergence of cotton in spring, sow a row of red beans in the hole of Dahang, and choose small and early-maturing varieties of red beans. This intercropping method is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission at the lower part of cotton, and can reduce the shedding of buds and bolls and peach blossom. Sometimes red beans are replanted on plots where cotton, peanuts, sweet potatoes and other crops lack seedlings.
Spring bud interplanting with red beans. 5-6 red beans are planted on each gully pier in the sweet potato field. Red beans mature early, and are at the peak of the secondary expansion of sweet potato roots at the time of harvest, which does not affect the yield of sweet potatoes and also harvests dozens of kilograms of red beans.
Red beans need more nitrogen fertilizer. Although rhizobia can fix nitrogen, the application of farm manure can significantly increase the yield, especially the appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. If base fertilizer is not applied, topdressing available nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer 5-6 days before flowering in the growth period of red beans can promote the increase of flowers and pods and prevent pod dropping. [5]
operate
In order to promote the root system development of adzuki bean at seedling stage, more intertillage should be used to loosen the soil, which is also beneficial to the growth of nodules. When it grows vigorously after flowering, it can be properly topped to remove invalid flower branches, so that nutrients are concentrated in the pod and the seeds are full. Before and after flowering, it is the period when red beans need water most. At this time, lack of water will cause a large number of flowers and pods to fall off. Therefore, water in time in case of drought. Prevention and control of aphids and red spiders in the early growth stage of red beans, prevention and control of stem borers and pod eating in the middle and late growth stage. Control of mung bean weevil during storage. Insect control at a high temperature of 50℃ before storage; Drug fumigation; Hypoxia preservation and other measures. [5]
shop
Spread the red beans without sundries, put them into plastic bags in units of 3-5 kg, add some chopped dried peppers, and seal them. Put the sealed plastic bag in a dry and ventilated place. This method can prevent moisture, mildew and insects, and can keep red beans 1 year. You can also soak red beans in boiling water for more than ten minutes, then take them out to dry and put them in a jar for storage, which can be stored for a long time without insects. Put two or three cloves of garlic in a container or bag filled with red beans, which can be kept from being eaten by insects for 2-3 years.
Red beans mainly contain nutrients such as protein and sugar. Seeds can be eaten, cooked in porridge or made into bean paste. Dry beans contain protein 2 1-23%, fat 0.3% and carbohydrate 65%.
Nutritional components: Every100g of red beans contains protein 21.7g, fat 0.8g, sugar 60.7g, crude fiber 4.9g, calcium 76mg, phosphorus 386mg, iron 45mg, thiamine 0.43mg, riboflavin 0.16mg and nicotinic acid 2.
Lysine: The content of lysine in amino acids is high.
Others: Red beans also contain three kinds of crystalline saponins.
Winter melon and red bean soup
Buds formed in the axils of branched leaves are called axillary buds, which can blossom and bear fruit in the next year. The flower bud differentiation of most apple varieties began in early June and ended before winter. The whole process is divided into three stages: physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sexual cell maturation. The flower buds are mixed buds and the inflorescences are corymbose cymes. 5-7 flowers per inflorescence.
bloom and bear fruit—yield positive results
Flowering: The flowering period of apples varies greatly due to different climates. Usually from April to May,
There are 3 ~ 7 flowers in each bud, and the central flower blooms first. Apple is a cross-pollinated plant, and most varieties cannot bear fruit by themselves. The proportion of various fruiting branches varies with the age and species of trees. Usually, young trees have more long fruit branches and middle fruit branches. With the increase of tree age, the proportion of short fruit branches increased rapidly, reaching more than 70% in the full fruit period, and almost all of them were short fruit branches in the aging period. From the variety point of view, Jin Shuai and other varieties have more long fruit branches and medium fruit branches, and varieties such as Starkrimson and Red Fuji have a large proportion of short fruit branches, and varieties such as Liaofu are easy to form axillary buds.
Fruit setting: the normal fruit of apple, each fruit has 5 ventricles, and each ventricle has 2 seeds. During fruit development, seeds secrete hormones to stimulate pulp growth, so pollination is good, seeds are full and full, fruit shape is correct, and pulp is full; On the other hand, on the side with poor seed development or no seed, the pulp becomes thin and deformed, so pollination trees must be arranged to improve the pollination effect. [ 1]
Fruit quality
Apple fruit is a fake fruit developed from ovary and receptacle, in which ovary develops into heart, receptacle develops into meat and embryo develops into seed. The volume expansion of fruit depends on the increase of the number of rapidly dividing cells in the early stage and the volume expansion of cells in the later stage.
The volume expansion of fruit is faster in the middle period to before ripening, slower in the early and late period, and the fruit weight increases fastest in the month before ripening. The length of fruit development period is generally 65 ~ 87 days for early-maturing varieties, 90 ~ 133 days for middle-maturing varieties and 137 ~ 168 days for late-maturing varieties. Fruit color is an important indicator of commodities. The quality of apple coloring is closely related to the accumulation of sugar, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions, and the types and contents of hormones.
Controlling application of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing application of potassium fertilizer, reducing chlorophyll in peel, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, improving sunshine, good drainage, reducing air humidity and spraying NAA and 2.4-D hormone can all promote apple coloring.
From the appearance of buds to the harvest of fruits, apples usually have four flowers and fruits. The first time in the final flowering period, the pedicel falls off with withering, which is usually called falling flower. The second time, about a week after flower dropping, the ovary is slightly enlarged and lasts for 5 ~ 20 days, which is called early fruit dropping. 7 ~ 14 days after the third and second fruit drop, the fruit has reached the size of thumb nail, which has a great influence on the yield, so it is called physiological fruit drop. Yunnan usually occurs in May, and the phenology in the north is later than that in Yunnan, which occurs in June, so it is called "June fruit drop".
The fourth time, before the fruit is harvested, the mature or nearly mature fruit is dropped, so it is called pre-harvest fruit drop. The first and second falling flowers and fruits are mainly caused by insufficient nutrition and poor pollination and fertilization. The third fruit drop is caused by the fierce competition for nutrients among fruits and the lack of auxin in embryos. Because the osmotic pressure of leaves is greater than that of young fruits, the power to compete for nutrients is stronger than that of young fruits. Therefore, in addition to pinching and pruning branches to inhibit the growth of new shoots, it is necessary to apply huafei to supplement nutrients in time. [ 1]
Fruit development
Apple peel color can be divided into background color and surface color. When the fruit is immature, the background color of the peel is generally dark green, and there are three situations when the fruit is mature:
1. Green fades or even disappears completely, and the background color is red.
2. Green will not fade completely, resulting in yellow-green or yellow-green background color.
3. Green doesn't fade at all, it is still dark green.
When the fruit is ripe, the surface color of the peel is generally red, green and Huang San, and there are other colors, but they are rare.
The main pigments that determine the color of fruits are chlorophyll, carotene, anthocyanins and flavonoids. Anthocyanin is an extremely unstable water-soluble pigment, which mainly exists in cell fluid or cytoplasm. It is red at low pH, lavender at neutral and blue at alkaline. When it is combined with different metal ions, it will also show various colors, so fruits can show various complex colors.
Factors affecting the formation of anthocyanins
In addition to the heredity of varieties, the sugar content in fruits is the main factor affecting the formation of anthocyanins in apples. Anthocyanins are proanthocyanidins formed when pentose breathes violently. In addition, anthocyanins often combine with sugar to form anthocyanins in fruits. Therefore, the development of anthocyanins is closely related to the sugar content. Any factors that affect the synthesis and accumulation of sugar will affect the development of anthocyanins. Higher tree nutrition level, reasonable load, suitable ratio of phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen fertilizer and proper water control are all beneficial to the red development of fruit.
The effect of temperature on coloring is also related to the accumulation of sugar. When the temperature of mid-late mature apple varieties is above 20℃ at night, it is not conducive to coloring.
The firmness of pulp is also one of the important indexes of fruit quality. The hardness of pulp not only affects the taste of fresh food, but also relates to the storage and processing characteristics of fruit. The hardness of apple pulp is closely related to the cellulose content in the cell wall, the kind and quantity of pectin in the glue layer in the cell wall and the swelling pressure of pulp cells. [ 1]
Apple tree is a temperate fruit tree that likes low temperature and dryness. It requires no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The suitable temperature range is the annual average temperature of 9 ~ 14℃, the extreme low temperature in winter is not lower than-12℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20℃, the annual accumulated temperature is ≥ 10℃, and the average temperature in the growing season (April ~ 10) is about 5000℃. It is generally believed that apples can be planted in areas where the annual average temperature is 7.5 ~ 14℃. The natural dormancy period of apples is very long. If the temperature in winter is too high to reach the low temperature required for winter dormancy, the germination in spring will be uneven.
Judging from the areas with the most apples in the world, the average temperature in Leng Yue in winter (65438+ 10 in the northern hemisphere and July in the southern hemisphere) is between-10 ~ 10℃, which can meet the requirements of low temperature for apples. The average temperature of the main apple producing areas in China 1 month is within this range. The average temperature 12 ~ 18℃ in the growing period (4 ~ 65438+ 10 month) and 18 ~ 24℃ in the summer (June ~ August) are the most suitable for apple growth. In autumn, the temperature is high during the day and low at night, and the fruit has high sugar content, good coloring, thick peel, more fruit powder and storage resistance. [ 1]
deposit
The precipitation per mu during the apple growing period is about 180mm. Generally, natural precipitation can actually be absorbed by fruit trees, which is about 1/3, so it is enough to have a precipitation of 540 mm during the growing period. Areas with rainfall below 450 mm from April to September need irrigation. The distribution of precipitation in northern China is uneven, with 70-80% concentrated in July and August, and the amount of water is insufficient in spring. There is little precipitation and water shortage in inland areas, so irrigation conditions and soil and water conservation measures must be considered when building gardens and selecting land, and drainage measures should also be paid attention to in rainy season.
1. Young trees should be pruned according to the principle of "giving priority to lightness, paying equal attention to modeling and results, and promoting early yield increase". (1) 2-4-year-old young trees, under the premise of arranging backbone branches, the key point of pruning is to clean up a layer of tightly squeezed branches and straighten the tree shape. According to the planting density, the small crown sparse layer shape (less than 80 plants per mu) and free spinning cocoon shape (more than 80 plants per mu) can be popularized. Small crown and sparse layer shape: select 3-4 main branches in the first layer, clean up the dense branches that affect the growth of the main branches after selection, and clean up 1-2 branches every year, and strive to clean them up in 2 years. Free-spinning reeling shape: 3-4 small main branches are selected every year, and the spacing between the main branches is about 20 cm, and the branches that are too dense are properly loosened. (2) 5-8-year-old young trees have entered the fruiting stage, and the key point of pruning is to clean up the dense branches between layers, improve the lighting conditions of the trees, and make the fruiting parts gradually transition to the backbone branches. Clean up 2-3 crowded places every year, and strive to clean them up in 3 years. After several years of adjustment and cleaning, five main branches, 1-2 auxiliary branches and 10- 13 main branches were preserved in the sparse layer of small crown.
2. Pruning of adult trees The purpose of pruning of adult trees is to "improve the illumination, improve the quality of branches, stabilize the quality and increase the yield". The key point of pruning is to remove two layers of excessively dense large auxiliary branches, large lateral branches and large branches in batches, so that the large branches remaining in two or more layers extend outward as much as possible in a whip shape, and the total branches account for less than 20% of the total branches of the whole tree, which is beneficial to the illumination in the inner room of the first floor. If the crown of the tree is on the high side, it is necessary to gradually bow your head and be happy by the strength of the tree, and the height of the tree should be controlled below 3.5 meters; If the crown has crossed, the densely packed branches should be drained or transformed into small branches, and the branches should be shortened to slow down the outside and promote the inside, or the direction and angle of the main branches should be changed by changing the main branches, so that the crown distance should be kept at about 1 m to improve the lighting conditions of the population and individuals.
Second, cut off the diseased branches and insect branches. According to the survey, many diseases and insect pests that harm apples overwinter on the branches. For the diseases and pests that overwinter in trees, combining with winter shears, all branches of diseases and pests are cut off, burned or buried deeply, which can obviously reduce the harm in the coming year.
Third, the rough old bark in the gap between the rough old bark and trunk of fruit trees, there are often a large number of overwintering bacteria and pests. Scraping rough old bark, burning or burying it deeply has a good control effect on many kinds of pests and diseases, and sometimes even completely eliminates some pests.
Apple is a beauty product, which can not only lose weight, but also make the skin smooth and tender. Apple is a low-calorie food, every 10.
0 g only produces 60 kilocalories; The nutrients in apples are very soluble.
Under suitable temperature conditions, it can be transformed into leaf buds. The apical tissue of vigorous branches can also germinate flower buds under appropriate conditions.
The flower is white, with a huge ovary below. It is about 30 cm long, so it is also called Lady Enforcers. Calyx tubular, about 3 cm wide, with green (sometimes lavender) lobes; With scales 3-8 cm long; Petals are wide, pure white, erect, oblanceolate and entire. Stamens are numerous and slender, up to 700-960, as long as or short as the style. Anthers are milky yellow and filaments are white; Style thick, 0.7-0.8 cm, milky yellow; There are as many as 24 pistil stigma lobes.
The fruit is oblong or ovoid, the peel is red, fleshy, with oval sharp scales at the top, long10-12cm, thick and waxy. The pulp is white or red. There are nearly ten thousand sesame seeds with fragrance, so it is called sesame fruit. [ 1]
Pitaya is named because it looks like an angry red fireball. The pulp inside is like sweet cream, but it is covered with small black seeds. Mild texture and fragrant taste.
Pitaya is a tropical and subtropical fruit, which likes light, shade, heat, drought, fat and barren. It grows rapidly in a warm, humid and sunny environment. When cultivating in the open field in spring and summer, water more to keep the root system growing vigorously. Drainage should be carried out in time in rainy weather to avoid stem rot caused by infection with germs. Its stems can also grow on rocks, and this plant is very wind-resistant. As long as the support is firm, it can resist typhoon.
Pitaya can tolerate low temperature of 0℃ and high temperature of 40℃, and the optimum growth temperature is 25-35℃. Pitaya can adapt to a variety of soils, but neutral soil and weak acid soil with high humus content and water and fertilizer conservation are the best.
The most suitable cutting time is spring. Cuttings were selected from well-grown stems and cut into small pieces with a length of 375px. After the wound is air-dried, it is inserted into the sand bed or cut directly under the support frame and on the side of the cement column. There is no need to water after cutting to keep the soil dry. /kloc-start watering after 0/0. It can take root in about 15-30 days, and the root length is 3.
Pitaya began to blossom and bear fruit 12- 14 months after planting. It can bloom 12- 15 times a year, and the fruiting period is 4- 1 1 month. The fruit ripens 30-40 days after withering, and the single fruit weighs 500-65438.
The key points of high-yield cultivation are as follows:
1. Dilute application of thin fertilizer: Due to the long fruit harvesting period, organic fertilizer should be applied again every year, and NPK compound fertilizer should be applied in a balanced way for a long time. Potassium and magnesium fertilizer should be supplemented during flowering and fruiting to promote sugar accumulation and improve fruit quality. Keep the soil moist during the fruiting period, and cover the tree tray with grass or mushroom residue. When the weather is dry, water should be poured every 3-4 days. Pitaya, like other cactus plants, is smaller than traditional fruit trees. Therefore, fertilization should be based on the principle of sufficient amount, small amount and multiple times.
Young trees (1-2 years old) mainly apply nitrogen fertilizer, so as to apply less frequently and promote the growth of trees. Adult trees (more than 3 years) are mainly applied with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, and the amount of nitrogen fertilizer is controlled.
Fertilization should be carried out in the germination period of new shoots and the fruit expansion period in spring. Fertilizer is generally made of cake residue, chicken manure and pig manure according to the formula of 1: 2: 7, and 25 kilograms of organic fertilizer is applied to each plant every year. Or in July every year, 10 June, and in March of the following year, each plant is applied with cow dung compost 1.2 kg and compound fertilizer of 200 grams. The root system of pitaya is mainly distributed in topsoil, so fertilization should be adopted to avoid deep furrows to avoid root damage. In addition, after each batch of young fruits is formed, 0.3% magnesium sulfate +0.2% borax +0.3% potassium dihydrogen phosphate 1 time is sprayed outside the roots to improve the fruit quality.
Because of the long harvest period of pitaya, organic fertilizer should be applied again, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer should be applied in a balanced way for a long time. Completely using fertilizers with too high nitrogen content in pig manure and chicken manure makes the branches thick, dark green, fragile, easy to break in strong wind, large and heavy fruits, poor quality, low sweetness and even sour or salty. Therefore, potassium fertilizer, magnesium fertilizer and bone meal should be added during flowering and fruiting to promote sugar accumulation and improve fruit quality.
There are many aerial roots of pitaya, which can be transformed into absorption roots. Expanding holes and improving soil can gradually broaden the distribution of root system; You can also induce aerial roots to go to the ground by binding and dragging. [5]
2. Picking: When the branches grow to 1.3- 1.4 meters long, the picking core promotes branching and makes the branches droop naturally.
3. Intercropping and artificial pollination: When planting pitaya, it should be intercropped with 10% white meat pitaya. Cross-pollination among varieties can obviously improve the seed setting rate. In case of rainy weather, artificial pollination is needed. Pollination can be done by brushing pollen directly on the stigma of female flowers in the evening of flowering or before closing flowers in the morning.
4. Pruning branches: After picking the fruit every year, cut off the bearing branches and let them send out new branches.
Nature is divided into leaf buds and flower buds. Leaf buds are triangular, long and curved, and grow into branches after spreading leaves, which are called new shoots or vegetative branches. Branches can be divided into long branches, common branches, slender branches and leafy branches according to their growth. The flower buds of apples are mixed buds. Axillary flower buds are buds formed in the axils of leaves of branches of the same year, and those that can blossom and bear fruit in the next year are called axillary flower buds. The flower bud differentiation of most apple varieties began in early June and ended before winter. The whole process is divided into three stages: physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sexual cell maturation. The flower buds are mixed buds and the inflorescences are corymbose cymes. 5-7 flowers per inflorescence.
bloom and bear fruit—yield positive results
In the early stage, it depends on the increase of the number of rapidly dividing cells, and in the later stage it depends on the expansion of cell volume.
The volume expansion of fruit is faster from the middle stage to the mature stage, and slower at the beginning and end.
deposit
The precipitation per mu during the apple growing period is about 180mm. Generally, natural precipitation can actually be absorbed by fruit trees, which is about 1/3, so it is enough to have a precipitation of 540 mm during the growing period. Areas with rainfall below 450 mm from April to September need irrigation. The distribution of precipitation in northern China is uneven, with 70-80% concentrated in July and August, and the amount of water is insufficient in spring. There is little precipitation and water shortage in inland areas, so irrigation conditions and soil and water conservation measures must be considered when building gardens and selecting land, and drainage measures should also be paid attention to in rainy season.
1. Young trees should be pruned according to the principle of "giving priority to lightness, paying equal attention to modeling and results, and promoting early yield increase". (1) 2-4-year-old young trees, under the premise of arranging backbone branches, the key point of pruning is to clean up a layer of tightly squeezed branches and straighten the tree shape. According to the planting density, the small crown sparse layer shape (less than 80 plants per mu) and free spinning cocoon shape (more than 80 plants per mu) can be popularized. Small crown and sparse layer shape: select 3-4 main branches in the first layer, clean up the dense branches that affect the growth of the main branches after selection, and clean up 1-2 branches every year, and strive to clean them up in 2 years. Free-spinning reeling shape: 3-4 small main branches are selected every year, and the spacing between the main branches is about 20 cm, and the branches that are too dense are properly loosened. (2) 5-8-year-old young trees have entered the fruiting stage, and the key point of pruning is to clean up the dense branches between layers, improve the lighting conditions of the trees, and make the fruiting parts gradually transition to the backbone branches. Clean up 2-3 crowded places every year, and strive to clean them up in 3 years. After several years of adjustment and cleaning, five main branches, 1-2 auxiliary branches and 10- 13 main branches were preserved in the sparse layer of small crown.
2. Pruning of adult trees The purpose of pruning of adult trees is to "improve the illumination, improve the quality of branches, stabilize the quality and increase the yield". The key point of pruning is to remove two layers of excessively dense large auxiliary branches, large lateral branches and large branches in batches, so that the large branches remaining in two or more layers extend outward as much as possible in a whip shape, and the total branches account for less than 20% of the total branches of the whole tree, which is beneficial to the illumination in the inner room of the first floor. If the crown of the tree is on the high side, it is necessary to gradually bow your head and be happy by the strength of the tree, and the height of the tree should be controlled below 3.5 meters; If the crown has crossed, the densely packed branches should be drained or transformed into small branches, and the branches should be shortened to slow down the outside and promote the inside, or the direction and angle of the main branches should be changed by changing the main branches, so that the crown distance should be kept at about 1 m to improve the lighting conditions of the population and individuals.
Second, cut off the diseased branches and insect branches. According to the survey, many diseases and insect pests that harm apples overwinter on the branches. For the diseases and pests that overwinter in trees, combining with winter shears, all branches of diseases and pests are cut off, burned or buried deeply, which can obviously reduce the harm in the coming year.
Third, scraping the rough old bark In the gap between the rough old bark and trunk of fruit trees, there are often a large number of overwintering bacteria and pests. Scraping rough old bark, burning or burying it deeply has a good control effect on many kinds of pests and diseases, and sometimes even completely eliminates some pests.
Apple is a beauty product, which can not only lose weight, but also make the skin smooth and tender. Apple is a low-calorie food, every 10.
0 g only produces 60 kilocalories; The nutrients in apples are very soluble.
Under suitable temperature conditions, it can be transformed into leaf buds. The apical tissue of vigorous branches can also germinate flower buds under appropriate conditions.
The flower is white, with a huge ovary below. It is about 30 cm long, so it is also called Lady Enforcers. Calyx tubular, about 3 cm wide, with green (sometimes lavender) lobes; With scales 3-8 cm long; Petals are wide, pure white, erect, oblanceolate and entire. Stamens are numerous and slender, up to 700-960, as long as or short as the style. Anthers are milky yellow and filaments are white; Style thick, 0.7-0.8 cm, milky yellow; There are as many as 24 pistil stigma lobes.
The fruit is oblong or ovoid, the peel is red, fleshy, with oval sharp scales at the top, long10-12cm, thick and waxy. The pulp is white or red. There are nearly ten thousand sesame seeds with fragrance, so it is called sesame fruit. [ 1]
Pitaya is named because it looks like an angry red fireball. The pulp inside is like sweet cream, but it is covered with small black seeds. Mild texture and fragrant taste.
Pitaya is a tropical and subtropical fruit, which likes light, shade, heat, drought, fat and barren. It grows rapidly in a warm, humid and sunny environment. When cultivating in the open field in spring and summer, water more to keep the root system growing vigorously. Drainage should be carried out in time in rainy weather to avoid stem rot caused by infection with germs. Its stems can also grow on rocks, and this plant is very wind-resistant. As long as the support is firm, it can resist typhoon.
Pitaya can tolerate low temperature of 0℃ and high temperature of 40℃, and the optimum growth temperature is 25-35℃. Pitaya can adapt to a variety of soils, but neutral soil and weak acid soil with high humus content and water and fertilizer conservation are the best.
The most suitable cutting time is spring. Cuttings were selected from well-grown stems and cut into small pieces with a length of 375px. After the wound is air-dried, it is inserted into the sand bed or cut directly under the support frame and on the side of the cement column. There is no need to water after cutting to keep the soil dry. /kloc-start watering after 0/0. 15-30 days can take root, and the seedbed can be transplanted when the root length is 3- 100px. [3]
Its pear fruit is rich in nutrition, containing many essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals, and the average sugar content is about 13%. Regular consumption is very beneficial to consumers' physical and mental health. Dangshan crisp pear is suitable for both raw and cooked, and is suitable for all ages. Dangshan crisp pear has high nutritional value and is rich in essential sugar, amino acids, vitamins and minerals. [ 1] [4]
Medicinal value
Dangshan crisp pear also has high medicinal value. Li Shizhen recorded in Compendium of Materia Medica that "there are many pears, all of which are top grade and can cure diseases." It is clearly pointed out that pears can "moisten the lungs and cool the heart, reduce phlegm and reduce fire, heal sores and detoxify, and relieve alcoholism and intoxicate people." According to the clinical experience of modern Chinese medicine, "raw pears can clear the heat of six fu organs, and cooked food can nourish the yin of five internal organs." Traditional Chinese medicine called it "nectar in fruit, sage in medicine". [4]
diversification
The main varieties of Dangshan crisp pear are: Jin Gai Crisp, Bai Pi Crisp, Qing Pi Crisp and Fu Crisp. Among them, the variety Jingaisu has the best quality.
Dangshan is an ancient historical city, and Dangshan crisp pear has been cultivated for 2500 years.
"Pear production in Dangshan" has been recorded in Xuzhou County Records revised by Wanli in Ming Dynasty. It can be seen that Dangshan crisp pear has formed a scale 400 years ago.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the scale of Dangshan crisp pear gradually expanded, and Anhui Dangshan crisp pear was listed as a tribute during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. [8]
After liberation, especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, the fruit area has soared, accounting for 77% of the county's cultivated land. Among them, crisp pear covers an area of 500 thousand mu, ranking first in the world in contiguous area.
20 10, 400,000 mu of pollution-free fruit production base and 43,000 mu of green food production base were built in Dangshan county, with a yield of 800 million Jin, with a yield of about 75 million Jin. [4]
In 20 14, there were 32 leading enterprises of crisp pear industrialization in Dangshan county and above, with an annual design and processing capacity of 65.438+0.2 million tons, processing 600,000 tons of crisp pears, marketing income exceeding 4.5 billion yuan and processing output value exceeding 3.5 billion yuan. Products are sold to more than 20 countries, such as the United States, Canada and New Zealand. Export earned more than 80 million dollars. Pear Flower Tourism Festival and Crispy Pear Picking Festival received 723,000 tourists, achieving a total tourism income of 65.438+0.27 billion yuan.
Deciduous trees of peach trees, up to 10 m, with smooth bark, dark purple, slender branches, spreading purple, and hairless when young. There are about 5~7 plants in one plant. Leaf blade narrowly ovate-lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, widest near the base, long tapering at the apex, wide wedge-shaped at the base, glabrous on both sides, slender petiole, caducous. Flowers solitary, blooming before leaves; Pedicel very short, glabrous; Petals obovate or suborbicular, pale pink or white; Short claws at the base; Stamens are about 30, varying in length, nearly as long as petals or slightly shorter; Style linear, slightly longer than stamens, pilose at base. Ovary densely pilose. The fruit is spherical, the apex is blunt or slightly pointed, slightly yellow, densely pubescent; The flesh is thin, dry and nucleated; This stone is very small and has grooves. The flowering period is March-April, and the fruiting period is August. Peach trees can be cultivated and planted all over the country, with various propagation methods and easy operation of cultivation techniques, so it is necessary to effectively control common pests and diseases during planting. It has various names.
Peach tree is a small deciduous tree with a height of 4- 10m. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate or round-lanceolate, 8- 12cm long and 3-4cm wide, with fine serrations on the edges, no hair on both sides or no sideburns between the axils of the inferior veins.
Flowers solitary, the first leaf open, subsessile; Calyx tube campanulate, with short villi, ovate lobed leaves; Petals pink, obovate or oblong ovoid.
The fruit is spherical or ovoid, with a diameter of 5~7 cm, short hair on the surface, white and green, and ripe in late summer; Warm fruit, pink ripe fruit, thick meat, juicy, fragrant, sweet or slightly sweet and sour. The nucleus is flat and heart-shaped and extremely hard. The root system is shallow, but there are many and developed fibrous roots. Its life span is very short. Generally, it blooms in spring and bears fruit in late summer and early autumn, and some varieties bear fruit in summer.
Identification point: deciduous trees. The bark is dark brown and rough. Peach with glandular petiole (5); Leaf blade elliptic-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, apex acuminate, base broadly cuneate, and margin serrate. Flowers are solitary, and the first leaf is open; Pedicel is very short; Sepals 5, densely white pubescent outside; Petals 5, short claws at the base, pink or white; Stamens are numerous; Ovary 1 room, 2 ovules, usually only one will develop into a seed. Drupe subglobose or ovoid, densely short-haired. The flowering period is April and the fruiting period is July-September. It is cultivated all over the country.
I like light, but I don't like shadows. Mild climate, cold tolerance, drought tolerance, avoid waterlogging. I like fertile and well-drained soil, but alkaline soil and cohesive soil are not suitable.
Suitable for growing in sunny or semi-sunny slopes with good light. The soil with deep soil layer, rich humus, good drainage, loose and fertile soil and strong water and fertilizer conservation ability is most suitable for peach growth. [3]
Suitable area
Native to North China and Central China, it is widely cultivated in various places, especially in North China and South China, among which North China and Sichuan and Chongqing are the most common. [1] It grows wild in the bushes of hillsides and streams at an altitude of 500-800 meters.
Mature seeds of peach. Rosaceae.
Sexual and taste functions:
Sweet, sour and flat in nature, it can nourish yin and promote fluid production, moisten intestines and moisten dryness. Peach kernel tastes bitter, sweet and flat, and has little toxicity. Promoting blood circulation, removing blood stasis, relaxing bowels, relieving cough and asthma. Can be used for treating dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, abdominal pain, intestinal carbuncle, swelling and pain from traumatic injury, constipation due to intestinal dryness, and cough and asthma due to adverse qi flow. Oral decoction 6 ~ 10g should be mashed and decocted. [ 1]
Medicinal efficacy:
1, peach kernel extract, used to treat schistosomiasis cirrhosis.
2. Use madder, motherwort, Achyranthes bidentata, etc. And can be used for treating blood stasis amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea.
3. It is compatible with Semen Platycladi and Radix Polygoni Multiflori to treat constipation due to intestinal dryness caused by yin deficiency and blood deficiency.
Medicinal harvesting and processing:
After the fruit is ripe, the stone is collected, the seeds are taken out, peeled and dried.
Garden value
Peach tree is an important fruit tree in China and can be potted. It is an ideal tree species combining garden viewing with orchard economic forest. Peach trees should be mixed with willows along rivers and streams to get a beautiful spring landscape of pink and willow green. Peach trees are also widely used in road greening, community greening, park greening and square greening.
Peach trees have a good greening effect, which is reflected quickly and has a good greening effect in the same year of planting. It is a kind of fruit tree that recovers quickly among landscaping fruit trees. There are many peach trees, peach trees, red peach trees and so on.
1. Maotao, as an excellent rootstock for grafting, is often used in peach, apricot, plum and other fruit trees.