1, the first human body structure in China (edited by Zhejiang and American textbooks)
2. The first foreign Guangxi Fine Arts "Barjman Body Structure Painting Teaching" is quite classic. It is said that many people have read this book.
Second, regarding the material you said, you will get a lot of information by entering relevant keywords on Baidu.
Introduction to painting: Beginners begin to analyze the human body structure from the stick figure. When they learn to draw, they often draw from the head of the character with a pen, and the characters they draw at last are simply a mess!
Therefore, it is best to have a global view of the human body, understand the basic human body structure, learn the generalization of human body blocks, and then do decomposition learning.
Starting from the stick figure, I have a general understanding of the human body. Some students will find it difficult to draw a complete human body from the beginning.
Remember one, three and five: one head, three bodies and five feet. Hands should go beyond the upper body to the legs, almost four squares.
Upper body: the small circle represents the head, the big circle represents the chest and the small circle represents the abdomen.
Middle: The triangle represents the hip bone.
Lower body: legs are divided into thighs, calves and knees. In order to look good, the calf will be a little longer than the thigh, the knee will be changed into a small circle, then the calf will be behind the calf, the achilles tendon will be under the calf, and then the ankle and foot will be down.
Hands: Hands are divided into shoulders, arms, elbows, arms and palms. Use the circle on your shoulder; Draw a circle around the arm and elbow; Forearms and palms are represented by squares and several lines.
Finally add a neck.
This is a simplified human body structure, painting skills are not important, what is important is to understand the proportional relationship and generalization method of the human body.
Combined with the knowledge of human body in the previous step, we go back and draw a stick figure carefully. 1 delimit the head, the second delimit the spine, the third delimit the shoulder, the fourth delimit the crotch, the rest of the four limbs.
Don't underestimate the stick figure, it represents the joints of human bones, which are divided into four big points and eight small points, a spine. Master the relationship between bones and joints, and then analyze and evolve the human body.
Explaining the proportional relationship of bones with the "stick figure" of adult height.
There are two kinds of division: proportional division and unit division.
1. Equal proportion segmentation: first divide the whole person into two halves, then divide the upper body into three equal parts, and finally divide the lower body into two halves.
2. Unit division: the human body is divided by the head. The proportion of human body is divided into longitudinal head-to-body ratio and transverse shoulder-to-width ratio.
The human body is not a plane, but a volume. Therefore, after understanding the basic skeleton frame and proportion, we should express the body structure on this basis. When studying the human body structure, it is easy to forget the sense of space and three-dimensional sense, so we should simplify the body into a square.
A human body block is to transform a plane figure into a solid body. The head is an elliptical sphere, which can also be represented by a cube; The joints are spherical; Limbs are cylinders with different thicknesses.
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Steps of Human Sketch Steps of Human Sketch
It is the basic content and requirement of character sketch to express the characteristics of characters and vividly reflect their mental outlook and inner world. . Facing different objects, how to shape and express them is a new topic for beginners. Let's introduce the whole body proportion of the characters in the sketch and the steps of whole body sketch.
Full body sketch of characters
The whole body proportion of characters is divided into the following categories:
The first is the up-and-down ratio. The standard adult in rural areas is 6.5-7 heads long, the first one is long, the second one is from the lower jaw to the chest, the third one is from the chest to the navel, the fourth one is from the navel to the thigh about 1/3, the fifth one is from the thigh to the knee 1/3, and the sixth and seventh ones.
The second is the proportion of limbs. Under normal circumstances, the upper limb (refers to the middle fingertip from the shoulder to the hand) is three and a half meters long, and the lower limb is nearly four heads long.
The third is the left-right ratio, which refers to the width between two shoulders, and the width between two shoulders is the width of two heads. According to this ratio, the sketch of the whole body of the character can be completed, and then the lines can be drawn beautifully.
Methods and steps of figure full-body sketch painting
Sketch sketch is realized by continuous comparison with the observation method of "whole DD local DD whole". The process of full-body portrait sketch usually consists of the following three stages.
First, composition
It can't be simply understood as composition creativity, but a kind of creative enthusiasm and desire to express through careful observation of the object, using dynamic, proportional, physical, environmental and other factors, and combining, interspersed and selecting. Of course, when sketching, we must first determine the position of the characters in the picture, find out the dynamic characteristics and physical characteristics of the model through the corresponding relationship of "one vertical, two horizontal and three volumes of limbs", and then simply outline the surrounding scenery.
Second, shape the body.
The creative stage of composition gives the author a preliminary understanding of the model, and further pays attention to the shaping of human body in "reasonable space". It is necessary to describe the changes between different parts of the human body, such as "obvious" and "hidden", "real" and "virtual", "big" and "small", "long" and "short", "tight" and "loose". In particular, don't let go of the physical characteristics, so that the shaped body is true and credible.
Third, space modeling.
In the stage of body shaping, it is mainly to describe the local structure in depth, and it is easy to make mistakes of "breaking" and "painting". At this time, the author is required to return to the whole and the overall situation, unify the previous shaping, and boldly sort out the relationship between structure and form to make it conform to the sense of space position and image. The whole is the principle, and moderation is the key. In the shaping stage, "addition" is often used, while in this stage, "subtraction" is often used to subtract complex descriptions and unnecessary details, making the theme more prominent.
Fourth, adjustment and unification.
In addition, several issues must be emphasized. First of all, the relationship between shallow edge and space cannot be "dead" or "rigid", otherwise the edge line will be out of space. Secondly, whether the tone, background and spatial atmosphere are consistent. Third, whether the relationship between the various parts of the subject is harmonious.
Several problems that should be paid attention to when sketching.
(A) the performance of personality characteristics
Portrait painting is not only complex in structure, but also rich in expression. In the step-by-step sketch, we should first train the grasp of "shape", and after mastering the basic laws of shape skillfully, we will gradually achieve the goal of "writing spirit with shape and having both shape and spirit", which requires us to pay attention to the image characteristics of the model when shaping the avatar.
Rudolf Asheim proved in his book Art and Visual Perception that there are two habitual tendencies in human vision, namely flattening and sharpening. Those who tend to be flat tend to emphasize symmetry, eliminate details and inclination, while those who tend to be sharp tend to separate, strengthen differences and emphasize inclination. These two tendencies are not conducive to modeling, and the disadvantages of flattening are even more harmful. Its inflexibility is a serious obstacle to portrait personalization.
The capture of the vivid expression of the avatar mainly depends on the description of the facial expression area of the five senses. Angel said: "When painting an avatar, the artist is most concerned about making the eyes speak. Even ordinary eyes should draw eye sockets first, and then transition to a protruding nose. The movement direction of eyebrows is also the key to expression, and the corners of the mouth reflect the changes of subtle expressions more carefully and accurately.
(2) In addition, the conscious reaction of the hand in a certain mental state will also reveal what the face wants to hide. What the painter does is to unify the concept of the opponent with the concept of the real hand. DD uses the concept of real hand to study the purpose, use method and law of hand. To draw a hand, we must first understand its structure, from the geometric structure, that is, from the cylinder and cube to understand the correct method, hand and performance, hand and gender, and so on.
(3) Clothing grain: The appearance of clothing grain comes from the structure of human body and its own texture. The reasons of clothing grain are: (1) It is consistent with the body structure of human body, and it is the function of force, which is related to human movement or external force; (2) It is related to the style of clothing itself; (3) formed by long-term folding; (4) The vertical feeling caused by the vertical force of clothes.
(4) Linearity and texture of materials
The different texture of a material affects the shape of clothing lines, such as silk-like clothing with thin texture, which has many and dense lines and softer lines. Linen and other hard clothing lines are mostly broken lines and straight lines, and the lines are square and short, while wool and chemical fiber fabrics are few and straight. China's traditional painting also has a high evaluation of the modeling of clothing, and summed up a complete set of performance styles and systems different from western painting. Shen Zongqian said in The Painting of Mustard Seeds: "The surrounding bones should be seen from the outside of the clothes, where the shoulders are, and the elbows are protected. These are hidden in the clothes, but they are written in the essays when making patterns." "Let's agree on bare bones first, and then apply clothes." The relationship between clothing structure and human body structure is revealed.
Mainly to draw clothing lines, but also pay attention to the training, generalization and selection of clothing lines. When sketching, we should give full play to the effect of line density, length and rhythm of reality, and sometimes it is decorative. This point has the same effect in Chinese and western painting.
(5) wearing sketches all over.
It is a kind of portrait painting and an important means to collect creative materials. On the basis of bust, the painter is required to understand and master the whole and improve the ability of describing and coordinating all parts of the whole character. The embodiment of the character's personality will be comprehensive, even including the scene.
(6) The specific drawing method of the hand
The hand consists of twenty-seven bones and sixteen relationships. The shape of the back of the hand is almost determined by the bones. Hand bones are composed of wrist bones, metacarpal bones and phalanges. There are eight carpal bones, which are as irregular as the tarsal bones of the feet. They are combined into a whole.
When describing the hand in detail, we should master the proportion, volume and volume of the hand. The volume of the hand has two parts, (1) the palm; (2) Thumb, hand flat from the side, wrist high, tilting from the knuckles, called "price reduction" down the steps.
(7) Summary
Sketch (line drawing) figure sketch, in one sentence, is the four stages of sketch training, including head portrait, bust and full-length portrait. The requirements of each stage are different, but the method from whole to part and from part to whole is unchanged. Only by more training, more research and more comparison can we make progress step by step.
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