China was a thinker in Song Dynasty. Uncle Mao, formerly known as Dunshi, is also known as Mr. Dunyi and Mr. Lianxi. Daozhouying Road (now Daoxian County, Hunan Province) people. He used to be the chief bookkeeper of Fenning County in Hongzhou, the general manager of Nan 'an Army, the magistrate of Guiyang and Nanchang County, the judge of Hezhou, the judge of Qianzhou and the judge of Guangnan East Road. He believes that "Tai Chi" is the origin of the universe, "Tai Chi moves to generate yang, moves to be extremely quiet, and quietness generates yin". Yin and yang give birth to five elements, and the five elements give birth to everything. He put forward the theory of moral cultivation of "quietness" and "no desire", and thought that "no desire means quietness, while movement means straightness, quietness means brightness, and brightness means brightness. "Rightness is rightness, and rightness is simplicity", which has an important influence on the thought of "keeping rightness and destroying human desires" of Zhu Cheng School. He is the author of Taiji Illustration and General Book.

Zhou Dunyi was a famous philosopher in Song Dynasty. Many scholars think that Cheng is his student, and he initiated Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. At present, some people doubt this, but its essence is well known, mainly in Taiji illustrations and Shu Tong.

The taiji diagram originated from Taoism, and Zhou Dunyi included it in Yi Zhuan, which was written as Taiji Diagram. Taiji Illustration evolved the three aspects of heaven, earth and man in Yi Zhuan into three poles of heaven, earth and man. There are still great differences on the first sentence of Taiji Illustration, among which Zhu and Yang Fang are the representatives. In Zhuxi's Lianxi Biography, it is "Wuji Taiji", and in Yang Fang's Zhou Ziquan's Book of Jiujiang, it is "Wuji Taiji". However, according to Illustration of Taiji and Jin, Taiji is "infinite". At that time, when Hu Guangzhong, Zhang Wei and Zhu discussed the explanation of Taiji, they didn't mention that "Infinite Taiji" was wrong. Therefore, I think the first sentence of Taiji Illustration is "Taiji Wuji".

"Promise and Tai Chi". What is Tai Chi? In the book On the Convergence of Yi Chuan, it is clear that gossip gives birth to four images, and four images sound like two instruments, and two instruments give birth to Tai Chi. Laozi said: one life two, two lives three, three lives, endless. I think this "Tai Chi" is endless and unchangeable, just like Zhu's "Li". Because of its dynamic and static changes, everything in the world changes, and everything has the principle of Tai Chi. Zhang Zai said: "Too empty and invisible, the noumenon of qi, its gathering and dispersion, the change of guest shape." (Zhengmeng Taihe) One thing is similar to this, that is, the original state of matter, but Tai Chi is not gathering and dispersing, but changing dynamically. The movement is yang, the quietness is yin, and the static pole moves again, indicating that Tai Chi is moving, which changes the five elements. The five elements are born from the changes of yin and yang. "Tai Chi Diagram" says: "Five elements, one yin and one yang; Yin and yang, Artest's qi; Tai Chi is infinite. " In fact, that is to say, what is the relationship between Tai Chi and infinity? It can be said that "Taiji" is still tangible, while "Infinity" is intangible. It is a process from scratch, not sequential in time, but sequential in logic. Different dynamic and static changes of yin and yang make the five elements generate differently, so it is said: "The five elements are born with their own characteristics." (Taiji Illustration) "Yin and Yang are interlinked, creating everything", and the different proportions of the combination of Yin and Yang make the four seasons produced by the operation of the five elements different from everything. How to generate the four seasons Zhou Dunyi did not explain, only said: "Two gases are born together, and everything is in harmony. Everything is born and changes endlessly. " (same as above)

Of all things, man has the most aura. Zhou Dunyi thinks: "Being born in form, knowing in God, moving in five natures, separating good from evil, everything comes out." (ditto) After the body is formed, the spirit endowed by people is there. The five elements have a sense of heaven and earth, which makes people kind in nature and everything has its own characteristics. Zhou Dunyi inherited the sage theory in Zhouyi, and thought that the sage's way of benevolence and righteousness was the inheritance of heaven and earth. Therefore, the dominant quietness of saints has also formed a pole, that is, the human pole. By the way, this is the dominant silence here. Zhou dunyi's talk on the movement of yin and yang. This movement is static. He thinks that there is silence first, then there is movement. This is why static is extremely vivid. Therefore, there are saints who are in harmony with heaven and earth, the sun and the moon are in harmony with four o'clock in the morning, and ghosts and gods are in harmony with good and bad luck. "(ditto)

In other words, the will of saints and heaven and earth is consistent, and the changes and movements of all things in heaven and earth are determined by "heaven". Last time I explained to Confucius that "I have five-tenths of my ambition to learn", and Confucius said that there are two kinds of "days", one is natural days, and the other is dominant days. The "heaven" here is the day of domination, and only saints perceive it with him. "The blessing of a gentleman is the evil of a villain." (ditto) That's the truth. On the theory of mind and nature, Zhou Dunyi emphasized that no desire is quiet. "Body, heart is sincere; Sincerity is just a bad move. If you are not good at it, you are wrong; Wrong is innocent; Innocence is sincerity. " (Shu Tong) Zhou Dunyi used the meaning of "no false divination" to say that "no desire dominates silence" in order to get rid of his disaster. Cheng Yi said that when studying under Zhou Dunyi, we should pay attention to "happiness" and how to achieve it, that is, "being a teacher without desire".

On the other hand, both Zhou Dunyi's "Master Quiet" and Neo-Confucianism attach importance to "Experience in Quiet". "Saints settle down by righteousness" (Taiji Map) means to get rid of other thoughts, follow righteousness and cultivate one's morality in silence, so it is called "Can saints learn?" Say: yes. Does it matter? Say: yes. Please smell it. Say: one is very important. A person has no desire, no desire is quiet, and no desire is empty. Static deficiency is bright, and bright is bright; Direct action is public, and public is simple. Tong Ming public servant, hehe! This shows that saints can still learn, which is no different from Confucius' point of view, except that he emphasizes "experience in silence" and "quietness without desire". Like other Confucianism, Neo-Confucianism is also called "the study of saints" because its fundamental proposition is how to become a saint. After becoming a saint, you can educate the people and enter the world of great harmony, so you always cultivate your self-cultivation and be kind to others. Influenced by Taoism and Buddhism, Zhou Dunyi transformed this "quietness" into "purity", that is, "nothingness". This "nothingness" is not pure Buddhism's "nothingness", but mainly "no desire", which is my innate no distractions, so as to get rid of distractions and pursue pure things. So this kind of quietness becomes the internal standard, while the movement is external, showing the public without it. Here is the word "sincerity" that Zhou Dunyi said.

Zhou Dunyi talks about honesty from Yi, and discusses it from five aspects: the source of honesty, the basis of honesty, the integrity of honesty, the use of honesty and the status of honesty. He systematically talked about this problem in General Theory, and thought that everything was born in heaven, and the truth and innocence of everything originated from the truth and innocence of heaven. Heaven is infinite, everything has life, so it is pure and complete, so it is so (it can be seen that it advocates goodness); Quote "copula" to say "use", be honest for quietness and clarity, be honest for action, dare everything in the world, and have emotional effect; Finally, it shows that Cheng Shengxian is sincere and pays attention to moral cultivation. In addition, Zhou Dunyi also put forward the concepts of "self", "virtue", "inaction" and "god", which actually originated from the concepts of "sincerity", "Tai Chi is boundless" and "quiet and no desire" and have always influenced later Neo-Confucianism such as Cheng Zhu and others.