Definition: The state regulates the gross national economy. It is a necessary condition to ensure the coordinated development of social reproduction, and it is also an important function of socialist countries to manage the economy. In China, the main tasks of macro-control are to maintain the balance of economic aggregate, curb inflation, promote the optimization of major economic structures and achieve stable economic growth. Macro-control mainly uses economic means, legal means and administrative means such as price, tax, credit and exchange rate.
What is macro-control? Economists understand this word as macroeconomic policy. But in practical application, its meaning is vague. In the 1980s, there was an economic research department called Macro-control Department, which showed that the economic situation at that time still had a little reverence for macro-control. Later, it was renamed as "macro-control", as if our control over the economy was getting stronger and stronger. Macro-control has recently evolved into a long-term macroeconomic policy and must always exist. This formulation blurs the meaning of "macro-control" because macroeconomic policies are short-term in economics.
(1) Macro-control refers to the government's intervention and adjustment of macro-economic operation in order to achieve certain goals.
(2) The main objectives of macro-control in China are:
First, promote economic growth. Economic growth is the foundation of economic and social development. Sustained and rapid economic growth is the primary condition for realizing the country's long-term strategic goals and improving people's living standards. Therefore, promoting economic growth is the most important goal of macro-control. Promoting economic growth is achieved by adjusting the relationship between total social supply and total social demand. Therefore, in order to promote economic growth, the government must adjust the relationship between total social supply and total social demand to achieve a basic balance.
Second, increase employment. Employment is the foundation of people's livelihood and the basic premise and way for people to improve their lives. The employment situation is related to the vital interests of the people, the overall situation of reform, development and stability, the grand goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way, and the realization of common prosperity for all people. Promoting full employment is the responsibility of our government. China is facing a severe employment situation. On the one hand, the labor supply is huge, on the other hand, the labor demand is limited. Therefore, we must adhere to the long-term strategy and policy of promoting employment, implement the macro-control goal of increasing employment for a long time, and strictly control the growth of population and labor force. The increase of employment depends on the speed of economic growth and the employment elasticity of economic growth. To increase employment, we must first promote sustained and rapid economic growth, which is the basis for increasing employment. At the same time, we should improve employment flexibility. In order to improve employment flexibility, we should actively develop labor-intensive industries, tertiary industries, small and medium-sized enterprises and non-public enterprises, vigorously promote urbanization and speed up the construction of small towns.
Third, stabilize prices. In a market economy, price fluctuation is a form in which prices play a regulatory role. However, the sharp fluctuation of prices is unfavorable to economic life. If prices rise sharply and inflation, it will stimulate blind investment, repeat construction, unilaterally pursue quantitative expansion and reduce economic benefits; If prices fall and deflation occurs, investment will be restrained, production will decline and unemployment will increase. Under the condition of socialist market economy, the prices of most goods and services are determined by the market, but the government can adjust the prices by economic means such as currency, and if necessary, it can also take some administrative measures (such as stopping price increases and cracking down on price fraud) to maintain the basic stability of prices and avoid price ups and downs.
Fourth, maintain the balance of payments. Balance of payments refers to the monetary receipts and payments or the transfer of property expressed in currency between a country or region and other countries or regions due to various transactions.
1. Meaning: Macro-control refers to the state's intervention and adjustment of economic operation state and economic relations by means of plans, regulations and policies, bringing micro-economic activities into the macro-development track of the national economy, and promptly correcting the tendency of deviating from macro-objectives in economic operation to ensure the sustained, rapid, coordinated and healthy development of the national economy.
Main body of regulation: state organs, mainly power organs and administrative organs.
3. Features: macro rather than micro, indirect rather than direct.
4. The means of macro-control are usually:
(1) legal means and economic policies, such as adjusting tax rates, finance and financial subsidies;
(2) planning guidance, such as: national large-scale investment planning, or the implementation of quota system in some industries and fields;
(3) administrative means, such as the use of industry and commerce, commodity inspection, health and quarantine, customs and other departments to prohibit or restrict the production and circulation of a certain commodity.
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Improve the relevant provisions. Related terms? market economy
planned economy
Open classification: society, economy, economics, social system, social economy.
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Definition of planned economy
The origin of the word "planned economy" system
World and China planned economic development.
The greatest advantage of planned economy system
Conditions for the success of planned economy
[Disadvantages of planned economy]
Planned economy or planned economy.
Definition of planned economy
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Planned economy, or planned economy system, also known as command economy, is an economic system that plans production, resource allocation and product consumption in advance. Because almost all planned economy systems depend on mandatory planning, planned economy is also called mandatory economy. It is the government that has solved three basic economic problems. The so-called three economic problems refer to: what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom. Most of these resources are owned by the government and allocated by the government, which is not affected by the market. The other three economic systems are market economy system, traditional economy system and mixed economy system.
Planned economy is regarded as the essential feature of socialist system and the basic principle of traditional socialist economic theory. The logical reasoning of this view is that socialized mass production connects all departments of the national economy into an organic whole, so it is objectively required to maintain a certain proportional relationship between them.
The origin of the word "planned economy" system
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The concept of "planned economy" system comes from Vladimir ilych. Ilych wrote in 1906 "Land Issues and the Struggle for Freedom":
"As long as there is a market economy and monetary power and capital power are maintained, there is no law in the world that can eliminate inequality and exploitation. Only by implementing a huge socialized planned economic system and transferring all the ownership of land, factories and tools to the working class can all exploitation be eliminated. "
This statement has two meanings. The first meaning expresses a cruel reality; The second meaning expresses a brilliant dream.
In the cruel reality, imperialism evolved into super imperialism (as predicted by Kaucki), made rules, avoided war, and began to solve the problem of absolute poverty.
However, in order to realize that brilliant dream, some people in the world have split up the third and fourth international, and wars of various interests have taken place, such as Budapest, Prague and Yangon. The entry of foreign tanks, the dispute between Kosovo and Albanians, and so on. There have also been millions of bloodshed, such as Stalin's purge, pol pot's purge and so on.
Lenin once boasted that Russians are the most creative people in the world. This is absolutely correct.
Starting from Peter the Great, Russians took the lead in promoting the westernized political system. At that time, nobles and court officials studied French one after another (war and peace began with a large section of French), and they never said that they worshipped foreign things and admired foreign things. There was a serf liberation movement in the yekaterina era, which was a great measure for a country to solve its own domestic contradictions. Then Russia made a big attempt at bourgeois revolution, and set up a government in February, which was fragile and pure. Next, Lenin led the unprecedented October Revolution in human history, established the first Soviet country in human history, and implemented a planned economic system that has never been implemented in human history. In the end, this Russian nation disintegrated itself, buried the planned economy system in the thrilling "shock therapy" and completed the great transition to freedom and democracy.
Planned economy is the product of human dream. To realize your dream, you need initiative.
World and China planned economic development.
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1In the 1940s, Marx and Engels studied the capitalist mode of production and founded the theory of scientific socialism on the basis of the ideological achievements of three utopian socialists in the 8th century. The birth of scientific socialism was marked by the publication of 1848 "Manifesto of Producers' Party". The socialist economic system expounded by Marx has the following characteristics: in terms of economic structure, it implements pure single ownership of the whole society (that is, 100% public ownership); Commodity economy will die out, and all labor products will become the object of unified social distribution; In the form of economic operation, a social center uses the national unified economic plan to allocate social resources and organize the production, distribution and consumption of the whole society (that is, 100% planned economy).
Scientific socialism was first used in Russia. Lenin led the October Revolution to victory, and then established the first socialist regime-the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union's economic system adopted a high degree of ownership by the whole people and a highly centralized planned economy, giving priority to the development of heavy industry, especially national defense industry, relying on high energy consumption, high material consumption on the plateau, high human input and extensive development, which achieved certain results in the early days of the founding of the Soviet Union, and won by relying on military industry in World War II. Since then, Marxism–Leninism has been regarded as the treasure of Oriental Group.
Mao Zedong's China Production Party also seized power under the guidance of Marxism-Leninism. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's understanding of how to build a socialist country was completely blank, basically copying the Soviet model. After the end of the War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea and the initial recovery of the national economy, Mao Zedong put forward the general line of "one modernization and three reforms" in the transitional period, namely "socialist industrialization", "transforming agriculture", "transforming handicrafts" and "transforming capitalist industry and commerce". By the time the first five-year plan of the national economy was completed in 1957, the socialist transformation was basically completed, and the planned economic system with 100% public ownership was basically established.
For various reasons, Mao Zedong's left-leaning thought gradually gained the upper hand, and successively launched the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution. China's economy has fallen into complete chaos and retrogression, but in essence, it is still a completely planned economic system.
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, China began to implement reform and development. Deng Xiaoping and Chen Yun first put forward the concept that planned economy and market economy are not contradictory in 1979.
1984, the Third Plenary Session of the Twelfth Central Committee adopted the "Decision of the Central Committee on Economic System Reform" and established a "planned commodity economy" based on public ownership.
1993 The Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee adopted the Decision on Several Issues Concerning the Establishment of the Socialist Market Economic System, which outlined the basic framework of the socialist market economic system.
1995 The Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee adopted the "Proposal of the Central Committee on Formulating the Ninth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and the Long-term Goal of 20 10", pointing out that one of the keys to achieving the goal is the transformation of the economic system from the traditional planned economy system to the socialist market economy system.
Since then, the "planned economy system" has gradually faded out of the historical stage, and the "socialist market economy system" has gradually taken root in people's hearts, and the state has adjusted the market economy through macro-control means.
The greatest advantage of planned economy system
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1, everyone has a job.
2. It is an environment-friendly economy that doesn't consume natural resources as badly as the market economy.
3. The gap between the rich and the poor is not as serious as that of the market economy, and the status level difference is also small.
Although the planned economy has not found the best mechanism to form the price, with the development of computer technology (such as MIS, ERP, online voting), the planned economy is likely to run successfully. So far, human practice in this field is not enough to deny the possibility of its existence and development, but it has left valuable experiences and lessons for its better development.
Planned economy refers to the social and economic system in which the state manages the national economy according to the basic laws of socialism and the laws of planned and proportional development of the national economy, on the basis of public ownership of the means of production and in accordance with the unified plan of economic and social construction and development. Planned economy is the basic feature of socialist economy. To carry out the planned economy, we must proceed from the actual situation of the national economy and the characteristics of natural resources, and according to the needs of socialist construction, arrange the development proportion relationship among various departments of the national economy in a planned way, rationally allocate productive forces, effectively use manpower, material resources and financial resources, balance production and needs, and promote the coordinated development of the national economy to meet the needs of national construction and people's growing material and cultural life. From the early stage of 1990, China gradually moved from a planned economy to a market economy.
Conditions for the success of planned economy
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1, we should have a comprehensive, accurate, fast and timely information collection, processing and transmission system.
2. Laborers and managers should be motivated to work and work.
3. Producers and operators should have decision-making power.
4. It is not allowed to encroach on the fruits of others' labor without compensation.
[Disadvantages of planned economy]
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To implement public ownership, it is necessary to forcibly deprive all the people of the means of production; The implementation of planned economy requires people to have a high degree of discipline and screw spirit, obey distribution and complete the work as planned; The basic population should work and live in a unit for life, so as to arrange work plans and living materials supply plans. Production units and scientific research units should carry out production and scientific research according to the projects specified in the five-year plan, and must use funds as planned. New situations, new problems, new discoveries and new inventions between the two five-year plans should be considered whether they should be included in the plan funds when formulating the next five-year plan.
A country that adapts to public ownership and planned economy must be a highly centralized country, a huge bureaucracy that formulates and implements economic plans, and a powerful armed force that suppresses all resistance. Such a political system contradicts the human nature of pursuing freedom and human rights, and requires people to carry out ideological reform for a long time, be the "taming tool" of the party, and "leave it to the party for a lifetime". This makes people live in extreme depression for a long time; The bigger the national organization, the more complicated the relationship and the lower the efficiency. The problems that people care about have not been solved for many years. This makes people live in layers of accumulated dissatisfaction. The enthusiasm of people who live in depression and dissatisfaction can be imagined. Officials in centralized countries must be selected, so it is inevitable that corruption will become more and more serious. The high concentration of power can easily produce dictators who are headstrong, ignorant, do whatever they want and kill innocent people. These have all appeared in the socialist practice in these years.