The most famous master and scientist of Italian literature and art in the new period. He was born in Finch, a suburb of Florence, and died in France. His father is a lawyer and notary, and his mother is a peasant woman. He came to Florence at the age of 15 and studied in a workshop in verrocchio. 1472 joined the painters' association. Personal style has matured in the mid-1970s. 1482- 1499 worked in Milan, mainly serving the Duke of Milan, and carried out a wide range of artistic and scientific activities. The Virgin of the Rock is his most famous masterpiece in this period.
Artistic achievements: Da Vinci/Kloc-began to study in the workshop of painter A.del verrocchio at the age of 0/5. 1472 Join the Painters' Guild. In the mid-1970s, personal painting style gradually matured. From 1482 to 1499, he lived in France and engaged in other artistic and scientific activities besides serving the Duke of Milan. During this period, his paintings were not many, but The Virgin in the Rock and The Last Supper were his masterpieces. 1500 Travel to mantua and Venice. 1506, he returned to Florence to create the Madonna and Santa Anna and the Mona Lisa, and began to paint murals for the city hall. 1507 went to Milan again and served in the French court. 15 13 moved to Rome, 15 16 went to France and finally settled in Amboise. In his later years, he seldom painted, devoted himself to scientific research, and left a lot of notes and manuscripts after his death, covering almost everything from physics, mathematics to biological anatomy. Few paintings have been completed in his life, but they are all immortal. His works have obvious personal style and are good at combining artistic creation with scientific discussion, which is unique in the history of world art. Academics generally divide his creative activities into two stages: early stage and prosperous stage.
Early Creation: While studying in verrocchio's workshop, he showed extraordinary painting talent. About 1470 When he assisted verrocchio in drawing a picture of Christ's baptism, although he only drew an angel standing beside Christ, his manner, expression and gentle tone obviously surpassed that of verrocchio. There is no innovation in the composition of his earliest work "Informing Pregnancy", but the description of the background landscape pays attention to the expression of air atmosphere. This shows that he devoted himself to solving the dialectical relationship between writing and typical processing from the beginning. Later, The Portrait of Ginef La Debenheim, contrary to the tradition of 65,438+05 century art pursuing clear lines, rendered the perspective effect he advocated with the tone of backlit sunset. Written in 148 1, The Doctor Comes to Worship (also translated as Three Kings Comes to Worship) is a work that marks the maturity of its artistic style. Although the painting was not finished because he went to Milan, it can be seen from the original manuscript that the artistic innovation in composition and image-building greatly surpassed that of his teachers and colleagues: the triangular stable structure composed of the virgin baby and three doctors, and the accurate perspective of the painted architectural relics and galloping horses show that he no longer simply lists relevant figures from the narrative point of view, but completely transforms the traditional theme. The dark painting method he adopted made the characters stand out from the shadows, broke through the characteristics clearly revealed in traditional painting, and heralded the arrival of the Renaissance.
Creation in the Prosperous Age: 1482, Leonardo da Vinci came to Milan, and at the invitation of the church of San Francisco, he painted the altar painting "Our Lady of the Rock". Although this work hidden in Paris is still a traditional theme, its characterization, carving in the depths of caves and real description of flowers and plants among rocks prove that his smoke brushwork has made it reach a new level in fax realism and artistic treatment. The Last Supper is the most famous work of his period. This wet mural shows the farewell scene of Christ to his disciples before his arrest. It was painted in the dining room of the monastery of Santa Maria Derlager Hin in Milan. The ingenious composition and layout of the commercial camp make the hall on the screen closely connected with the building structure of the restaurant in life, making the viewer feel that the scene in the painting seems to happen right in front of him. In the layout of characters, Christ is placed in the form of a table, which makes him independent from the center of the picture. Other disciples expressed fear, anger, doubt, repentance and panic through their different gestures and expressions. This description of typical personality highlights the theme of painting and complements the unified effect of composition, which is the most perfect model in the history of art. Leonardo da Vinci returned to Florence in 1500. With the restoration of the harmonious system, the cultural atmosphere was once active, and outstanding figures such as Michelangelo and Raphael appeared in the painting world. He showed the public a well-conceived sketch of the Virgin and Santa Anna, which immediately caused a sensation. Its composition principle and painting method had a great influence on the art world, and Michelangelo and Raphael were also inspired by it. 1503 began to paint murals for the conference hall of the city hall (it was never finished because I went to Milan again), and at the same time, I created Mona Lisa, Notre Dame and Santa Anna. These are two works that he cherishes very much, and he always carries them with him. He emigrated to France in his later years and stayed in Paris.
In Leonardo da Vinci's artistic heritage, a large number of sketches are also worthy of attention. These sketches, like his official works, have reached a high level and are regarded as models of sketch art, which are characterized by meticulous observation, rigid and flexible lines, and especially good at expressing subtle changes of light and shadow with oblique lines of different densities. Every work of his is based on sketches. His artistic theory is scattered in more than 5,000 notes and his unfinished painting theory, which is also a great achievement in the study of agency theory in the Renaissance.
Memorabilia about Leonardo da Vinci:
1April 452 15, Cel pierrot Da Vinci and Katrina were born in Wenxi Village, a suburb of Florence.
/kloc-entered the studio of Verrocchio in 0/465 and became an introductory disciple (13 ~ 14 years old).
1473, he created the "sacred proclamation"
1476, he was accused of having same-sex love with other disciples of Vero Joe. Because he denied it, he was finally released (24 years old).
1482 painting "pilgrimage to the three sages" and returning to Milan (30 years old)
1483 was accepted by San Francisco, and the cathedral ordered the Madonna on the rock (3 1 year old).
1495 began to draw the last supper (43 years old).
1502 ~ 03 returned to Florence and began to paint the Mona Lisa (50 years old).
15 16 went to Amboise, France (64 years old) at the invitation of the French king.
1565438+ passed away in Amboise on May 2, 2009 (at the age of 67).
Works:
Mona Lisa is one of Leonardo da Vinci's masterpieces. Oil painting. This painting depicts the wife of Florentine businessman Giocondo. On the screen, the figure has a slight profile, neat outline, a thin veil on his head, a slightly pursed mouth and a smile on his face. His hands naturally put together, beautiful and generous. The painter made a profound analysis and artistic generalization of the characters' expressions and psychology, and grasped the smile on the characters' faces that was only perceptible but not fixed, making the fleeting facial expressions an eternal symbol of joy. Lofty, pure, gentle, dignified and confident, this charming smile is called "mysterious smile" by art historians. The painter also made great efforts to depict Mona Lisa's right hand, which is expressive and full of vitality. Known as the most beautiful hand in the history of art, it makes the characters look particularly Wen Ya, calm and serene. The clothes and colors are deep and simple, without any decoration, so as not to distract the audience from the characters. The background of the picture is hazy, with overlapping mountains, winding roads and a foggy lake faintly visible, full of poetic artistic conception and showing a broad and far-reaching sense of space. Leonardo himself cherished this painting, and he always took it with him on the pretext that it was an "unfinished work". This painting is listed as a masterpiece by later generations, which fully expresses Leonardo da Vinci's humanistic ideal, is the image embodiment of the painter's philosophy of life and aesthetic ideal, and is of great significance to the development of realistic portraits in Europe.
The Last Supper is one of Leonardo da Vinci's masterpieces. Murals. This painting is based on the story of Judas betraying Jesus in the New Testament. Pictured: When Jesus and his 12 disciple * * * had their last dinner, during which Jesus suddenly said, "One of you will betray me", the expression of 12 disciple changed greatly, and the characters' inner reactions occurred. Jesus sat in the middle, looking calm and kind, spreading his hands as if he had just finished that sentence. 12 The disciples sat beside Jesus in groups of three. On the left, John, Peter and Judas are in a group. Judas turned sharply, holding a wallet with silver coins in his hand. His face was gloomy, and his eyes seemed to glance at Jesus. John put his hand on the table and looked anxious. He stuck Peter's head between Judas and John. He bent down to John, as if asking him something, holding a knife in his hand, as if he knew who the traitor was about to stab him with a knife. On the left are Andre, James Jr. and Bartolo. Little Jacob faced the center and held out his hand as if to pull Peter. Andre faces the center and looks scared, while bartholomew stands up, hands on the table, dumbfounded and angry. On the right, young Philip jumped up from his seat and turned to Jesus with questions; Old Jacob was so angry that he opened his hands and leaned back slightly. Thomas raised his hand and turned to the left, as if wary of Judas. To the right are tattoos, Matthew and Simon. In short, 12 disciples' gestures are directly or indirectly focused on Jesus. They echo each other, set off each other, and have both form and spirit. The whole picture is composed of vivid details, forming a perfect whole. The three windows behind Jesus show the afterglow of the sunset, and the lines gathered on three sides are like a sacred aperture, showing the solemnity and aboveboard of Jesus. The painter rendered the tense atmosphere in The Last Supper with amazing artistic power, which is an immortal masterpiece revealing the human soul. It is outstanding in the profound exposition of the theme, the perfect concentration of composition, the dramatic conception and the rich psychological description of characters, and represents the peak of the Renaissance.
Madonna of the Rock is one of Leonardo da Vinci's representative works. Oil painting. These paintings are based on religious stories. The picture shows a child named John, accompanied by an angel, worshipping the Virgin Mary and Jesus in a cave. In the depiction of characters and their relationship, the painter endowed Mary with the charm of giants. Her left hand reached over the child's head to protect him, and her right hand leaned against John, showing the virgin's love for the next generation. John got down on his knees and bowed down to Jesus with both hands, and Jesus returned and blessed John. And the sky pointed at them, as if to tell others this scene. There are not many characters in the picture, and the composition is simple, but the characters are full of vitality, and the characters are interrelated and echo each other, so that the spirit embodied in the picture is unified and harmonious. Although it is a religious painting, the characters have been secularized, and the scene of worship has lost its religious ritual and become in line with the human touch. John the Baptist and Jesus are also energetic and lovely children. Mary embodies the happiness and love of the young mother, while the angel becomes a beautiful girl on earth. These characters truly embody the concept of beauty without any religious flavor. Beautiful rugged rocks and transparent prospects further render the secular atmosphere in the picture and set off the greatness of real people.
John the Baptist is one of Leonardo da Vinci's famous paintings. Oil painting. This painting is based on the characters in the Bible: John, a missionary, will be baptized for Jesus according to God's command. When he scooped holy water from the Jordan River to be baptized by Jesus, the sky suddenly split and a dove-shaped holy spirit appeared in the split sky. From then on, John preached with Jesus and was called "John the Baptist". In the picture, on the dark background, John the Baptist is naked, and the whole body is submerged in the darkness, only from the right shoulder to the arm, face, right hand and faintly visible left hand, exposed to the light. John the Baptist has long hair, like a young shepherd. He held the cross in one hand and pointed to the sky in the other, with a sly and mysterious smile on his face. Although this painting is a traditional theme, its description of characters and background is unprecedented. In fact, John the Baptist pointed to heaven in the dark, revealing the painter's inner anguish and hesitation at this time.
Visiting the doctor, one of Leonardo da Vinci's famous paintings. Oil painting. This painting is based on the story of the Magi in the Bible who came to worship at the birth of Jesus. In this unfinished work, the painter no longer simply lists the relevant figures from the narrative point of view, but shows a strong artistic innovation in composition and image performance: the virgin baby and three doctors form a stable composition of a triangle, but the people around them circle with excited gestures, just like a whirlpool of one person; In the background, the architectural relics drawn by accurate perspective are also in sharp contrast with the galloping cavalry. When depicting people in the foreground, especially onlookers, the tone is dark, which makes the image shine out of the shadow. Contrary to the characteristics clearly revealed in15th century paintings, he tried to be subtle and formed his original smoky tone in artistic techniques. Therefore, although this painting is not completed, it shows that Leonardo da Vinci's artistic exposition has greatly surpassed his peers, which indicates the arrival of the Renaissance style.
Saint, Santa Anna and Sancta familia are the most commonly used biblical themes in religious murals, and different painters have their own performance characteristics. Leonardo da Vinci emphasized the image of Santa Anna in this oil painting, especially the careful carving of her facial expressions. Although his female "smile formula" is exposed again here, as the highest aesthetic ideal of Leonardo da Vinci's realism, he pursues almost like all the unknown mysteries in nature. He once said: "Nature is so popular, so diverse and inexhaustible. Even a tree of the same species will not meet a tree exactly like another tree, and ... people will not meet a tree exactly like another tree. " Leonardo da Vinci asked the painter to be the son of nature. In his view, science and art belong to the process of understanding the world. This is also the value of Italian Renaissance painting.
The profile portrait of a lady wearing a pearl headdress was painted around 1490 (during this period, he painted many portraits, but only a few have been preserved so far). As we all know, there is inevitably a "smile formula" in the female portraits painted by Leonardo da Vinci, but it is not entirely so. Generally speaking, his aesthetic view is scientific and realistic. He concentrates on exploring the laws of nature. Leonardo da Vinci believed that beautiful women were the most perfect products of nature. He once said, "Imagine how cruel it is to take the life of such a wonderful natural creation." So when dealing with portraits, he always studies people's spiritual temperament and appearance structure. This profile portrait of a woman is particularly accurate: an ancient lady's detailed facial outline, beautiful and neat hair and pearls on her headdress are all carefully observed, studied and deliberately described by him. That string of long pearls from head to toe, almost everyone's facade, bright spots and mellow feeling have been carefully painted; The black cloak and red tunic coat set off a woman's plump chest tightly, thus enhancing the luxury and solemnity of a lady. If Leonardo da Vinci paid attention to her mysterious smile in Mona Lisa, then here, the painter praised this woman's peerless appearance with accurate sketch structure.
"The Battle of Angalli" and "The Battle of Angalli" were wars between Florence and Lombardy in the early 1940s. As a result, Florence's aristocratic army won. The municipal authorities painted this mural to commemorate the war. Leonardo da Vinci didn't want to use colored pencils to praise the conflict between nobles. He used this theme to describe the cruelty of the war, which he called "the most barbaric absurd behavior" in his notes In order to expose its essence, the painter highlighted that the war was in a tense moment, that is, the two sides fought madly for the military flag. In order to understand Leonardo's original idea, here we quote a passage from the painter himself: "In the war, the dust is flying and the smoke is filled, and the painful expression on the soldiers' faces reflects the shining light. The wounded soldiers and horses were in a mess, and arrows and rain splashed around like locusts. The pursuers raised fluffy curly hair, and the horses dragged the dead bodies and left deep ditch marks on the muddy ground, which was covered with blood. Around the dead and the wounded soldiers who are still alive, there are broken shields, spears, combat knives, helmets, bleeding wounds, dull eyes, and so on. " Literally, Leonardo didn't move all the scenes he imagined into the picture. Like some of his other great ideas, this painting will always be an unfinished masterpiece. In the end, the painting was not painted as a color mural, and the sketch was not preserved (Michelangelo's Battle of Gasina was not preserved either). According to vasari, a very rough primer and an unsuccessful drying method were used. Soon after painting, the color on the wall began to decline. This is based on the previous copy, a print by Lao Lunzuo Tchaikovsky, and some sketches prepared for this sketch (Leonardo da Vinci left some manuscripts for this mural, which is now in Budapest Art Museum, and several complete sketches of soldiers). This sketch comes from a copy of the sketch of Rubens, a painter in the17th century.
The Da Vinci Code caused another "Da Vinci fever". There is no clear research result about him, and perhaps a lot of information about him is not convenient to disclose to the outside world. Faced with so many unsolved mysteries, this is all I can collect.
References:
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