(1) Reduce the burden of islets, make blood sugar and blood lipid reach or approach normal values, and prevent or delay the occurrence and development of cardiovascular complications.

(2) Keep healthy so that adults can engage in various normal activities and children can grow and develop normally.

(3) maintain a normal weight. Reducing the energy intake of obese people can improve the sensitivity of receptors to insulin. Thin people can gain weight to enhance their resistance to infectious diseases. Dietary treatment of diabetes is an indispensable way, and scientific nutritious diet is very helpful to control blood sugar, which needs to be formulated under the guidance of medical nutritionists and combined with their own eating habits.

First of all, according to the physical consumption of work, calculate the calories needed for a day to ensure that there is a certain amount of balanced calories in each of the three meals a day. In addition, it is necessary to match the thickness of the staple food, because the whole grain food is rich in dietary fiber, which can delay the absorption of sugar, help soften the stool, and also delay the absorption of cholesterol, which is conducive to blood lipid control.

Dietary prescription for diabetes. What should I eat if I have diabetes, and what can't I eat at the same time?

First, dietotherapy methods for diabetic patients

1. medicated porridge. Medicinal porridge suitable for diabetics is:

Tofu paste porridge (addendum to Compendium of Materia Medica): 50g of japonica rice, 500mL of tofu paste, and a little salt or sugar. Cook japonica rice first, then add tofu paste until the rice blooms and the porridge is thick. Take it twice in the morning and evening. It is suitable for diabetes complicated with hypertension and coronary heart disease, but not for diabetic nephropathy and renal failure.

Mung bean porridge ("Puji recipe"): 50g of japonica rice and 50g of mung bean, boiled into porridge. Mung bean has the function of reducing blood lipid, which is suitable for patients with diabetes complicated with hypertension and coronary heart disease, but not for patients with diabetic nephropathy and renal failure.

Spinach porridge (Compendium of Materia Medica): spinach 100 150g, 50g of japonica rice, boiled into porridge. It is suitable for yin deficiency and heat conversion diabetes. Diarrhea in loose stool is prohibited.

Celery porridge (Compendium of Materia Medica): fresh celery 60 100g is chopped, and japonica rice 100g is cooked before taking. Suitable for patients with diabetes and hypertension.

Mushroom porridge (ghost prescription): 510g of tremella (or 30g of auricularia auricula), 0/00g of japonica rice/kloc-0, and 3 jujubes. Soak tremella first, cook japonica rice and jujube, and add tremella to cook porridge. It is suitable for patients with diabetic angiopathy. Professor Ham Schmidt of the University of Minnesota School of Medicine believes that eating fungus regularly can reduce and prevent heart attacks. Auricularia auricula has the function of breaking blood, so pregnant women with diabetes should use it with caution.

Radish porridge (Pictorial Materia Medica): appropriate amount of fresh white radish, 50g of japonica rice, boiled porridge. It is suitable for diabetic patients with phlegm and qi.

Yam porridge (enthusiastic record of western medicine): raw yam 60g and rice 60g. First, the rice is boiled into porridge, the yam becomes paste, fried with butter and honey, crushed with a spoon, and cooked into porridge. It is suitable for diabetic patients with spleen and kidney qi deficiency, backache weakness and loose stool.

Carrot porridge (Compendium of Materia Medica): 50g fresh carrot and 0/00g japonica rice for porridge, which is suitable for patients with diabetes and hypertension. Pharmacological study: Potassium succinate in carrot has antihypertensive effect.

Sophora japonica porridge (prescription): 30g of dried Sophora japonica or 50g of flowers and 50g of rice, boiled and taken. It is suitable for patients with diabetes complicated with hypertension and stroke. Sophora japonica can dilate coronary artery and prevent arteriosclerosis, and can prevent stroke if taken regularly.

Chrysanthemum porridge (Lao Lao Heng Yan): Autumn chrysanthemum is dried and ground into powder, and porridge is cooked with japonica rice 100g first. Add chrysanthemum powder 10g and take it after boiling for a while. It is suitable for diabetic patients with blurred vision. Chrysanthemum is used to clear liver and improve eyesight, and is clinically used to prevent and treat hypertension, coronary heart disease and hyperlipidemia.

Corn flour porridge (dietotherapy): 50 100g of japonica rice, put it in water and boil until the rice grains bloom, and add 30g of corn flour (fresh corn flour) to boil for a while. Suitable for all kinds of diabetic patients. Corn contains protein, fat, sugar, vitamins and minerals. Corn oil is a kind of oil rich in unsaturated fatty acids and an inhibitor of cholesterol absorption.

Litchi porridge (Quanzhou Materia Medica): 5 7 lychees, 50g japonica rice, boiled. It is suitable for patients with type II diabetes.

Pueraria powder porridge (Taiping Shenghui recipe): 30g pueraria powder, 50g japonica rice, cooked with porridge. It is suitable for the elderly with diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease. Pueraria lobata contains flavonoids, which have antipyretic, hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic effects.

Rehmannia porridge (Shen Yin, Yueliangqu County): 150g fresh Rehmannia glutinosa is washed and mashed to get juice. Boil 50g of japonica rice into porridge first, then add Rehmannia glutinosa juice and take it after a little cooking. It is suitable for diabetic patients with deficiency of both qi and yin. Gouqi porridge (Compendium of Materia Medica): Lycium barbarum 15 20g, glutinous rice 50g, boiled and taken. It is suitable for diabetic patients with yin deficiency of liver and kidney.

Winter melon porridge (empirical formula): fried aged gourd 10g, boiled glutinous rice 50g, suitable for diabetic edema.

Trichosanthes root porridge (Qianjinfang): 30g of pollen, soaked in warm water for 2 hours, added with 200mL of water, fried to 100mL, and cooked with 50g of japonica rice. Suitable for diabetic patients with obvious thirst, and forbidden for diabetic pregnant women.

Leek porridge (Qianjin Fang Yi): fried leek 10g, boiled with 50g japonica rice, suitable for diabetic impotence patients.

2. Dishes and medicated diets. Dishes and medicated diets suitable for diabetics are:

Bitter gourd: clearing away heat and toxic materials, removing annoyance and quenching thirst. Animal experiments show that bitter gourd can obviously reduce blood sugar. Diabetic people often eat bitter gourd, which can lower blood sugar to some extent. Fresh bitter gourd can be used as a dish or braised with bitter gourd, each time 100g. Diabetic patients with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold should not take it.

Pumpkin: It can lower blood sugar and blood fat. Clinical studies at home and abroad show that pumpkin powder is effective in treating mild diabetes. Pumpkin can be dried and ground into powder, 5g each time, 3 times a day, or 250g fresh pumpkin can be cooked and eaten, which can satisfy hunger and lower blood sugar.

Onion (onion): it tastes light and flat, and has the effect of lowering blood sugar. Decocting with 50 100g water can also be used as food.

Stewed corn with lean pork: 30g corn with 100g lean pork, cooked and eaten in soup, suitable for ordinary diabetics.

Stir-fried peas with fresh mushrooms: fresh mushrooms 100g, fresh peas 150g, a little vegetable oil and salt. It is suitable for all types of diabetic patients.

Other dishes: stir-fried peas with vegetarian dishes, stir-fried bean sprouts with vegetarian dishes, stir-fried winter melon with vegetarian dishes, stir-fried spinach with vegetarian dishes, stir-fried mung bean sprouts, stir-fried celery with mushrooms, and roasted cabbage with mushrooms, all of which are suitable for diabetics.

3. Soup and drinks. Soups and drinks suitable for diabetic patients are:

Winter melon pulp soup (Sheng Huifang): 30g of winter melon pulp is boiled with water instead of tea.

Gourd soup: 60 grams of fresh gourds, or 30 grams of dried gourds, decocted in water to drink soup. Is suitable for diabetic furuncle.

Red bean and winter melon soup: Red bean and winter melon are boiled in moderation. Is suitable for diabetic furuncle.

Glutinous rice mulberry skin soup: stir-fried glutinous rice flower 30g, mulberry skin 30g, decocted in water. Suitable for diabetics who are thirsty and drink more.

Spinach tremella soup: fresh spinach root 150 200g, tremella 20g, soup with tremella, suitable for diabetic constipation patients.

Ear soup: tremella and auricularia auricula each 10g, with a little rock sugar. Wash tremella and auricularia auricula, steam them with clear water until they are cooked, and eat auricularia auricula and drink soup. Suitable for diabetic patients with fundus hemorrhage. Chrysanthemum and Sophora japonica green tea beverage: chrysanthemum 3 g, Sophora japonica 3 g, green tea 3g, brewed with boiling water. Suitable for patients with diabetes and hypertension.

Balsam pear tea: A fresh bitter gourd, green tea and warm water. Suitable for mild diabetes.

Xiaoke tea (secret recipe from outside Taiwan): Ophiopogon japonicus and Polygonatum odoratum each15g, Astragalus membranaceus and medulla tetrapanacis each100g, Poria, Ginger, Pueraria lobata and Cortex Mori each 50g, Burdock root150g, dried rehmannia root, Lycium barbarum, honeysuckle flower and coix seed each 30g.

Lycium Barbarum Bark Dew (National Chinese Medicine Prescription Library): Lycium Barbarum Bark 300g, which is fine powder. By distillation, it is 1500g, 60g each time, twice a day.

Instant drink for quenching thirst: fresh watermelon peel, watermelon peel1000g, proper amount of sugar, and 250g of Trichosanthes kirilowii root. Slice the peel, mash the root of Trichosanthes kirilowii, add water to boil for 1 hr, remove the residue, continue to add the decoction, concentrate it to a thick state with low fire, after the temperature stops, add the white sugar powder, suck up the decoction, mix well, dry in the sun, smash, soak it in boiling water for 10g each time, and drink tea frequently. Suitable for all types of diabetes.

White radish juice (Doctor's Heart Mirror): white radish 1000g, washed and mashed, wrapped in gauze and squeezed, 50mL each time, three times a day.

Fresh Plum Juice (Quanzhou Materia Medica): Appropriate amount of fresh ripe plums, chopped and twisted juice, each time 1 tablespoon, 3 times a day.

Wumei Tea: Wu Mei 15g, brewed with boiling water instead of tea. Polygonatum tea: Polygonatum 15g, Lycium barbarum 10g, green tea 3g, brewed in warm water without making tea.

Fresh Rehmannia Dew (preventing and treating diabetes in traditional Chinese medicine): 500g fresh Rehmannia Dew is cut into small pieces and made into dew 1000g, with the functions of nourishing kidney and yin, promoting fluid production and quenching thirst.

Ophiopogon japonicus tea (traditional Chinese medicine for preventing and treating diabetes): Ophiopogon japonicus, Radix Codonopsis, Radix Glehniae, Rhizoma Polygonati Odorati and Pollen each 9g, Mume Fructus, Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and Glycyrrhrizae Radix each 6g, * * * is fine powder, each dose is 1, and it is taken with boiled water.

Second, the dietary principles of diabetic patients

Modern medicine has proved that the insulin secretion of normal people increases with the increase of blood sugar after eating, which makes the blood sugar drop and keep it in the normal range, so diabetes will not occur. However, due to the decline of islet function, insulin secretion in diabetic patients is absolutely or relatively insufficient, and insulin cannot increase with the increase of blood sugar after eating, which can not effectively reduce blood sugar, so blood sugar exceeds the normal range. At this time, if you eat like a normal person, do not control your diet, or even overeat, your blood sugar will rise too high, which will adversely affect the islet tissue that is already under-secreted, making the islet function lower and insulin secretion lower, thus further aggravating the condition. Therefore, diabetics should control their diet reasonably. Dietotherapy is the basis of various types of diabetes and one of the most fundamental treatments for diabetes. No matter what type of diabetes is, the severity of the disease or whether there are complications, whether to treat it with insulin or oral hypoglycemic drugs, we should strictly carry out and adhere to diet control for a long time. For obese patients with type 2 diabetes or elderly mild cases, diet therapy can be used as the main treatment method, and proper oral hypoglycemic drugs can achieve the purpose of effectively controlling the disease. For type I diabetes and severe cases, diet should be actively controlled on the basis of insulin and other drugs to effectively control blood sugar and prevent the disease from worsening. Therefore, diet therapy is the basic treatment of diabetes, which must be strictly observed.

Main points of application of dietotherapy

(1) Diet therapy is the basic therapy for diabetes, and it is the premise of all treatment methods, and it is suitable for all types of diabetic patients. Mild cases can achieve good results mainly through diet therapy, and moderate and severe patients must also apply physiotherapy and drug therapy reasonably on the basis of diet therapy. Only by controlling diet, oral hypoglycemic drugs or islets can play a good role. Otherwise, it is difficult to achieve good results in clinic by blindly relying on so-called new drugs and drugs and ignoring diet therapy.

(2) Dietotherapy should be flexibly adjusted and mastered according to the condition. Thin patients can relax appropriately to ensure the total calories. Obese patients must strictly control their diet and focus on a low-calorie fat diet to lose weight. For patients treated with insulin, attention should be paid to adding meals at 9 10, 3: 4 pm or before going to bed to prevent hypoglycemia. When manual labor or activities are long, attention should also be paid to appropriately increasing staple food or dinner.

(3) Dietotherapy should be scientific and reasonable, not excessive. Don't be subjective and arbitrary, don't be too strict, and don't dare to eat any carbohydrates. On the contrary, it will aggravate your condition and even cause ketosis. We should strictly calculate according to our own conditions, weight, height, etc., and arrange our diet scientifically and reasonably under the premise of controlling the total calories, so as to meet the minimum needs of the human body and control the total calories.

(4) Arrange staple food and non-staple food scientifically, and don't just pay attention to staple food and despise non-staple food. Although staple food is the main source of blood sugar and should be controlled, some protein and fat in non-staple food can also become blood sugar and become the source of blood sugar. In metabolism, 58% of protein and 10% of fat are converted into glucose. Eating too much of this kind of non-staple food will also make people fat, which is not good for their illness. Therefore, in addition to reasonable control of staple food, non-staple food should also be reasonably matched, otherwise the expected effect will not be achieved.

Appropriate and inappropriate food

(1) What's wrong with diabetes?

Foods that can quickly raise blood sugar:

White sugar, brown sugar, rock sugar, glucose, maltose, honey, chocolate, toffee, fruit candy, candied fruit, canned fruit, soda water, fruit juice, sweet drinks, jam, ice cream, cookies, cakes, sweet bread and sugar-based cakes.

Drinking alcohol is not advisable. Because the alcohol contained in the wine contains no other nutrients, it only provides heat energy, and each gram of alcohol produces about 7 kilocalories (294 joules), which is harmful to the liver and easy to cause the increase of serum triglycerides. A few patients who take sulfonylurea hypoglycemic drugs are prone to palpitation, shortness of breath and blushing after drinking. Drinking alcohol on an empty stomach is easy to cause hypoglycemia in insulin patients. For the safety of patients, it is best not to drink alcohol.

You should eat less or not eat fruit. Because fruit contains more carbohydrates, mainly glucose, sucrose and starch. Rapid digestion and absorption after eating will lead to a rapid increase in blood sugar, which is not good for diabetic patients. Therefore, diabetic patients generally should not eat more fruits. But because fruit contains more pectin, pectin can delay the absorption of glucose, so you can eat less fruit when your condition is stable. Choose the principle of low sugar when eating fruit. At the same time, according to its sugar content, calculate its heat energy. Convert it into staple food, reduce or deduct the amount of staple food, and keep the total calories unchanged. It is not advisable to eat fruit at every meal. It is generally believed that a small amount should be eaten between meals (when blood sugar drops).

The cholesterol content in the diet should be limited. When the condition of diabetic patients is not well controlled, it is easy to increase serum cholesterol and cause diabetic vascular complications. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the intake of cholesterol in the diet of diabetic patients, and it is generally advocated that the limit of cholesterol is below 300 mg per day.

(2) What should diabetes eat?

Fruit:

Apricot: improve blood circulation, regulate blood lipids and protect blood vessels;

Cherry: increase the content of insulin in human body;

Strawberry: assisting in lowering blood sugar;

Plum: suitable for fatigue and heat-type diabetes;

Hawthorn: preventing diabetic vascular complications;

Litchi: contains substances that lower blood sugar;

Olive: preventing coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis;

Figure: low-sugar and high-fiber fruit crystals;

Watermelon: suitable for diabetic patients with nephropathy;

Wax gourd: beneficial to patients with diabetes complicated with nephropathy;

Papaya: lowering blood sugar; Peaches: lower postprandial blood sugar;

Carambola: quickly replenish water, promote fluid production to quench thirst and lower blood sugar;

Kiwifruit: regulating sugar metabolism;

Oranges: preventing retinal hemorrhage in diabetic patients;

Grapefruit: regulating blood sugar level;

Oranges: preventing diabetes;

Lemon: preventing diabetic complications such as organ dysfunction;

Reed pear: help to repair islet B cells;

Avocado: effectively control the blood sugar of patients with type 2 diabetes;

Apple: reduce blood sugar content and prevent diabetes;

Pineapple: reduce dependence on insulin and drugs;

Coconut: suitable for diabetics to drink more and be thirsty;

Pomegranate: reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease caused by diabetes;

Guava: improve the body's sensitivity to insulin;

Pitaya: more suitable for elderly diabetic patients.

Vegetables:

Bitter gourd: known as "plant insulin";

Cucumber: the best fruit and vegetable food for diabetics;

Pumpkin: improve the insulin secretion level of diabetic patients;

Wax gourd: inhibit the conversion of sugar into fat;

Tremella fuciformis (Auricularia auricula): It has obvious influence on the hypoglycemic activity of insulin;

Kelp: improve glucose tolerance, lower blood sugar and protect islet cells;

Porphyra: reduce blood viscosity;

Lentinus edodes: beneficial to diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy;

Pleurotus ostreatus: prevention and treatment of hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, etc.

Volvariella volvacea: reduce plasma cholesterol content;

Tricholoma: help diabetics control blood sugar;

Tricholoma matsutake: it has a special therapeutic effect on diabetes;

Coprinus comatus: preventing arteriosclerosis, heart disease and obesity;

Flammulina velutipes: reduce or delay the occurrence of diabetic complications;

Green pepper: auxiliary regulation of blood sugar;

Pepper: significantly reduce blood sugar level;

Eggplant: prevent retinal hemorrhage caused by diabetes;

Lotus root: inhibit urine sugar, promote fluid production and quench thirst;

Yam: control the increase of blood sugar after meals;

Jerusalem artichoke: controlling blood sugar, reducing blood fat and treating obesity;

Water chestnut: adjuvant treatment of diabetic polyuria;

Amorphophallus konjac: effectively reduce postprandial blood sugar;

Onion: stimulates the synthesis and release of insulin;

Garlic: obviously inhibit some glucoamylase;

Tomatoes: suitable for diabetics to eat every day;

Zucchini: promote human insulin secretion;

Carrots: prevent and treat diabetes and arteriosclerosis, and lower cholesterol;

White radish: stabilize the structure and function of islet;

Celery: calming the liver for diuresis and lowering blood sugar;

Chinese kale: delaying the absorption of glucose in food;

Spinach: more suitable for patients with type 2 diabetes;

Coriander: assisting in lowering blood pressure;

Amaranth: reduce complications of diabetes;

Shepherd's purse: beneficial to diabetic cataract patients;

Water shield: adjuvant treatment of diabetes, anti-cancer, lowering blood pressure;

Bean sprouts: control the rise of blood sugar after meals;

Pea seedlings: beneficial to patients with type 2 diabetes;

Water spinach: it is beneficial to control the blood sugar of patients with type 2 diabetes;

Undaria pinnatifida: lowering blood sugar and adjuvant treatment of diabetes;

Swaray: delay the absorption of glucose in food;

Portulaca oleracea: promoting insulin secretion by islets;

Chinese cabbage: preventing diabetes and obesity;

Cabbage: an ideal food for patients with diabetes and obesity;

Purple cabbage: lowering blood sugar, relieving summer heat and quenching thirst;

Chinese cabbage flower: improve glucose tolerance and blood lipid;

Broccoli: improve the sensitivity of insulin;

Lettuce: promoting diuresis, lowering blood pressure and preventing arrhythmia;

Bamboo shoots: stabilize blood sugar after meals and help lower blood sugar;

Asparagus: regulate the concentration of fat and sugar in blood;

Aloe vera: can continuously reduce blood sugar concentration;

Cactus: It's good for controlling diabetes.

Cereal beans:

Buckwheat: it is very beneficial to diabetes complicated with hyperlipidemia;

Oats: preventing diabetes complicated with hyperlipidemia and coronary heart disease;

Wheat bran: supplement B vitamins; Highland barley: control blood sugar level;

Black rice: suitable for diabetic patients as a staple food;

Corn: auxiliary control of blood sugar;

Coix seed: lowering blood pressure and diuresis;

Cowpea: promote insulin secretion;

Mung bean: adjuvant treatment of diabetes and obesity;

Black beans: regulating blood sugar metabolism;

Soybean: it has certain curative effect on diabetes;

Adzuki bean: moisten the intestines to relieve constipation and assist in lowering blood sugar;

Dried fruit:

Hazelnut: suitable for cancer and diabetes patients;

Chestnut: prevent and treat postprandial blood sugar increase;

Walnut: preventing cardiovascular complications;

Lotus seed: it has certain curative effect on diabetic polyuria symptoms;

Peanut: it is beneficial to prevent cardiovascular complications of diabetic patients;

Almond: prevent heart disease and diabetes and lose weight;

Sesame: prevention and treatment of diabetes, heart disease and hypertension;

Cashew nuts: help to prevent and treat diabetes;

Watermelon seeds: prevention of peripheral nerve dysfunction in diabetic patients;

White melon seeds: reduce or delay complications of diabetes.

Edible oils and condiments:

Ginger: significantly lower blood sugar and reduce diabetic complications;

Vinegar: reduce postprandial blood sugar in diabetic patients;

Tea oil: it can significantly reduce fasting blood glucose and blood glucose 2 hours after meals;

Olive oil: the best source of fat supplement for diabetic patients;

Sesame oil: helps to protect arterial blood vessels;

Sunflower seed oil: it can prevent and treat "rich diseases" such as diabetes.

Tea:

Green tea: it is helpful for the rehabilitation of diabetic patients;

Black tea: it is beneficial for female diabetic patients to prevent osteoporosis;

Sweet tea: adjuvant treatment of diabetes and obesity.

Misunderstanding of diet

Strict diet control is the prerequisite and the most important part of treating diabetes. Doctors found in clinical practice that patients often can't play their due role because of poor diet control.

1. Break the misconception that eating more hypoglycemic drugs will lead to more meals.

2. Eat less and eat more. It not only ensures the supply of calories and nutrients, but also avoids the peak of postprandial blood sugar.

3. Carbohydrate foods should be eaten according to regulations, neither less nor more, and should be balanced (carbohydrates refer to sugar in food, vegetables, milk, fruits, bean products and hard fruits).

There is no difference between eating dessert and salty dessert, both of which will lead to high blood sugar.

The amount of "diabetic food" should be equal to that of ordinary food. "Diabetic food" refers to foods with high dietary fiber, such as buckwheat and oats. Although these foods take a long time to digest and absorb, they will eventually become glucose.

6. The so-called "sugar-free food" is essentially a food without sucrose. Some foods use sweeteners instead of sucrose, but you still can't eat them casually.

7. Vegetables with starch as the main component should be included in the staple food. These vegetables include potato, sweet potato, lotus root, yam, water chestnut, taro, lily, water chestnut, arrowhead and so on.

8. Beans other than soybeans, such as red beans, mung beans, broad beans, kidney beans and peas, are mainly composed of starch, so they should also be counted as staple foods.

9. Eat non-staple food in moderation.

10. Hard fruits such as peanuts, melon seeds, walnuts, almonds and pine nuts cannot be used to satisfy hunger.

1 1. Eat more foods containing dietary fiber.

12. Eat less salt.

13. Eat less foods containing cholesterol.

14. About eating fruit. Patients with better blood sugar control can eat fruits with lower sugar content, such as apples, pears, oranges, oranges and strawberries, but the amount should not be too much. The time to eat fruit should be when blood sugar is low between meals. If you eat fruit in the future, it is equivalent to adding meals, and your blood sugar will rise immediately. In addition, after eating watermelon, sugar is absorbed quickly, so try not to eat it. Banana has a high starch content and should be counted as a staple food.

15. Sweeteners will not be converted into glucose and will not affect the change of blood sugar, so they cannot be used as self-help food for hypoglycemia.

16. Diabetic patients should not limit drinking water.