Pumpkin contains starch, protein, carotene, vitamin B, vitamin C, calcium and phosphorus. Rich in nutrition, rural people often eat it, and urban people pay more and more attention to it. Not only has high edible value. It also has a dietotherapy effect that cannot be ignored. According to "Southern Yunnan Materia Medica", pumpkin is warm, sweet and non-toxic. Into the spleen and stomach, it can moisten the lungs and replenish qi, eliminate phlegm and concentrate, expel worms and detoxify, treat cough and asthma, treat lung abscess and constipation, and has diuretic and beauty effects. In recent years, the research experiments of medical experts and scholars at home and abroad show that eating pumpkin can also treat prostate hypertrophy (pumpkin seeds can treat prostate hypertrophy), prevent prostate cancer, prevent arteriosclerosis and gastric ulcer, treat diabetes and dissolve stones.
It is the fruit of Cucurbitaceae pumpkin.
Pumpkin, pumpkin, wheat melon, rice melon.
Improved strain
1. Chestnut-flavored pumpkin (Indian pumpkin): likes to be cold and cool, and the suitable growth temperature is 15-29℃. In the middle and late stage, the moisture resistance is poor, and the virus disease is serious in high temperature and drought environment, and the skin color is diverse. The representative variety is Dongsheng Pumpkin, which is a variety of Taiwan Province Nongyou Company. Early growth, easy fruiting, cold and heat tolerance, suitable for cold climate, and many virus diseases in high temperature period. The fruit is thick and oblate, weighing about 1.4kg, and the peel is golden red. When the sunshine is insufficient, it is easy to have green spots, thick meat, sweet powder and excellent taste. It can be harvested about 40 days after flowering and is resistant to storage and transportation.
2. Zucchini (pumpkin): It has strong low-temperature resistance, suitable growth temperature 15-29℃, and poor humidity resistance in the middle and late stage. In the hot and dry season, the virus disease is very serious, including creeping type and dwarfing type, and the melon skin is diverse. The main variety planted in our city is dwarf variety. The representative variety is the early green generation: early maturity, young melons can be picked and put on the market about 40 days after sowing, with good fruiting performance, many female flowers, dense melons, small leaves and short petioles, which are suitable for close planting.
3. Chinese pumpkin: The suitable growth temperature is 18-32℃, and the pumpkin has various shapes. The representative variety is Miben pumpkin: the fruit is hammer-shaped, with orange peel when ripe, thick meat, orange-red meat color, fine starch, sweet taste, excellent quality, single fruit weight 1.5-2 kg, initial harvest after 85-90 days of planting, strong stress resistance and storage and transportation resistance. It is sensitive to sunshine, and it is not easy to bear fruit in areas with sunshine above 13 hours.
Key cultivation techniques
1, timely sowing
Chestnut-flavored pumpkin is mainly cultivated in the open field in spring. It is sown in June 5438+0-February, and directly broadcast in August-September, but the virus disease is serious and the risk is high. Cucurbita pepo has strong cold tolerance, and it is planted from June 5438+February to mid-February of the following year or directly in late autumn 65438+1October. Chinese pumpkins should be planted in early February-March, and broadcast live in late July-early August in autumn. The temperature management of "one high and one low" is adopted at seedling stage, that is, maintaining high temperature after sowing to promote seedling emergence, strengthening ventilation after most seedlings are unearthed, and appropriately reducing the temperature in the shed. Chestnut-flavored pumpkins and zucchini are cultivated in protected facilities in winter.
2, timely transplanting
Loam or sandy loam plots with good light, convenient irrigation and drainage, and soil pH of PH5.5-6.8 should be selected, and melons and vegetables have not been planted for 2-3 years. When the seedlings grow 2-3 true leaves, they can be transplanted. The dwarf variety is about 1.5 m in width and about 0.6 m in spacing, and is planted in two rows. The width of the rattan border is 2-2.5m, and the spacing is 0.6-0.7m.. It is planted in a single row by climbing on the ground and in a double row by scaffolding. Combined with soil preparation and ditching, about 2000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer, 50 kg of phosphate fertilizer and compound fertilizer 15 kg were applied to the planting ditch. Choose sunny days when the tail is cold and the head is warm. The virus disease of autumn planting is serious, so it can be planted in close density properly, and seedlings should be fixed before vine extension to save seedlings.
3, the whole vine leaves branches
Long vine varieties usually leave 2-3 vines per plant. When 5-6 leaves are real, you can top them, and choose 2-3 robust sub-vines with uniform size, or choose the main vine and 1-2 robust sub-vines. The rest of the lateral vines must be removed. Short zucchini are generally not pruned. Remove old leaves and diseased leaves in time during growth.
4. Fertilizer and water management
After transplanting, water your feet. After delaying seedling, use 0.5% urea water to drench 1-2 times to promote seedling growth. Topdressing is generally divided into 2-3 times. For the first time, combined with intertillage weeding, compound fertilizer was applied to each mu during the vine extension period or before closing the vine; For the second time, compound fertilizer is applied to each mu during the fruit expansion period; For the third time, compound fertilizer was applied to each mu during the second and third fruit expansion periods. The fruit needs more water during the expansion period, so it needs timely irrigation. The occurrence of plant virus disease in autumn is closely related to the supply of fertilizer and water in the early growth stage. Spraying more fertilizer can promote the rapid growth of plants and avoid the shortage of water and fertilizer, which can effectively reduce the occurrence of virus diseases. There is more rain in spring, so drainage should be done to reduce the humidity in the field. There is little rain in the middle and late autumn, so special attention should be paid to furrow irrigation.
5, flower protection and fruit protection
Pumpkin is prone to poor pollination and difficult fruit setting when it is exposed to high temperature or heavy rain during flowering, so artificial pollination should be carried out to improve the fruit setting rate. Artificial pollination should be carried out in the morning, picking the newly opened male flowers, removing the corolla, and gently smearing pollen on the stigma of the female flowers. Before branching, leave 2 leaves to top, select 1 normal fruit per vine, and remove redundant and abnormal fruits. The zucchini planted in early spring has low initial temperature, many female flowers, few male flowers but insufficient pollen, which is not conducive to pollination and fertilization and is easy to drop flowers and fruits. When female flowers are in full bloom, 20-30 mg/kg of anti-falling agent can be applied to the stigma of female flowers to promote fruit setting.
6, timely harvesting
Chestnut-flavored pumpkins and Chinese pumpkins are mainly collected from old melons and can be harvested about 40 days after pollination. It is best to leave 3-4cm fruit stalks when picking melons, which is beneficial to storage. Pumpkins should be harvested about 7- 10 days after flowering, or harvesting standards should be formulated according to market demand. Due to the fierce competition for nutrients among fruits, it is necessary to harvest early in time, which is beneficial to the growth of young melons in the upper layer and improve the fruit setting rate.
Third, pest control.
The common diseases and pests that harm pumpkins are the same as bitter gourd, as well as Fusarium wilt and liriomyza sativae.
1, blight
(1) 2-3 years rotation with non-melon crops;
(2) Seed dressing with 2.5% Letuoshi Suspension Concentrate: 2-4 ml Letuoshi per kilogram of seeds, according to the method of section 4 "Fusarium wilt of wax gourd";
(3) high border cultivation, plastic film mulching, and strengthening the elimination of stagnant water in rainy season;
(4) 25% Amisi-Dy suspension 1500 times solution can be used to control Fusarium wilt, and the method is the same as in Section 2.
(5) The key point of prevention and treatment in the growth period is to pay special attention to the use of drugs at the early stage of onset, and internal inhalation therapeutic bactericides should be selected, such as 10% World High Water Dispersible Granule 1500 times solution, and sprayed once every 7- 10 days for 2-3 times in a row. When dispensing medicine, the medicine must be made into mother liquid first, and then poured into the sprayer to make the concentration of the liquid medicine uniform. It can be used alternately with 40% mirex gel suspension 500 times, or hot ratio wettable powder 2 1.2% plus 1000 times, Baike EC 2000 times, carbendazim WP 500 times, and 25% mirex EC 1500 times, every 7-7 times. You can also use 500-fold solution of 40% mirex gum suspension and 500-fold solution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder to mix flour to coat stems.
2. Liriomyza sativae
(1) Thoroughly remove the harvested plant residues, burn them centrally, bury them deeply or compost them;
(2) Properly thinning branches and leaves, removing leaves with many insect paths in the middle and lower parts, and reducing the population base;
(3) Set "sticky fly paper" in the field; In the peak period of adults, "fly-sticky paper" should be hung on hedgerow bamboo at the height of 2/3 of the plant (if it is in full bloom, artificial pollination should be strengthened), and it should be replaced every 15-20 points per mu, which can kill adults and reduce population density;
(4) chemical control; When the larvae are sprayed in the peak period, 3000 times 1.8% chlorpyrifos EC, 1000 times/iveden EC, 1000 times/40.7% chlorpyrifos EC and1200 times can be sprayed.
Warm and sweet; Enter the spleen and stomach meridian.
Tonify the middle energizer, detoxify and kill insects, lower blood sugar and quench thirst. Indications: Chronic disease of qi deficiency, spleen and stomach weakness, shortness of breath and burnout, loose stool's disease, diabetes, ascaris and other diseases.
Every 100g contains 0.6g of protein and 0. 1g of fat. Carbohydrate 5.7 g, crude fiber 1. 1 g, ash 0.6 g, calcium 10 mg, phosphorus 32 mg, iron 0.5 mg, carotene 0.57 mg, riboflavin 0.04 mg, nicotinic acid 0.7 mg and ascorbic acid 5 mg. In addition, it also contains citrulline, arginine, asparagine, trigonelline, Eupatorium adenophorum, glucose, mannitol, pentosan, pectin and so on.
1. Detoxification pumpkin contains vitamins and pectin, which has good adsorption, can combine and eliminate bacterial toxins and other harmful substances in the body, such as lead, mercury and radioactive elements in heavy metals, and play a detoxification role.
2. Protect gastric mucosa and help digest pectin contained in pumpkin. It can also protect gastrointestinal mucosa from coarse grains, promote the healing of ulcer surface, and is suitable for patients with gastric diseases. Pumpkin contains ingredients that can promote bile secretion, strengthen gastrointestinal peristalsis and help food digestion.
3. Prevention and treatment of diabetes, hypoglycemic pumpkin is rich in cobalt, ranking first among all kinds of vegetables. Cobalt can activate human metabolism, promote hematopoietic function and participate in the synthesis of vitamin B 12 in human body. It is an essential trace element for human islet cells and has special effects on preventing and treating diabetes and lowering blood sugar.
4. Eliminating carcinogen pumpkin can eliminate the mutation of carcinogen nitrosamine, which has the function of preventing cancer, can help the recovery of liver and kidney function and enhance the regeneration ability of liver and kidney cells.
5. Promoting the growth and development Pumpkin is rich in zinc, which participates in the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein in human body. It is an inherent component of adrenocortical hormone and an important substance for human growth and development.
6. Mannitol contained in pumpkin has laxative effect, which can reduce the harm of toxins in feces to human body and prevent the occurrence of colon cancer.
1. Sweet and sour pumpkin pills, pumpkin and flour, 5 oog each, as well as refined salt, white sweet and sour, starch and vegetable oil, all in moderation. Peel the pumpkin, remove the pulp, wash and cut into pieces, steam it in a cage, take it out, control the water, and add flour, sugar, salt, etc. , and knead into dough; Put oil in the pot, heat it to 70%, squeeze the pumpkin into small balls, fry it in oil until golden brown, and take it out; Put base oil in the pot, pour 100 ml water, thicken with white sugar and a little refined salt, pour a little balsamic vinegar, and pour meatballs and mix well. This dish has the effects of invigorating the middle energizer, invigorating qi, warming the middle energizer and stopping diarrhea, and is suitable for diarrhea caused by spleen and stomach weakness and fatigue.
2. Porphyra and pumpkin soup: old pumpkin 100g, laver 10g, shrimp skin 20g, egg 1 piece, soy sauce, lard, yellow wine, vinegar, monosodium glutamate and sesame oil. First, soak laver in clear water, wash it, beat eggs into a bowl and mix well, soak shrimp skin in yellow wine, peel pumpkin, wash and cut into pieces; Then set fire to the pot, pour lard, heat it, put soy sauce into the pot, add appropriate amount of water, add shrimp skin and pumpkin pieces, cook for about 30 minutes, then add laver, 10 minutes later, pour the stirred egg liquid into the pot, add ingredients and mix well. This soup has the effects of protecting liver, tonifying kidney and strengthening body, and is suitable for patients with liver and kidney deficiency.
3. Pumpkin soup 250 grams of pumpkin. Peel the pumpkin, remove the pulp, clean and cut into small pieces, add 500 ml of water to the pot, cook until the pumpkin is cooked, and add seasoning. Take 1 time in the morning and evening for soup and melon. This soup has the functions of lowering blood sugar and quenching thirst, and diabetics can often drink it.
4. Pumpkin pig liver soup 25 grams of pumpkin and pig liver, and the right amount of refined salt, monosodium glutamate and sesame oil. Peel the pumpkin, remove the pulp, wash and cut into pieces; Wash and slice pig liver; Add 1000 ml of water to the same pot, cook until the rotten meat of the melon is cooked, add seasoning and mix well. This soup has the effect of invigorating spleen, nourishing liver and improving eyesight, and has a certain therapeutic effect on night blindness after long-term consumption.
Pumpkins are warm, and those with excessive stomach heat should eat less; Pumpkins are stagnant, and those who are full of qi stagnation should eat carefully.
Compendium of Materia Medica: "Sweet, non-toxic, invigorating the middle energizer".
Herbal rejuvenation: "calming the liver and stomach, dredging meridians, benefiting blood vessels, nourishing yin and benefiting water, treating liver wind, nourishing blood, regulating qi, and eliminating wind."
Herbal medicine in southern Yunnan: "Running across meridians is beneficial to urination".
Cultural appreciation
Folklore: In the south of China, whenever spring begins, every family eats pumpkins to welcome the spring. Some literati carved poems or patterns on the skin of a small "peach pumpkin" that was about to mature. With the maturity of melon, beautiful pictures and poems are left on the skin of melon, which can increase the interest of life on the desk. In many western countries, on Halloween on1October 3 1 day every year, people make exquisite pumpkin lanterns with pumpkins to ward off evil spirits and ghosts and celebrate festivals.
Living custom: In a Miao village in Shaoyang, Hunan, China, villagers eat pumpkins all the year round. In the investigation, the health department found that few residents in this village suffer from anemia. It turns out that pumpkin is not only rich in sugar, starch, fat and protein, but also contains trace elements such as iron and zinc necessary for human hematopoiesis. Iron is one of the important components of red blood cells in blood, and zinc directly affects the function of mature red blood cells. There seems to be some scientific truth in the folk spread of "Pumpkin Supplementing Blood".
Historical legends; There was a famous man named Zhang in Haiyan County in Qing Dynasty. He is studious and clever, but he is poor and has no money to pay tuition. At that time, there was a university scholar named Zhang who wanted to worship him as a teacher. When I first went to the teacher's school, I carried a big cloth bag behind me, which contained gifts for the teacher. When he arrived at the teacher's house, he put down his heavy schoolbag and took out two big pumpkins from his schoolbag, each weighing about ten kilograms. Others laughed at it, but Mr. Ding accepted it cheerfully and cooked melons on the spot to prepare meals for the students. This meal only has pumpkin dishes, but both teachers and students like it very much. In Haiyan area, "pumpkin ceremony" has been handed down as a beautiful conversation.
Foreign legend: The story of pumpkin carving empty lanterns originated in ancient Ireland. The story is about a man named Jack. He is drunk and likes playing practical jokes. One day, Jack tricked the devil into climbing a tree, and then carved a cross on the stump, threatening the devil not to come down. Then Jack made an agreement with the devil to let him come down from the tree on the condition that the devil promised to cast a spell so that Jack would never commit a crime. After Jack died, his soul could neither go to heaven nor go to hell, so his ghost had to wander between heaven and earth with a small candle. In the ancient Irish legend, this small candle was placed in a hollowed-out radish, which was called "Jack's lantern", while the ancient radish lantern evolved to today, and it was made of pumpkin lantern. It is said that soon after the Irish arrived in America, they found that pumpkins were superior to radishes in source and carving, so pumpkins became Halloween pets.
Indian pumpkin is a new super pumpkin variety in the world in recent years. It has the characteristics of fast growth, many melons, thick pulp, high yield, excellent quality, disease resistance, drought resistance, easy management and storage and transportation resistance. The cultivation techniques are introduced as follows:
Second, the cultivation management technology
1. Soil preparation, fertilization and plastic film mulching. Indian pumpkin has a high yield and a large demand for fertilizer and water, so it should be planted on sandy loam. It is best to plant beans, potatoes and corn stubble in the previous stubble, but it is not suitable for Gua Tian. Land preparation boundary, 4 meters wide, the length depends on plant planting. Soil preparation 20 days before sowing, planting rows should be slightly higher than stems and vines, and creeping rows should be 2 to 3 cm. This is done in order not to water melons and vines when topdressing in the middle and late stage to prevent melons from rotting. Apply 4000 ~ 5000 kg of high-quality farm manure and compound fertilizer 10 ~ 15 kg per mu. Fertilization is 15 to 20 cm in the middle of the night, and the width should be 50 cm with the radius of acupoints. It is best to apply it in the ditch to increase the root absorption area, not in the hole. After the base fertilizer is applied, spread a plastic film. The width of the plastic film is 50 cm, and the length depends on the sowing amount. 7- 10 days before sowing, film is spread and the periphery is tightly sealed.
2. Hormone treatment In order to promote the early germination, strong growth and high yield of seeds, 20 ppm abt 4 was used to soak the seeds for 4 hours before sowing. After soaking, wash with clear water, put in a container to accelerate germination at 20℃ to 25℃, and cover with wet emery cloth. Wash it once a day, and point it after the seeds crack. & ltBR & gt
3. Sow in time before and after Grain Rain in the north and before Qingming in the south, with 1 ~ 2 seeds per hole, and sow as needed. When sowing, the hole depth is 2-3 cm, the plant spacing is 1 m, and there are 300-500 plants per mu. After sowing, seal the hole with wet fine soil. Arched sheds can be built in cold areas in the north, with a height of 30 ~ 40 cm and a width of 50 ~ 60 cm to prevent freezing injury. Uncover the film after the frost period. Always check after sowing to prevent the seedlings from being sunburned by the sun.
4. The management of Indian pumpkins is mainly based on the main vines, and there are no root melons left. Leave 1 ~ 2 melons more than 2 meters away from the root, or 10 ~ 12 pairs of leaves. If you want a single melon, you'd better leave it at 1. If you want more seeds and melons, you can choose to keep two or three. When the remaining melons sit firmly, the other melons will be removed. & ltBR & gt When the main vine grows to 10 ~ 12 leaves, cut the head and leave the vine about 4 meters. Leave more leaves in front of the melon to increase the nutritional area, and smooth the lateral vines uniformly. Indian pumpkins with vines grow vigorously and vines have big leaves. In order to prevent seedlings from being blown off by the wind, increase root growth and promote the growth of melons, vines should be pressed with the length of vines and covered with soil for 3 to 5 cm. You can press it into an arch at the knot to make the melon fat. In order to improve the fruit setting rate during pollination, artificial pollination should be carried out. Pick the first male flower and invert it to pollinate the female flower. Useless male flowers are removed before the last flowering to reduce nutrient consumption. Do not pollinate the same plant. Spraying hormone topdressing When the young melon grows above 10 kg, topdressing should be done in time. 2-3 kg diluted manure water per plant, top dressing with diammonium 100 g for 3-5 times, and irrigation after application. You can also furrow and fertilize vines to promote the growth of roots, melons and leaves. In the growing period of pumpkin, 1000ppm fengnong 10000 times phytochemicals can be sprayed, with good pleiotropic effect (1 6 grams per acre) and so on. Prevention of Diseases Any insect pests, including mosaic disease and root rot, were found in the late growth period of pumpkin in India. Should spray the same amount of 200 times Bordeaux mixture, or Kangkuning, Kejunling, etc. If the illness is serious, you can take root irrigation to prevent it. When the Indian pumpkin grows to 20 to 30 kilograms, use straw rope or wicker to form a circle to pad the pumpkin. Each melon pad is 2 to 3 (stones are also acceptable), so that it is 3 to 5 cm from the ground to prevent rotten melons and the color is even.
5. Harvesting in time When the body of the melon turns orange and the surface of the melon is ribbed, it is regarded as mature and should be harvested, processed or stored in time.
[Pumpkin soybean milk juice]
Ingredients: pumpkin 2 cups, rice 2/3 cups, peanut 10.
Practice: cut the pumpkin into small pieces of 5-8 mm square, then put it into the cup of soybean milk machine with washed rice and peanuts, and turn on the power until the pumpkin pulp is ready.
Nutritional value of pumpkin
The beneficial components in pumpkin are polysaccharides, amino acids, active proteins, carotenoids and various trace elements. Functions of various components:
1. polysaccharide: pumpkin polysaccharide is a non-specific immune enhancer, which can improve the immune function of the body, promote the production of cytokines, and play a variety of regulatory functions on the immune system by activating complement.
2. Carotenoids: Carotenoids rich in pumpkin can be transformed into vitamin A with important physiological functions in vivo, which has important physiological functions for the growth and differentiation of epithelial tissues, maintaining normal vision and promoting the development of bones.
3. Mineral elements: Pumpkin is high in calcium, potassium and sodium, which is especially suitable for middle-aged and elderly people and patients with hypertension, and is conducive to preventing osteoporosis and hypertension. In addition, it also contains phosphorus, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, chromium, boron and other elements.
4. Amino acids and active proteins: Pumpkin contains many kinds of amino acids needed by human body, among which lysine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and threonine are relatively high. In addition, the genotype of ascorbic acid oxidase in pumpkin is the same as that in tobacco, but its activity is obviously higher than that in tobacco, indicating that the content of immunocompetent protein in pumpkin is higher.
5. Lipid substances: It is found that the lipid substances in pumpkin seeds have good therapeutic and preventive effects on urinary system diseases and prostatic hyperplasia.
Nutritional function
1. Detoxification:
Contains vitamins and pectin, has good adsorption, can combine and eliminate bacterial toxins and other harmful substances in the body, such as lead, mercury and radioactive elements in heavy metals, and can play a detoxification role;
2. Protect gastric mucosa and help digestion;
Pectin contained in pumpkin can also protect gastric mucosa from the stimulation of coarse grains and promote ulcer healing, which is suitable for patients with gastric diseases. The ingredients contained in pumpkin can promote bile secretion, strengthen gastrointestinal peristalsis and help food digestion;
3. Prevention and treatment of diabetes and lowering blood sugar:
Pumpkin is rich in cobalt, which can activate human metabolism, promote hematopoietic function and participate in the synthesis of vitamin B 12 in human body. It is an essential trace element for human islet cells and has special effects on preventing and treating diabetes and lowering blood sugar.
4. Eliminate carcinogens:
Pumpkin can eliminate the mutation of carcinogen nitrosamine, has anti-cancer effect, and can help the recovery of liver and kidney function and enhance the regeneration ability of liver and kidney cells.
5. Promoting growth and development:
Pumpkin is rich in zinc, which is involved in the synthesis of nucleic acid and protein in human body. It is an inherent component of adrenocortical hormone and an important substance for human growth and development.
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References:
1. Recipe Network:
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5. Encyclopedia of Life-Jinghua Publishing House
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