English required grammar II

Module 1 syntax

The usage of I will be

Being going to structure means doing something as planned, expressing the intention of the person in charge, and sometimes predicting something will happen. For example:

. How long is your aunt going to stay in China?

(plan, plan)

. Look at those clouds. It will rain.

There are signs that it will happen.

. George has gained weight. He will become very fat.

(forecast)

Two. The difference between what will be and what will be.

Will refers to what the speaker thinks and believes will happen, excluding specific time, which can refer to the distant future; "Will" refers to what will happen as planned.

Both can mean "intention". But it means thinking ahead, it means going, otherwise it means going. For example:

I'm not going to tell him about it.

-This is a very heavy box.

-Let me help you move it.

. Being can be used in conditional sentences to indicate the future, but will can't. For example:

If you are going to the party, you'd better leave now.

Module 2 grammar

An infinitive as an adverbial

An infinitive as an adverbial of purpose

He broke into the house and stole things.

Many drug addicts are now in treatment centers.

He is saving money to buy a new car.

He uses the computer to send emails.

2) Sometimes, to or so so to is added before the infinitive, and the negative form is to not to and so not to:

Let's hurry so that we can go to school in time.

Let's hurry so as not to be late for school.

She studies very hard to catch up with others.

In order not to fall behind, she studies very hard.

3) When the infinitive expresses the purpose, its logical subject is usually the subject of the sentence, but if it is not, it is necessary to use the structure of for… to express the logical subject, such as:

Mom opened the door to let Jane and Betty in.

Module 3 grammar

I. adverbial clause of time

Two. past perfect tense

Adverbial clause of time

Common conjunctions connecting adverbial clauses of time are:

When, when, as, before, after, until/until, since, since then, whenever, once, not earlier than ...

Almost ... When, and so on.

while

When also means "at this time", (at this time) (at that time) is often used in the following sentence patterns:

When someone is doing something ... someone is doing ... suddenly. ...

Someone was about to do something when ..... someone was about to do ... suddenly. ...

Someone just did something, and then ... someone just did ... at this moment. ...

I was reading English when the teacher came in.

I was about to speak in the classroom when the teacher came in.

I had just made a mistake when the teacher came in.

During ...

Observe:

While they were doing their homework, someone broke into the house.

He was a big star when he was a teenager.

Analysis: while-guided clause means "in progress", emphasizing that the actions of the main clause and the clause occur at the same time in a certain period of time. The action of a clause means a long time, so it is often used as a progressive verb.

While stands for strong contrast and can be translated as "however"

She is tall and I am short.

While I was learning English, he was playing football.

be like

Try to observe:

While they were picking tea, the girls were singing happily.

Emphasize that two actions are carried out at the same time

As he grew older, he found it difficult to create good music.

These two situations develop and change together.

Analysis: as-guided clause means "when …"; And …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Sometimes it can be translated as "use".

past perfect tense

Composition of the past perfect tense of 1:

"Auxiliary verb had+ past participle"

The public wants to know why the president didn't attend the summit.

2. Usage of past perfect tense:

1). The past perfect tense is mainly used to indicate actions that have occurred before a certain time or action, indicating that time is "past past". For example:

When the doctor arrived, the patient was dead.

Only then did they finish half the work.

He had pressed the button before we could stop him.

When I finished my daily work, I did some gardening.

2). If the action is short, or two actions happen immediately, the past perfect tense is often replaced by the simple past tense. Especially in complex sentences containing before, after and only, because their own meanings can indicate the order. For example:

Just before I left new york, I sent an email to my university teacher, Mr. White.

3) You can also express unfulfilled hopes and wishes in the past perfect tense. Commonly used verbs are except, hope, mean, support, think and so on. For example:

I wanted to send him a telegram to congratulate him on his marriage, but I didn't succeed.

Mother wants me to go to her birthday party, but I do have a lot of important work to do.

note:

When the action happens immediately and the order is obvious, use the simple past tense.

He was very tired when he came home from work. He opened the door, turned on the light, washed his face and went to bed without taking off his clothes.

2. When used with a certain time period or time point, the past tense indicates that the action occurred at this time, and the past perfect tense indicates that the action was completed before this time. For example:

He learned Russian during his stay in Russia.

He has learned Russian during his stay in Russia.

3. In indirect speech, adverbial clauses of time used with the past perfect tense often replace the past perfect tense. For example:

He told me that someone had called while I was out.

John said that when he got to the cinema, the film had been on for five minutes.

Module 4 grammar

–-ing forms and infinitives

Become a theme

(1)v-ing and infinitive can both be subjects in sentences. Generally speaking, they are interchangeable.

Learning a foreign language is not easy.

Learning a foreign language is not easy. Learning a foreign language is not easy.

(2) infinitives are often used to express specific, concrete or unfinished actions.

It will take me a few days to finish such a novel.

It will take me a few days to finish reading this novel.

It's impossible to get to Beijing in three hours this time, because there is something wrong with our car. It seems that we can't get to Beijing in three hours this time because there is something wrong with our car.

After the structure of "It is+ adjective (if necessary) +for/ of sb", the infinitive is usually used as the real subject. And "it's useless/useless/a waste of time" are usually followed by the ing form.

It is absolutely impossible to finish the work with so little money.

It is impossible to finish the work with so little money.

It's no use asking him for help.

No structure can only follow the ing form. It is impossible to know whether he is dead or alive. It is impossible to know whether he is dead or alive.

Make a prediction

(1) Both can be used as predicative, and they can be interchanged in general.

His job is to paint the house. His job is to paint the house.

His job is to paint the house.

Infinitives are usually used to express specific, specific and future actions.

Our homework today is to finish Exercise 2 and Exercise 3 on page 10.

(3) Subject and predicative usually keep the same form.

I'll believe that when I see it. = Seeing is believing. I'll believe that when I see it.

Become an object

(1) Some verbs can only be followed by infinitives. This kind of common verbs are:

Ask, agree, beg, decide, decide, fail, hope, learn, manage, provide, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, set out, want, hope, expect, ask.

She decided to help him.

Admit, suggest, praise, avoid, can't help, consider, delay, deny, end, enjoy, excuse, escape, face, fantasize, complete, give up, imagine, keep, continue, mind, miss, feel, forgive, allow, practice, postpone, risk, resist, suggest, understand, etc.

The doctor suggested taking more exercise. The doctor suggested doing more exercise.

I suggest doing so. I suggest doing it.

Note: Some verb phrases contain the preposition to, which should not be confused with to in infinitive. Common phrases like this:

Get used to, come to, devote oneself to, start, guide, expect, pay attention to, refer to, persist, etc.

I really have to think about it. I really must seriously consider this matter.

We look forward to seeing you again. We look forward to seeing you again.

Some verbs can be followed by either the ing form or the infinitive, which makes no difference in meaning. Common verbs are: unbearable, favoritism, learning, continuing, etc.

I can't stand to see delicious food wasted. I can't stand to see delicious food wasted.

She went on working after giving birth to the baby. She went on working after having children.

(4) begin and start followed by infinitive or gerund can be used interchangeably, but only infinitive is used in the following situations.

1), the beginning itself is a timeline.

The boy noticed that his father was getting angry, so he ran away. The little boy noticed that his father was angry, so he ran away.

2) When the subject is an abiotic noun or it.

A strong wind began to blow.

3) When it is followed by words expressing psychological activities, such as understanding, knowing, knowing and seeing.

He began to realize the importance of foreign languages.

4) After hating, liking and loving, gerund is usually used to express regular and habitual verbs; The infinitive is used to express a specific and concrete behavior.

I don't like to disturb him when he is busy. I don't like to disturb him when he is busy.

I actually like staying with him, but I even hate seeing him that night. I usually enjoy being with him, but I didn't even want to see him that night.

(5) After remembering, forgetting, trying, continuing, regretting, expressing meaning, stopping, wanting, needing and other verbs. You can take ing or infinitive, but the meaning is different.

1) Remember to do (things you haven't done yet)

Remember to do sth.

Forget to do sth.

Forget to do what you forgot to do.

3) Go on to do another thing.

Keep doing the same thing.

Regret doing sth.

Plan to do sth.

To do means to do something.

Stop doing sth. Stop (what you are doing) and do another thing.

Stop what you are doing.

Try to do sth.

Try to do something.

8) Want to do something

Do it if you want to.

Need to do something.

Need/ask to do need is

Please remember to turn off the lights when you leave.

Of course I posted your letter-I remember posting it.

Of course I sent you a letter. I remember sending it.

③ The machine needs cleaning. (Need cleaning).

This machine needs cleaning.

Make a guest appearance

(1) infinitive is a common verb used as object complement.

Allow, help, warn, ask, force, tell, expect, promise, hope, want

We expect him to win the Olympic gold medal. We expect him to win the Olympic gold medal.

Tell him to come early.

(2) infinitive (without to) and verb ing form can be used as object complements after sensory verbs and causative verbs (feel, make, let, see, hear, watch, listen, look, notice and observe). The infinitive emphasizes that the action has happened and been completed; The ing form emphasizes that the action is going on.

I saw a man go into the garden and pick some flowers. I saw a man go into the garden and pick some flowers. The action of picking flowers in the garden has been completed.

I saw a man walk into the garden. I saw a man walk into the garden. When I was watching, the walking action was in progress. )

We heard him sing a song at the party. We heard him sing a song at the party. He sang a song and we totally listened to it. )

Passing by his window, I heard him singing.

I heard him singing when I passed his window. I only listened to part of it, but I didn't finish it. He may still be singing after I went.

(3) When infinitives are used as object complements after sensory verbs and causative verbs, they should be added to passive voices instead of to in active voices.

They saw him steal Tom's money. They saw him steal Tom's money.

He was seen stealing Tom's money.

As an adverbial

As an adverbial, infinitive usually indicates the purpose and result, and sometimes it is placed after adjectives and past participles to indicate the reason; When the ing form is used as an adverbial, it generally means time, reason, condition or accompaniment.

I took some money from the bank to buy a laptop. (purpose)

In order to buy a laptop, I withdrew money from the bank.

He hurried to the school, only to find no one there. He hurried to school, only to find that there was no one there.

I'm glad to hear the news.

Seeing this picture, he couldn't help it.

Think of those unforgettable days. Seeing this photo, he couldn't help thinking of those unforgettable days.

Not knowing his address, we can't get in touch with him. Not knowing his address, we can't get in touch with him.

Work hard and you will get what you want. Work hard and you will get what you want.

The baby is crying in bed. The baby is crying in bed.

Module 5 Grammar

adverbial clause

adverbial clause of reason

Adverbial clause of result

Adverbial clause of time

Place adverbial clause

adverbial clause of condition

Adverbial clause of concession

Adverbial clause of time

1. adverbial clauses of time guided by when, never, as, while, after, before, till, since, once, as, etc.

1 & gt； The guard was waiting in his seat when the bell rang.

2> Ants will change their forms three times during their growth.

3> Three months passed before Aqiao knew.

2. By minute, instant, instant, day, week, year, first time, any time, every time, last time and all time, the adverbial clause of time is guided by time, by time, immediately, immediately and directly.

1 & gt； I recognized you as soon as I saw you.

I recognized you as soon as I saw you.

3. Among them, minute, instant, instant, second, immediate, instant and direct all mean the same thing, and they can be replaced by each other.

You must bring this gentleman in as soon as he comes.

You must take this gentleman when he comes.

In addition, we should also pay attention to the meaning and usage of hardy … when …, hardly … when …, not earlier than ….

All three words mean "as long as … as long as …". Usually, hardly, calibre and only are located at the beginning of a sentence, followed by the main sentence of had done and inversion, while the clauses after when and than are the simple past tense.

Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.

The difference between adverbial clauses of time guided by when, while and as.

1 & gt； For example, "when……", when can be used with progressive verbs or instantaneous verbs, while and As can only be used with progressive verbs.

The predicate verb of 2 & gtwhen clause can appear before or after the verb of the main clause or at the same time, while the verbs of while and as clauses must appear at the same time as the verbs of the main clause.

After finishing his homework, he had a rest.

When I arrived at the airport, the guests had already left.

That is to say, when the main sentence action occurs at the same time and the sentence cutting action is a progressive verb, the three are interchangeable.

I was writing a letter when she was on the phone.

3 & gtWhen and "at that time" are usually used in the following sentence patterns.

Just about to do ...

Yes ... When ...

While doing ...

Just about to do ...

4 & gtAs also has "because", "as", "with" and "while".

As time went on, the weather got worse.

The little girl sang while walking.

5 & gtWhen is often used in future tense clauses, and clauses must use the simple present tense.

You can borrow this book when I finish reading it.

6 & gtWhen is also used in the sentence pattern of "as soon as ...".