Cao Zhi (192-233) Zijian. Pei Guoqiao (now Bo County, Anhui Province) was born. There are few literary talents, and goodness is poetry. An outstanding poet in the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty. The name of Cao Cao's third son is Chen Wang. Because of his rich talent and knowledge, he was favored by Cao Cao in his early years. He once wanted to be a prince, but he fell out of favor because of his willfulness. Jealous of Pigou. After Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he was suspected and persecuted by Cao Pi, and was demoted many times and changed his fief. In the 16th year of Jian 'an (2 1 1 year), it was named Pingyuan Hou, and in the 19th year of Jian 'an (2 14 year), it was changed to Linzi Hou. Twenty-five years, fuck, Pi Hanfei proclaimed himself and made him a Lord protector. In the second year of Huang Chu (22), he was demoted to the hometown of Jue 'an; Change the Houyin of Yecheng; Three years later, he moved to East Afghanistan. Four years later, he became king of Qiu Yong. In the first year of Taihe (227), Pi died, Cao Rui acceded to the throne, and moved to seal the instrument; In six years, he was named King Chen and died of depression. Full of thinking, the world calls it "Chen". Cao Zhi wrote several times, hoping to get the appointment, but all failed, and finally died of depression at the age of 4 1 year.
Jian 'an period in literary history refers to the period from Jian 'an to Wei Chu. The literature of this period is marked by the achievements of poetry. Many works can draw nutrition from the folk songs of Han Yuefu, reflect the pain of social unrest and people's displacement, and reflect the desire for national unity, with generous words and rich language. Later generations praised the elegance and boldness of these works with "Jian 'an Style". But some chapters show the idea of negative birth. The representative writers in this period are Cao Cao, Cao Pi, Cao Zhi, Jian 'an Qizi and so on. Cao Zhi's life and creation are divided into two periods with Cao Pi as the boundary. In the early stage, there were many works expressing lofty sentiments, such as White Horse and Sucking Carp. There are also some works related to society, which reflect the chaotic and broken reality, such as Ying Ying's works, and many other works invited by the United States to visit and banquet. In his later works, there are poems such as Wang Biao on a White Horse, Birds in the Wild Field, Seven-step Poems, Fu Liangxing on Mount Tai, and articles such as Seeking a Self-test Table and Seeking a Family Table. , are endowed with Luo Shenfu, etc. , or tell the pain of flesh and blood, or express their determination not to show off their grief, or express themselves. Performance also tends to suppress introversion, becoming more and more popular and dependent, and becoming more elegant and deeper. His biography, prose and prose are all beautiful. The style of writing is particularly good. Liu Yong's "Wen Xin Diao Zhang Long Biao" is known as "the only scholar and the most talented person". Among them, Luo Shenfu is the most famous, which represents the highest achievement of Jian 'an's ci and fu creation. The achievements of poetry are more based on literature and fu. Zhong Feng's Poems called him "an outstanding figure in Jian 'an" because he had a high backbone, his words were adopted by Huamao, his feelings and grievances were elegant and his writing was extraordinary. It is a unique step to be a poet, pay attention to rhetoric, make words exquisite and accurate, and have a natural and beautiful rhyme; The five-character poem is the main form, which has made great contributions to the development of China's five-character poem, and is praised as the "five-character crown" in The Book of Songs. The original collection has been lost, and the Song people compiled The Collection of Cao Zijian. For the life story, see Volume 19 of the History of the Three Kingdoms. 1980 Zhonghua Book Company published the Collection of Three Cao Materials, which selected and recorded the materials about Cao Zhi and his poetry creation in past dynasties.
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Cao Zhi is the son of Cao Cao, the third son of Cao Cao. He was named King Chen, and the world called him King.
Cao Zhi is a very talented person. He likes literature since he was a child. When he was a teenager, he could read poetry and speak hundreds of thousands of words. When he was young, he was good at writing and literature, and he was the most talented of his brothers. So Cao Cao thought he was "the most important" and wanted to make him a prince several times. But because he "acts willfully, does not encourage himself, and drinks improperly" (Romance of the Three Kingdoms). Wang Zhi Biography of Chen Si) Cao Cao was dissatisfied and appointed xelloss as the prince.
Cao Zhi has doubts about Cao Pi. Xelloss has been persecuting him since he became emperor. He killed Rockett and Rockett, whom he trusted, and then used this as an excuse to demote his title. Then constantly change fiefs, closely monitor, forbid him to participate in government affairs, forbid him to associate with other princes. In the fourth year of Huang Chu, after Cao Zhang, the king of Rencheng (Cao Zhi's younger brother) died suddenly without cause, Cao Zhi became more nervous.
After Cao Pi's death, Ming Di Cao Rui, the son of Cao Pi, succeeded to the throne, and Cao Zhi was unwilling to live in seclusion. He volunteered to go on an expedition and wiped out "Shu who didn't listen to orders" in the west and "Wu who didn't obey orders" in the east, which aroused Cao Rui's suspicion and aggravated his persecution. Finally, he lived "unhappily" for another four years, and then died of grief at the age of 4 1.
Cao Zhi's poems can be divided into two periods, or three periods. The early stage was before Wendi ascended the throne, and the later stage was after Wendi ascended the throne. There are two periods to subdivide Wendi and Ming Di.
In the early stage, Cao Cao was loved by people, with lofty aspirations and relatively stable life. He talked about luxurious banquets and dramas, without a sad tone, and sometimes implied fables, such as "public banquet", "chicken fighting", "sitting with the king" and "long speech" At this time, the works are cheerful and heroic, but the content is not as profound as that in the later period. Poetry and wine, I am proud of my life. However, a few articles, such as History of Ying Ying, Mingdu and White Horse, are related to social reality. The most noteworthy is the first poem "Send to Ying Shi", in which the author describes the horror of Dong Zhuo's burning in Luoyang and the disaster brought by the war. Strong realism is the main feature of Jian 'an's poems.
Later, I was jealous of Wendi, and my brother and sister ate each other. So he talked a lot about the sadness of wandering immortals and concubines, and borrowed things to send feelings, such as "beauty." When Ming Di still can't stretch his ambition, he is getting older and older, and his poems are more tragic, such as "Song of Hatred" and "Journey". Cao Zhi expressed his uncompromising attitude, his pursuit of ideals and his grief and indignation in his poems. Poetry, even if it is about hating and thinking about women, is also about the alternation of monarch and minister through the abandonment of husband and wife, expressing their incompetence. For example, the theme of "Wandering Fairy" is not the pursuit of immortality, but the painful state of mind about not being able to fly with wings.
There is a comment in Zhong Rong's poem: "His character is extremely high, and his words are Hua Mao" can sum up his style.
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Cao Zhi (192 ~ 232) was a poet of Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. He Zijian is the third son of Cao Cao's wife Bian Shi. Cao Zhi has been brilliant since he was a child. 10 is over 0 years old. He read hundreds of thousands of words of poems, articles and words, and wrote a chapter, which won the favor of Cao Cao. Cao Cao once thought that Cao Zhi was the "most important" among the philosophers, and wanted to make him a prince several times. However, Cao Zhi's laissez-faire behavior and repeated violations of the law caused Cao Cao's anger, while his younger brother Cao Pi was quite hypocritical and finally made a fight.
In the twenty-two years of Jian 'an (2 17), it gradually gained the upper hand. In the twenty-fifth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao died of illness, and Cao Pi succeeded to Wei and soon proclaimed himself emperor. Cao Zhi's life has changed fundamentally since then. He has changed from a noble son who lives a leisurely life to the object of being restricted and attacked everywhere. In the seventh year of Huang Chu (226), Cao Pi died of illness, and Cao Rui succeeded to the throne, namely Wei Mingdi. Cao Rui still keeps strict precautions and restrictions on him, and the situation has not fundamentally improved. During the period of Ming Ming II 12, Cao Zhi moved several times, and the last fief was in Chen County, so it was called "Chen Wang" or "Chen Siwang". Poetry is the main field of Cao Zhi's literary activities. The content of the early stage and the later stage is very different. Early poems can be divided into two categories, one is to express the leisure life of his noble son, and the other is to reflect his feelings of the times when he was born in troubled times and grew up in the army. In his later poems, he mainly expressed his grief and indignation under repression, and expressed his desire not to be abandoned and his desire to make contributions to the world. There are more than 80 poems by Cao Zhi. Cao Zhi has many innovations and developments in the art of poetry. Especially in the creation of five-character poems. First of all, most of the ancient poems in Han Yuefu are narrative, and it was not until Nineteen Ancient Poems that lyric elements occupied an important position in the works. Cao Zhi developed this trend, organically combining lyric and narrative, so that the five-character poems can not only describe the complex changes of events. It can also express tortuous psychology.
Feeling greatly enriches its artistic function. As a master of Jian 'an literature, Cao Zhi had a great influence on later generations. In the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, he was promoted to the position of article model. Cao Zhi edited 78 selected works before his death. After Cao's death, he collected more than 100 works, including 30 volumes of Sui Shu Classics, 1 volume of Ode to Women, and 5 volumes of Painting Praise. But it was originally hidden in the late Northern Song Dynasty. Cao Zijian 10, a six-year edition of Jiading, Southern Song Dynasty, has 206 poems, poems and essays. The Ming Dynasty, Wang Shixian and Zhang Yan each carved Chen Ji, which was based on the Southern Song Dynasty. In the Qing Dynasty, Ding Yan's Comments on Cao Jiquan and Zhu's Textual Research on Cao Jikao were revised and revised in detail, and many missing sentences were added, which were two complete and precise works. Huang Jie has Cao Zijian's Poetry Talk, Cao Zhi's Poetry Talk in ancient times, and Zhao Youwen's Cao Zhi Collation today.
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Cao Zhi (192—232), Zi Zijian, brother of Cao Pi. He is the most famous writer in Jian 'an period, which is described in his poems? Outstanding figures in Jian 'an. At present, there are more than 80 works handed down, and there are more than 40 complete and incomplete poems and essays. Judging from these works, their achievements are indeed above those of ordinary writers in Jian 'an period.
Cao Zhi was proclaimed emperor by Cao Pi all his life? Bound, clearly divided? Before and after two periods. In the early stage, he won the appreciation and favor of Cao Cao with his talent, which was almost a success? Prince, satisfied; Later, Cao Pi and his son became emperors, because there was a dispute in the early stage? After a period of time, the prince was deeply suspicious of him and oppressed and persecuted him. Although he still lost his status as a prince, he was "depressed" and finally died in anger and anguish. This life experience has a profound influence on his creation.
Cao Zhi also lived a noble life in a relatively stable environment in his early days, but he was quite ambitious in fame and career. His lifelong passion is "serving the country faithfully, benefiting the people, making contributions through the ages, and opening the door with stones" (with Yang Dezu). Cao Cao's political ambition was to destroy the disobedient Shu in the west, the disobedient Wu in the east, and to "mix space and create harmony" (Seeking Self-test Table). One of the main contents of his poems is to express this ambition. "Autumn Record" said: "I am willing to show people with diligence and lose to Mingjun with weakness. With this Wang Zuocai, he is generous and unique. " In "Fake Dan Pian", the poet compares himself to? Honghu, compare a snob with a scheming villain? "I don't know anything about rivers and seas", but I am with a sparrow who swims with swans. All these show his pursuit of ideals and outstanding personality. However, due to the poet's different life circumstances in the early and late periods, the works expressing this content also have significant differences in artistic conception and style. Pre-White Horse? Representative, created an image of a patriotic brave with superb martial arts, eager to protect his family and career, and even willing to die heroically. Full of heroic and optimistic spirit: "Feathers come from the north and horses climb the levee. The dragon drove to the Huns, and the left looked around and led Xianbei. ..... died of national disaster and sudden death. " Then there was "Miscellaneous Poems"? Representative, but also shows the indignation that ambition can not be displayed. Such as "Miscellaneous Poems" the fifth song:
Servants and servants drive hard early, and we will travel far. Do you want to travel far away? Wu? I hate it. Will Wan Li be the best way, and East Road will be safe? There are many rivers in Hengtai, and the rivers are swift. I hope to have a light economy, but I don't have an ark! Seclusion is not my ambition, I am willing to worry about my country.
Cao Zhi was persecuted and suppressed in his later period. Shi Shuo Xin Yu contains the story that Cao Pi once ordered him to do seven steps? Poetry, if you fail, do Dafa. He wrote a poem: "Boil beans for soup, and use lobster sauce?" The juice is soaked in the kettle, and the beans are crying in the kettle. Born from the same root, it is urgent not to fry. "This legend can explain his situation well. This kind of situation and mood are mainly expressed in his later poems.
To Wang Biao, A White Horse is an important work of the poet in his later period. He wrote in Huang Chu for four years. The poets at that time, Cao Biao, the white horse king, and Cao Zhang, the king of Rencheng, all went to the imperial court. When Ren Cheng arrived in Beijing, he died inexplicably. What happened when the poet and the White Horse King returned to the fief? A split prevented him from going with him, so the poet "got angry and wrote this gift poem." The whole poem is divided into seven chapters, showing rich and complicated feelings. In the poem, such as "the owl honks its yoke, the wolf is on the road, the fly is black and white, and the relatives and friends are smart", denouncing the company that forced it to branch; "How to read the same life, gone forever. The lonely soul flies to the old domain, and the coffin is sent to the capital, which shows the deep condolences for Ren's sudden death. " Change is in the future, but who can keep it for a hundred years "also reveals the poet's precarious tension." Although this poem only expresses the poet's subjective feelings, it objectively reveals the cruelty of the ruling class and has profound ideological significance. The lyrical artistic level of this poem is also very high. The poet expresses his complex feelings step by step in the form of a scroll of text links, which is very hierarchical. In addition, although the poet's feelings are very sad, they are not directly poured out, but often passed? Things, write about scenery, or write in the form of mourning and encouragement. , make the feelings calm and rich.
Besides, his Xu Jie has been changed? Yu vividly described his life situation and the painful mood of "three disciples in eleven years", and "Orioles in Noda" showed his anger and resistance to persecution;
Tall trees are often hit by the wind, and the calm sea is also hit by the waves. If you don't have a sword in your hand, why make more friends? Didn't you see the poor oriole on the fence, running into the net to avoid the fierce harrier? The Luo family takes birds as their joy, while teenagers take birds as their sorrow; Draw the sword and close the net, and the yellowbird flies; Wings fly high into the sky, expressing gratitude to the rescued Eurasian Siskin.
The poet takes Luo Jia as the metaphor of the persecutor and sparrow as the metaphor of the victim, creating an image of a chivalrous teenager who helps the victims, which embodies the author's ideal and resistance. When Cao Pi ascended the throne, he took the initiative to remove Cao Zhi's wings and killed his friends Ding Yi and Ding Yi, which shows that this kind of poetry has a realistic background.
Cao Zhi's early poems mainly expressed his lofty aspirations, but rarely reflected social reality. Only the first poem "Farewell to a Friend" is related to the ruins of Luoyang where his friend lives. Later, due to the misfortune of my own life, I gradually realized the suffering of some lower-class people and wrote individual poems reflecting the sufferings of the people. For example, Fu Liangxing on Mount Tai depicts the poor life of people in coastal areas at that time:
Different in all directions, thousands of miles of wind and rain. The play is for people at the border, and grass is given. A wife is like an animal, whose behavior is blocked by the forest. When Chai Men is depressed, foxes and rabbits fly around my room.
The second poem of Miscellaneous Poems expresses sympathy for the "guests" who joined the army.
Cao Zhi also wrote many love poems, such as Seven Sorrow and Beauty. These poems are obviously different from those expressing feelings, and their feelings are sad and touching, much like lyric poems in ancient Chinese poetry at the end of Han Dynasty. "Seven Sorrow" is a kind of emotional appeal, especially Nineteen Ancient Poems. Some of these poems may have entrusted the poet's feelings of disharmony and lack of talent.
"Shi Pin" said that Cao Zhi's poems "have a high backbone and adopt Hua Mao's words", which can well summarize the artistic style of Cao Zhi's poems. Cao Zhi devoted his life to the pursuit of fame and ideals. After setbacks, his ambition never waned, but he became more angry. Therefore, his poems are full of pursuit and resistance, full of momentum and strength, forming a "very high backbone" side.
Among Jian 'an poets, Cao Zhi pays the most attention to artistic expression. Although his poems were born out of Han Yuefu, they also absorbed the achievements of ancient poems by literati at the end of Han Dynasty and created and developed them in art.. Jian 'an poetry came out of Yuefu and gradually became a literati, but it had obvious characteristics of literati poetry in Cao Zhi's hands. For example, "Beauty" imitates Shang Mo Sang by Han Yuefu, but its meticulous description and flowery words are quite different from Shang Mo Sang, which shows this tendency. Cao Zhi's efforts led to his "adopting Hua Mao Ci". His poems make good use of metaphors, which are not only abundant but also appropriate, and often use the whole article? Than, for example, with a teenager to rescue the victims, to stray life, to say that a woman has the talent to go back. His poems also pay attention to duality, exquisiteness and melody. Such as: "the moon is clear and the wind is clear, and the line is uneven. Qiu Lan Wavelength Osaka, Zhu Hua Donkey Pool. Divers jump clear waves, good birds sing high branches ",which is a triple duality in a row, especially the latter two?" Clean and tidy. The words "Bei" and "Mao" show the author's ingenuity in choosing words. Some of his poems have been integrated with the level of metrical poems and are full of musicality. Besides, Cao Zhi's poetry is also a good beginning and a good end, okay? The epigrams, such as "I hate many trees in Taiwan, and the waves rise in the sea" and "The wind blows in the daytime and the scenery flows west", all add color to the whole poem, either at the beginning or in the text. Cao Zhi's achievements in this respect have improved the artistry of poetry and opened up the atmosphere of engraving words.
Cao Zhi's Ci and Fu are also lyric poems. Luo Shen Fu is the representative work of his Fu. This poem was influenced by the goddess Fu. It casts a mythical theme and describes the tragedy of a person falling in love with God through a dreamland. In Fu, a lot of space is used to describe the appearance, posture and clothing of the goddess Luo, and then the poet's love and emotion for Luo is written: "So Luo is out of thin air, wandering around, the magic lamp is flickering, and it is cloudy and sunny. To stand out, it is not enough to have a body. The practice of pepper coating is very fierce, and the steps are fine and fragrant. Forever is admirable, and the voice is sad. "Through the description of these actions, Luo Shen's affectionate character is also very prominent. Finally, I wrote that because "the way of man and god is different", Luo Shen gave away with hatred and was frustrated with the poet, with a strong tragic atmosphere. This poem is rich in imagination, exquisite in description, beautiful in words, lyrical and mythical, and extremely artistic.
Among Cao Zhi's articles, The Book with Wu Ji and The Book with Yang Dezu are two famous prose works. The latter shows his arms directly, taunts people when playing, and his writing is sharp and concise, which can also show his high self-esteem character. In addition, his "Seeking Self-Test Table" and "Seeking Communication Kiss Table" are two articles with extremely heavy elements. However, they all have certain contents, and in form, antithetical parallel prose is often three-character, four-character, five-character and six-character alternating, and it does not exclude scattered sentences, so it is patchy, neat and not weak, which is very different from many formalistic parallel prose later. Especially in the previous article, the poet's desire to use the world is permeated between the lines.
Jian 'an literature occupies an important position in the history of China literature. It is very rare for a period of literature to form a tradition and be accepted. When Zhong Rong opposed the poetic style of formalism after Jin Dynasty, he once lamented that "the wind of Jian 'an is exhausted"! Chen Ziang, a poet in the early Tang Dynasty, also held high the banner of "the character of Han and Wei dynasties" when he carried out poetry innovation, which shows that the tradition of "Jian 'an character" has a far-reaching influence on later literature!