A-a，B-b，C-c，D-d，E-e，F-f，G-g，H-h，I-i，J-j，K-k，L-l，M-m，N-n，O-o，P-p，Q-q，R-r，S-s，T-t，U-u，V-v，W-w，X-x，Y-y，Z-z .

Pinyin letters:

Pinyin pronunciation method:

Answer: When pronouncing, the lips naturally open, the tongue is flat, the middle part of the tongue is slightly lifted, and the vocal cords vibrate. ?

O: When pronouncing, the lips are round, slightly warped, the tongue retracts, the back of the tongue is upturned, the tongue is centered, and the vocal cords vibrate.

E: When pronouncing, the mouth is half open, the tongue is backward, the corners of the mouth are flat to both sides, and the vocal cords vibrate.

I: When pronouncing, the mouth is slightly flat, the tip of the tongue presses down the gums, the tongue surface is raised, and it clings to the upper hard palate, and the vocal cords vibrate.

U: When pronouncing, the lips are round, protruding into small holes, the back of the tongue is raised, and the vocal cords vibrate.

ü: When pronouncing, the lips are round and tight, the tip of the tongue is close to the lower gum, the front of the tongue protrudes, and the vocal cords vibrate.

B: When you pronounce, your lips are closed, which hinders the airflow. Then you suddenly let go of your lips and let the airflow rush out. The pronunciation is light and short.

P: when you pronounce, your lips are closed, which hinders the airflow, and then you suddenly let go of your lips, and the airflow bursts into sound.

M: When pronouncing, the lips are closed, the tongue is retracted, air flows out of the nasal cavity, the mouth is opened, and the vocal cords vibrate.

F: When pronouncing, the upper teeth contact with the lower lip to form a narrow gap, from which air is squeezed out and rubbed into sound.

D: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gum, and then the airflow is suddenly released, and the airflow is ejected from the mouth, breaking into sounds.

T: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gums, and after holding your breath, you suddenly leave, and air is ejected from your mouth.

N: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gum, and the airflow passes through the nasal cavity, at the same time, the obstruction of the tip of the tongue is pushed away, and the vocal cords vibrate.

L: When pronouncing, the lips are slightly open, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gum, the vocal cords vibrate, and air flows out from both sides of the tip of the tongue.

G: When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue root presses on the soft palate, blocking the airflow, making the airflow break through the obstruction of the tongue root and break the sound.

K: When pronouncing, the front part of the tongue root is close to the upper soft palate, blocking the airflow, so that the airflow breaks through the obstruction of the tongue root and produces a sound.

H: When pronouncing, the root of the tongue is raised and clings to the soft palate, forming a narrow gap, through which air flows out and rubs into sounds.

J: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the lower incisors, and the front of the tongue is close to the hard palate. Air rushes out of the narrow gap and rubs into sounds.

Q: When pronouncing, the front of the tongue is attached to the hard palate, and the airflow breaks through the obstacle of the root of the tongue and rubs into a sound.

X: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the lower incisors, and the front of the tongue is raised close to the hard palate, forming a narrow gap, from which air flows out and rubs into sounds.

Zhang: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue sticks up against the front of the hard palate, and a weak airflow pushes the tip of the tongue away, squeezing it out of the seam and rubbing it into a sound.

Ch: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue leans up against the front of the hard palate, and a strong airflow pushes the tip of the tongue away, squeezing it out of the seam and rubbing it into sound.

Sh: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue sticks up and clings to the front of the hard palate, leaving a narrow gap, from which air is squeezed out and rubbed into sound.

R: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is upturned and clings to the front of the hard palate, leaving a narrow gap. When the throat is pronounced hard, the airflow is squeezed out from the narrow gap, and the vocal cords vibrate.

Z: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the back of the upper incisors to block the airflow, so that the weaker airflow can break through the obstruction of the tip of the tongue, squeeze out from the narrow gap and rub into sound.

C: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the back of the upper incisors to block the airflow, so that the strong airflow is squeezed out of the seam and rubbed into sound.

S: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue clings to the back of the upper incisor, leaving a narrow gap, and the airflow is squeezed out from the narrow gap of the tip of the tongue and rubbed into sound.

Y: When pronouncing, the mouth is slightly flat, the tip of the tongue presses down the gums, the tongue surface is raised, and it clings to the upper hard palate, and the vocal cords vibrate.

W: When pronouncing, the lips are round, protruding into small holes, the back of the tongue is raised, and the vocal cords vibrate.

Ai: When pronouncing, pronounce A first, then slide to I, with uninterrupted airflow and short pronunciation.

Ei: When pronouncing, pronounce E first, then slide to I, the airflow will not be interrupted, and the corners of the mouth will spread to both sides.

Ui: The pronunciation of U is light and short, and then it slides to ei, and the mouth shape changes from round to flat.

Ao: when pronouncing, pronounce A first, then retract the tip of the tongue, lift the base of the tongue up, wrap around the mouth and gently slide to O.

O: When pronouncing, the O sound is pronounced first, the lips gradually converge, the base of the tongue rises, and the mouth shape changes from a big circle to a small circle.

Iu: pronounce I first, then slide to ou, and the mouth shape changes from flat to round.

Ie: When pronouncing, pronounce I first, then E, and the airflow will not be interrupted.

Yue: pronounce Yu first, then slide to e, and the mouth shape changes from round to flat.

Er: When pronouncing, the tongue sounds e in the middle, then the tip of the tongue rolls up to the hard palate, and the two letters are pronounced at the same time.

An: When pronouncing, pronounce A first, then the tip of the tongue is gradually raised and pressed against the upper gum to pronounce N.

En: When pronouncing, e is pronounced first, then the tongue surface is raised, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the upper gum, and air flows out of the nasal cavity, making n sounds.

In: when pronouncing, I is pronounced first, then the tip of the tongue is pressed against the back of the lower incisor, and the tongue surface gradually reaches the hard palate, and the air flows out of the nasal cavity, making N sounds.

Un: When pronouncing, pronounce U first, then the tip of the tongue touches the upper gum, then pronounce N, and air flows out of the nasal cavity.

Yun: When pronouncing, pronounce Yu first, then lift your tongue against the upper gum, and air will leak out of the nasal cavity and pronounce N.

Ang: Pronunciation starts with a sound, then the root of the tongue presses on the upper soft palate, air flows out of the nasal cavity, and then it sounds ng with nasal sounds.

Eng: When pronouncing, pronounce e first, then the tip of the tongue touches the lower gum, the base of the tongue retracts against the soft palate to pronounce ng, and the airflow is exhausted from the nasal cavity.

Ing: When pronouncing, the tip of the tongue touches the gum, the tongue surface protrudes to the hard palate, and the nasal cavity sounds * * *.

Ong: pronounce O first, then the base of the tongue retracts against the soft palate, the tongue surface is convex, the lips are round, and the nasal cavity is * * *.

Extended data:

The development history of Chinese Pinyin;

19 13 years, after the Revolution of 1911, the National Government established the Changming Education Phonetic Unity Association and formulated the phonetic symbol scheme. 1926, the Preparatory Committee for the Unification of Putonghua published the French Pinyin of Roman Characters in Putonghua.

193 1 year, the first congress of China neologism was held in Vladivostok, which produced Latin neologism in the north. In many programs, the Athena Chu alphabet is adopted in most social fields.

After 1949, China established an independent writing reform committee to continue the modernization of Chinese. 1952, the Committee decided to use Latin letters instead of Cyrillic letters (Russian letters) to mark Chinese pronunciation.

1955 to 1957 The Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Draft) was adopted on the basis of discussing various proposals and soliciting opinions from the whole country.

From 65438 to 0958, the Fifth Session of the First National People's Congress officially approved the Chinese Pinyin Scheme. This is a summary of the Chinese Pinyin movement for more than 300 years, and the labeling norms of Chinese pronunciation have been unified throughout the country. In the autumn of the same year, the national primary school classroom teaching materials began to study the scheme of using Chinese Pinyin.

The scheme of Chinese Pinyin not only has a far-reaching impact on the people of China, but also has been widely recognized and used by the international community. Since Jiazi, Chinese Pinyin has played an important role in helping Chinese characters to read, popularizing Putonghua, learning Chinese as a foreign language, and indexing documents.

The application of Chinese pinyin in information technology;

In the information society, Hanyu Pinyin also provides strong support for the inheritance and dissemination of China's language and culture. "The meaning of informatization is mainly information coding and information interaction.

In modern society, Chinese should not only accept foreign words, but also enter the international community, especially the names of people, places, institutions and things in China.

In this case, the use of Latin letters in Chinese Pinyin shows great advantages. In addition, with the popularity of computers and the Internet, the Chinese character input method based on Chinese Pinyin has been widely used because of its convenience and easy learning, which has played an important role in the smooth realization of culture in computers.

Nowadays, hanyu pinyin has been extended from "the key to domestic culture" to "the bridge to international culture". "Chinese characters are ideograms, and foreigners can't get pronunciation directly from their glyphs, so pinyin is generally used in the primary stage to help Chinese beginners get started quickly.

Zhou Enlai said in the report "The Task of Current Chinese Character Reform": "The scheme of Chinese Pinyin published now is developed on the basis of previous orthography, anti-tangency and various pinyin schemes.

As far as the adoption of Latin letters is concerned, its historical origin can be traced back to more than 350 years ago. Recently, it can be said that the experience of China people in creating Chinese Pinyin schemes in the past 60 years has been summarized.

This scheme is indeed more perfect than the phonetic symbols of various Latin letters that have existed in history and are still in use at present. "

The scheme of Chinese Pinyin has the following characteristics:

1, only 26 letters are used internationally, and no new letters are added;

2. Try not to use additional symbols (only use two additional symbols);

3. Try not to change reading;

4. Use Y, W and sound insulation symbol "'"for sound insulation;

5. Use four double letters ZH, CH, SH, NG;

6. Four tone symbols are used to represent four tone categories: flat, rising, rising and falling;

7. Use the common alphabetical order of Latin letters to determine the names of Chinese phonetic letters.

Since the scheme of Chinese Pinyin was formulated, it has been rapidly popularized and applied. There are mainly the following aspects.

1, used for phonetic notation of Chinese characters: Since the autumn of 1958, Chinese pinyin has been used for phonetic notation in primary school textbooks nationwide, and later in middle school textbooks, dictionaries, dictionaries, popular books and literacy textbooks.

People's Daily, etc. Annotate difficult words with Chinese Pinyin. 1958 10 the central administration for industry and commerce and the China language and writing reform commission jointly issued a notice, requiring all kinds of trademark designs and commodity packages to be marked with hanyu pinyin letters.

The names of post offices, railway stations, weather stations and city streets are also marked in Chinese Pinyin.

1June 9, 982, the National Bureau of Standards issued the national standard "Chinese Spelling of Chinese Books and Periodicals", which stipulated that Chinese books and periodicals published in China should be marked with Chinese phonetic titles and titles on the front cover, front cover, back cover or copyright page.

2. Used in Putonghua teaching: After the publication of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme, Putonghua textbooks, reading materials, word lists, dictionaries and dictionaries written in Chinese Pinyin came out one after another, which promoted the popularization of Putonghua.

In teaching Chinese as a foreign language, the scheme of Chinese Pinyin has become an indispensable tool for foreigners to learn Chinese in an all-round way.

3, used for dictionaries, dictionaries, phonetic notation, sorting, book index. The 75-volume Encyclopedia of China is sorted by Chinese Pinyin, and every entry in the article is marked with Chinese Pinyin.

4. As the same basis for the creation and reform of minority languages in China. In China, the Zhuang, Miao, Dong, Hani, Lisu, Wa, Li, Naxi, Tu and other ethnic minorities all adopt letter forms consistent with Chinese Pinyin.

5. Used in areas where Chinese characters are inconvenient or unusable: The Chinese Pinyin scheme provides a foundation for Braille and sign language for the deaf.

Hanyu Pinyin can also be used for flag communication and lighting communication, and information is transmitted through flag signals or lighting symbols corresponding to Chinese Pinyin letters. Pinyin input method is one of the most popular input methods in computer Chinese character input.

From 65438 to 0977, the United Nations Conference on Standardization of Geographical Names decided to adopt the Chinese Pinyin Scheme as the international standard for spelling geographical names in China. 1978 In September, the State Council forwarded the Report on Using Hanyu Pinyin Scheme as the Unified Spelling Standard for Roman Alphabet of Geographical Names in China.

1 982 On August/0/day, the Technical Committee for Documentation Work of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) decided to adopt Chinese Pinyin as the international standard for spelling China-specific words in world documentation work, and the standard number was ISO7098- 1982. The scheme of Chinese Pinyin has developed from China standard to international standard.

Chinese Pinyin is an auxiliary tool for spelling Chinese characters, not pinyin characters. People's Republic of China (PRC) officials have completely abandoned the Latin alphabet scheme, and Chinese Pinyin is only used for phonetic teaching.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-hanyu pinyin

References:

People's Network-Tracing the Source of Chinese Pinyin

References:

People's Network-hanyu pinyin: from history to the future, from China to the world.

References:

People's Network-Chinese Pinyin