1. 1 the origin of collective housing
At present, the origin of the conference house is not clear, but the history of living together is the history of the city, which can be traced back to 3000 BC. Judging from the archaeological achievements so far, it is known that the four-story building depicted in the four-dimensional murals of the Egyptian capital from BC 1580 to BC 1085 should be the earliest multi-story prefabricated house in the existing historical materials.
Early development 1.2 collective housing
Collective housing in Europe has a long history, and its popularity began in ancient Rome. Among the excavated ruins of the ancient city, Ostia is a well-preserved relic, with dense urban residential areas, including many collective houses, which are five stories high and have a neighborhood shape from small to large, that is, built along the surrounding roads and around the atrium, but the habitability is not very high. 1952 After Marseille Apartment came out as a model of collective housing, European, American and Asian countries, led by new york, began to build a large number of collective housing.
2. Development of planning and design of collective housing in Japan
2. 1 first stage large-scale construction (1950 ~ 1970)
2. 1. 1 residential center city
In 1960s and 1970s, Japan launched a large-scale collective land development movement. Li Qian New Town, which was first developed, is located in the suburb of Osaka. It has railway lines and Shinkansen, and can exchange needed goods with Osaka. There are parks, sewage treatment centers, universities, hospitals and other facilities. Taking the planning of British new town as an example, the new town is planned according to the theory of adjacent residential areas and the theory of separation of people and vehicles, and the first residential-centered city in Japan is realized.
2. 1.2 urban central collective housing
After the 1960s, the development of rented housing in the urban center gradually replaced the development of suburban housing in the development location of collective housing. In the form of life, from a single type of family as the basic unit to a diversified form of living, people pay more attention to the function of the house itself and the services it can provide, rather than the size of the house. The demand for collective housing that can provide diversified services will increase. With the redevelopment of urban centers, there are more and more urban center-type collective houses, and there are low-rise high-density, high-quality, multi-functional and diversified collective houses.
2. 1.3 Colorful collective housing
Since 1980s, people have reflected and discussed the monotonous, huge and repetitive urban living space caused by large-scale, economical and rapid postwar collective housing. With the end of the period of high economic growth, great changes have taken place in the housing itself. The housing design pays more attention to the diversity of values and life forms, and the collective housing has also become colorful.
2.2 in the second stage, diversification is the urban construction period (1970 ~ 1990). In the assembled residence of Tama New Town in Tokyo, the variable space with uncertain function is added on the basis of the original ordinary residence for the first time. According to the different needs of residents, some solar houses are used as supplements and extensions of living room space; Some spaces are independent of the residents, and their functions are decided by the residents themselves. After a period of experimentation and exploration, residents can make use of them. It is an attempt to humanize and develop individuality in the design of collective housing to make squares, streets and the whole collective housing vivid.
2.3 The construction period of solving the comprehensive human settlement environment problem in the third stage (1990 till now)
Since the 20th century, in order to realize permanent residence, people have put forward future-oriented topics: to build a living environment from the perspective of protecting the earth's environment, to build design principles based on local customs, climate, resources and materials, and to focus on solving the increasingly serious environmental problems and aging problems.
2.3. 1 Solve the aging problem
Aging is one of the biggest social problems in Japan. It is necessary to develop housing suitable for the elderly. Let the elderly take care of themselves in daily life, and consider whether the elderly and the disabled can live a healthy and independent life from the social point of view, which is a new problem faced by housing construction. At present, through the existence of barrier-free elderly housing, nursing elderly housing and second-generation housing in the community, a living community for the elderly has been formed to meet the basic needs of all kinds of elderly people.
2.3.2 Solving environmental problems
In terms of environmental problems in the design and construction of collective housing, the first is the protection and regeneration of urban natural environment; Second, the energy conservation of cities and living environment; The third is to effectively use resources and reduce waste. In recent years, due to the high-density use of land, the greening rate is declining, so the greening of residential areas has been recognized as an indispensable performance of life. Japan's Ministry of Construction actively advocates this concept and strives to achieve two basic goals: first, to protect the earth's environment and save resources; Second, the harmony between nature and artificial environment creates a comfortable and healthy life.
3 avant-garde theoretical discussion and attempt of Japanese collective housing design
In the first half of the 20th century, under the background of a large number of urban housing shortages, architects from all over the world initially explored how to standardize the residential plane. Independent housing and collective housing are confused, namely, independent housing and collective housing together. This kind of nLDK residence has become synonymous with rigid residence. In the new century, the provision of collective housing as a commodity is very different from that of 50 years ago, and the standard family is shrinking in all senses. Under this trend, Japanese architects put forward many non-core family models, and the theoretical research of collective housing has made new progress.
3. 1 Study the relationship between individual and set
Different from public facilities, collective housing can organize the whole organically according to the internal functional relationship. Collective housing must be based on a good balance between public and private. Therefore, the research direction of collective housing is the relationship between collection and individual, and it is the study of individual diversity. It is necessary to design a scheme in which most individuals and groups are established at the same time. Individual's free life, collective's constrained and orderly life, and the relationship between large collective and free individual.
Collective housing is a collection of family-specific housing. Residential buildings are considered to be the places with the highest private density. However, the internal privacy of Japanese houses is very poor, especially in sound insulation. Some scholars believe that the expansion of Japanese privacy after World War II may be related to the emergence of concrete collective housing. The scale of collective housing has changed the traditional way of neighborhood communication, protected the safety of housing and cultivated the sense of privacy, so housing has evolved in the sense of protecting privacy, but it is a cultural degradation in community communication.
3.2 nLDK design
The concept of "getting rid of nLDK" put forward in 2003 is a new suggestion of architectural environment. It breaks the fixed concept, gets rid of the shortcut of nLDK, and looks for carriers to meet the various requirements of residents to explore new spatial combinations. Buildings can accept different customers, and residents can change and adjust the space according to their own will and strength. In particular, there is no basis for restricting rental space. The clearer the architectural object is, the clearer the definition of architectural space is. If we strip off the superfluous things in the assembly room, we can see the limit conditions of living space. As far as life is concerned, the physical behavior places directly related to the most primitive instincts of human beings-cooking, excreting and bathing-are kitchen, toilet and bathroom. These basic facilities that support life are the boundary conditions that define space. The introduction of this idea can maximize the benefits in a limited area. The design is still simple, vivid, highly residential and personalized, seeking interesting expressions in materials and colors, and attaching importance to modifiability.
3.3 SOHO Enlightenment
In recent years, the classification of super commodities such as Soho (the composition of houses, shops and office space) by use is of little significance. The boundary between residence and office building has become blurred, and the definition and connotation of collective residence have also changed. From the perspective of architectural creation, this is a good phenomenon, which can increase more possibilities.
The office goes to the family, which marks the beginning of the opening of the family-specific residence to the society. Japanese architect Yamamoto Rixian put forward the concept of threshold, which is interpreted as a place for dialogue with the outside world and a continuous part with the outside street. It can be used as an office or a shop. According to the different uses of each house, the expressions given to the street will be very rich. The concept of threshold is different from the practice of restricting residential function aggregation in the 20th century, and it is a new urban residential planning method.
Characteristics and energy-saving design of Japanese collective housing
4. 1 Some characteristics of Japanese collective housing
(1) Prefabricated houses mostly adopt prefabricated frame construction method and box-type prefabricated frame construction method, and the interior walls are all light partition walls, all of which are designed in a modular way, and the space can be flexibly separated by gasoline according to the different needs of different households.
(2) The layout of small area and large depth is common in the design of collective housing. The total width of one-bedroom and two-bedroom rooms is generally between 4.5m and 6.6m, and that of three-bedroom rooms is about 8m, while the depth is between 1 1m~ 13m, which can effectively improve the floor area ratio.
(3) Bedrooms are arranged near the door of the house, basically facing north, not south.
(4) In order to improve the flexibility of space and the use efficiency of unit area, the bathroom space is located in the middle of the house, and the bathroom is subdivided into three relatively independent functional spaces, including washing and drying, bathroom and bathroom, with a large total area, which can be used by many people at the same time, and there is no need to set up another bathroom.
Because the Japanese eat less soot, they don't ask the kitchen to open the window. The kitchen can be set to be semi-open, and the location is more flexible.
⑥ The living room is located at the southernmost tip, which can form an open public space with the dining room kitchen.
⑦ Harmony Room, as a unique second living space in Japan, can be used as a continuation of traditional family life. Generally adjacent to the living room, separated by sliding doors, can be connected with the living room.
⑧ The storage space is diversified, such as wardrobe and shoe cabinets in the porch, mirror boxes in the bathroom, cabinets in the upper part of the bathroom, indoor push-in cabinets, fixed wardrobes, storage rooms in the corridor, and so on.
4.2 Energy-saving design of collective housing in Japan
The energy-saving design of collective housing in Japan is mainly reflected in four aspects.
4.2. 1 Improve air tightness.
Improving air tightness refers to minimizing the gaps between various components and building materials on walls, patios and floors, and minimizing the convection of cold and hot air indoors and outdoors. In the case of poor air tightness, even the use of thermal insulation materials can not achieve the effect of energy saving, but to improve air tightness, it is necessary to set up vents to ventilate the inside and outside of the building regularly.
4.2.2 Improve thermal insulation.
Improving thermal insulation means reducing indoor heat loss through thermal insulation materials, thermal insulation components and strict construction standards. At present, external wall thermal insulation is the most effective method to improve the thermal insulation performance of residential buildings. External thermal insulation is different from the traditional thermal insulation method. It completely covers the indoor space with thermal insulation materials, leaving no gaps, which plays the role of thermal insulation.
4.2.3 Multi-energy combination utilization
That is, in addition to ordinary power supply, solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, fuel cells and various waste heat can be used to reduce petrochemical energy consumption.
4.2.4 stereoscopic greening
Three-dimensional greening refers to increasing the green space of buildings as much as possible, absorbing solar heat through plants and reducing the surface temperature of buildings. There are many small roof gardens and hanging gardens in Tokyo. In the green roof building, planting techniques such as artificial soil, automatic irrigation device and control of plant height and root depth are adopted.
5 conclusion
The development of Japan's housing industrialization largely benefits from the development of housing industry groups. Of course, this also depends to a great extent on a large number of policies implemented by the Japanese government to promote the development of housing industrialization since World War II, and the effective promotion of standardized design since the establishment of Japanese housing enterprises from 65438 to 0955. The more important substantive reason behind it is the efficient use of limited land resources. The industrialized production mode of housing affects residents' choice of living mode from the perspective of consumption; From the production point of view, it has changed the operation mode of real estate development industry, and will also change the operation mode of real estate-related industries including building materials, construction and transportation.
Japan's collective housing has changed from focusing on efficiency to recognizing multi-value planning and design, and the planning object of collective housing has expanded from the residential level of Perry's neighborhood units to the street level.
There are many research topics and wide space for collective housing, and new possibilities can be explored and discovered from all angles. To develop strengths and avoid weaknesses, we should not only study how to get rid of its shackles, but also study how to make a big fuss about its advantages.
At present, there is a contradiction between the diversification of housing demand and the simplification of design techniques in China. This paper discusses the idea that Japan, which has a similar cultural background to China, adopts various forms and different functions to solve different housing needs. This paper tries to use this as a reference to let the architectural design circles in China know about the development and evolution of Japanese collective housing, learn from its experience, and provide us with a different idea and method from the previous research and design of residential diversification.
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