Feeling (classical Chinese)

Feeling: Also called "feeling". 1. means emotional anger. 2, feelings, sighs.

(1) "Historical Records Biography of Ji Bu and Luan Bu": "One husband, one wife and one concubine commit suicide with love, there must be courage, and their plans must not be heard again."

(2) Tang Hanyu's Preface to Sending Dong Shaonan: "Zhao Yan was called a sorrowful man in ancient times."

2, feelings, sighs.

① The ancient and modern novel Wu Baoan abandoned his family to redeem his friends: "Therefore, Tao Yuanming wanted to make friends, Ji Shu broke up at night, and Liu wrote the theory of breaking up widely, all of which expressed the feelings of the world, so it was the tan ear of anger."

② The fourth poem of Ning's "Yanjing Miscellaneous Poems": "Rivers and mountains are in the late autumn, and it is difficult to undercurrent." [ 1]

(3) Lao She's "Camel Xiangzi III": "The old man nodded again and again, as if he had infinite feelings and complaints."

(4) The Biography of Cui Xianchuan in the New Tang Dynasty: "There are lofty virtues and profound achievements. I swam to the end of Nanshan and whistled at the moon. I cried with emotion. "

Excerpted from Baidu Encyclopedia related entries.

2. What does classical Chinese mean? Classical Chinese is a kind of written language in China, which mainly includes the written language based on spoken language in the pre-Qin period. Commonly known as "yes." During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, no articles were invented to record characters, but bamboo slips, silks and other things were used to record characters, and silks were expensive, bamboo slips were huge and the number of words recorded was limited. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, unimportant words must be deleted. It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the earliest "compressed" format of written records in the world. Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.

Rules for Translation of Classical Chinese There are two main requirements for students to translate classical Chinese: correctness and fluency (namely, faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance). Correctness means that the original intention should be truthfully expressed in the content, and it should not be misinterpreted, omitted or excessively increased; Fluency means that the translation should conform to the grammatical habits of modern Chinese in expression. When translating ancient Chinese, we should follow two basic principles and master six operating methods.

One of the principles: words cannot be separated from sentences, and sentences cannot be separated from articles.

The words and expressions in the article are all in a specific language environment. In order to translate ancient words and sentences correctly, we must understand their language environment. For example, "A dog sits in front" and (Wolf), it seems that this sentence can be translated as "A dog sits in front", but it is related to "Two wolves on the road" and "When I was a child, a wolf came all the way ..." It can be seen that it is not a dog but another wolf sitting in front. "Dog" means "like a dog" and is used to modify the posture of "sitting". This example shows that the translation of ancient Chinese should first understand the main idea of the whole article, and then closely follow the requirements of "words cannot be separated from sentences, and sentences cannot be separated from the beginning" for detailed translation.

The second principle: literal translation is the mainstay, while free translation is the supplement.

Literal translation means translating word for word according to the original text, and also requires maintaining the sentence structure and tone of the original sentence. For example, "does it really not know horse evil?" I really don't know horses. " (Ma Shuo), the word "Qi" in the previous sentence should be translated as "Yao" to indicate rhetorical tone, and the word "Qi" in the latter sentence should be translated as "I'm afraid" to indicate speculative tone.

In translation, the meaning of some words is still unclear or even awkward after literal translation, which needs free translation to assist. For example, the literal translation of "living in the height of the temple" (the story of Yueyang Tower) is "living in the height of the ancestral temple and palace", the meaning of which is still unclear, and the free translation of "being an official in the court" can be adopted, which is easy to understand. Free translation is more flexible. After understanding the actual meaning of the original text, the translator can express it in his own language, so that deeper words can be translated easily and clearly, but only the general idea is not as good as literal translation, which is not suitable for middle school students who are gradually cultivating their ability to read ancient Chinese.

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3. What is the meaning of "so" in "so, so" in classical Chinese: so, so.

That's why we dare to dedicate it to you. ]

Song people may get jade, but rarely. Zi Han is suffering. The person who sent the jade said, "I want to show it to the jade people, who think it is precious, so they dare to send it." Zi Han said: "What I value is not greed; I regard jade as a treasure. If I cherish jade with me, I will lose my treasure. If people have their treasure. " He bowed his head and said to me, "I am a villain and I can't cross the country, so I beg for death." The son is rarely put in it, so that Yumin can attack it and recover after making a fortune.

A man has his wealth;

A man in the state of Song got a piece of jade and gave it to Han, but he didn't accept it. The jade giver said, "I showed it to the jade carver. People who carve jade think it is a treasure, so they dare to give it to you. " Zi Han said, "I regard the love of money as a treasure, and you regard jade as a treasure. If you give me jade, we will all lose our treasure. Why don't we each keep our own treasures? " The person who offered the jade bowed and said to him, "I dare not carry this jade out of the village." I will hand over this jade to avoid death. " Zi Han put this piece of jade in the village, let the jade carver carve it for him, and let him go back to his original place when he has money.

4. What does goodness mean in classical Chinese? Be good at shàn (knowing, speaking and talking from sheep). Sheep are a symbol of good luck. Good luck) 1. As lucky as the original meaning. -When people in Shuowen treat good days as bad days, they are better than bad days? -The Biography of Han Feng Yi is another example: good times (auspicious times); Good luck (good luck; Good omen); Good omen (good omen); Good day (auspicious day) 2. Good; Goodness [goodness] is the sacred goodness of mother. -Poetry, Li Feng, opening the wind is good, and morality is also built. -Guoyu is also the master of the country of good people today. -Zuo Zhuan, Xiang Gong for 30 years, so good generation of 91. -Lu Chunqiu, Long Feng. Note:-"The Warring States Policy Zhao Ce" gives another example: good wind (good atmosphere); Kind words (kind words; Say good things); Advantages (good method); Good horse (good horse); Good but few (good teenagers); Good play (Jia Sui. Metaphor is good in qualification and outstanding in talent. Kindness; Kindness [[good; Nice mouth] it is good to raise three virtues. -Left "Twelve Years of Gong" is not bad either. -The Analects of Confucius Bashu. Yellow book: "Good people don't do evil." Because of his kindness, he should repay his kindness. -Biography of Wu is also good (kind). Virtue (kindness, treating others with virtue); Good (or "good"); Smooth and smooth); Kindness (kindness); Eyebrows look good, eyes look good (face looks good); Good model, good appearance (good appearance); Kindness (good nature); Kindness and harmony (kindness and harmony) 4. Charity ["charity"] is only afraid of the bad benefits of others. A skill is easy to repair, and a skill is easy to do. -Tang Hanyu's "Original Extinction" is another example: good deeds; Charity; Good friends (Buddhists); Good faith (Buddhism calls people who believe in Buddhism); Good at winning (very kind; Charity believes in Buddhism); Shangen (Buddhist term. Refers to the root of human beings' ability to be good); Good church (formerly known as nursery, nursing home and other charitable organizations) 5. Show commitment. Yes, good [[good] Wang Dao: "good!" -Qi Ce, founder of the Warring States Policy: "Good?" -Biography of the Three Kingdoms and Zhuge Liang 6. [Cautious; Be careful; Be cautious [centered]. For example, good governance (appropriate policies and decrees); Good thinking (careful thinking); Good or bad (appropriate measures after things fail) 7. Smart, clever, good or closed, not picky and not open; A good knot and a cordless protocol can't be solved. -"Laozi" whistles for a good voice. -"On Balance and Meeting" is another example: a good hand (master, expert); Good worker (master) 8. Familiar, often seen or experienced, easy to identify [familiar], know its style, distinguish its order; Make good use of it, set its shape, then "tacit, beyond words." -Another example of Wang Fuzhi's Book of Changes is: being good and convenient (changeable, effortless and easy); Shancha (also known as "Shanjian 8") shà n dong 1. Be good at, be good at, have the talent or skill to do or handle sth well. -"Poetry Feng Weiqi is proud" is full of shit, friendly and soft, and friends will be ruined. -"The Analects of Confucius" Ji Qiushi is a good gamer. -Mencius Gao Zi Qin Shihuang cherished his skills in fighting and building. -historical records, biographies of assassins, Hangzhou has fruit sellers who are good at hiding oranges. -Liu Mingxi's "Orange Words" is another example: good forgiveness (good understanding; Be good at catering); Dan Danqing (good at painting); Good timing (good at timing); Soft (good at flattering); Good metaphor (good at teaching metaphor); Good at lending (good at giving); Good and deep (good at keeping silent); Good at induction (good at induction); Good family (good at trade and business); Good fortune (good at maintaining financial position); Good writing (good at writing); Good cultivation (good at education) II. Understand "repair" and repair [repair] Tibet. -"Zhuangzi Health Master" is far from good. -"Yi Jian Example". Note: "Good cultivation is also good. "Another example: a good knife (wipe a knife and put it away. Metaphorically speaking, it is to restrain one's talents. I will change evil. -Zuo Zhuan 4. I think being a good person [is considered good] [often] is disobedient to others, so it is not good for power. -Huayang Guozhi 5. Praise [praise] makes Confucius want to be nice to Yan Yuan. -Wang Chong's "On Balance" gives another example: kindness (kindness). Praise prayer (praise can be included in Song Yu's prayer); Be kind to others and learn from others (originally praised for its long history). Later, he was praised by others for abandoning evil and being good, learning from each other's strong points. 6. Friendly [Friendly] Yu Zong, an old heaped-up mountain and the nephew of Zuo Gong, is also very kind to this former gentleman, and speaks prison language close to Shi Gongyun. -Fang Qingbao's "Zuo Anecdote" is another example: being kind and being famous for treating people; Good things; Be beneficial to [good for] people; Advantages of gooddeed [day] save and care for the good. -Song Shen Guo "On Meng Xi" rewarded good people and spared no effort. -Han Feizi Youdu 1. I lent you a good loan, but I am not good at self-correction. I repeat my rumor that I will burn down your house and kill your family! -Gao Mingqi's "Shubo Chicken" Qin Wang will be happy and good when he sees the minister. -"The Warring States Policy Yance" 2. More; Often; Easy [complicated; Often; Yi [Xing] wind comes from the north, so you can't be willing to suffer. Doubt; Kindness is the secret of Chinese characters: kindness, two sheep's heads up and down, prosperity in the middle, and a mouth below. Sheep head means horn, sword, spear, martial arts, strength and pliancy, symbolizing leader, power and status, and the five elements belong to gold. Leaders must be as docile as sheep when exercising power to conform to the laws of the universe, otherwise, tyrants will be tyrannical. One vertical refers to the same and fundamental law that runs through heaven, earth and people and makes them all follow. Two fingers move in a circle and never stop. Therefore, the basic meaning of the word "goodness" is: heaven takes it as the head, people in heaven and earth keep it, and everything is always remembered. This is the fundamental law of the mighty and gentle universe. Okay, okay, okay.

5. Understanding of Classical Chinese 1. Analysis on the necessity of creating a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.

The new Chinese curriculum standard emphasizes: "Reading simple classical Chinese can help you understand the basic content with notes and reference books." It can be said that the new Chinese curriculum standard reduces the requirements for learning classical Chinese, and the items of the classical Chinese examination in the senior high school entrance examination are limited to textbooks. Theoretically, there should be a fairly ideal result, but the result is quite unexpected. The author investigated more than 50 Chinese teachers in middle schools, and found that in the process of classical Chinese teaching, most teachers pay great attention to sentence translation, memory and targeted exercises, and the teaching process is rigorous.

However, in the process of learning classical Chinese, most students think that the process of learning classical Chinese in this way is boring and inefficient, just like learning another foreign language. They even think that teaching classical Chinese well is teachers' wishful thinking, and students can only "roll with the punches". The reasons for the low learning efficiency of classical Chinese are: 1. Students leave the situation of understanding classical Chinese.

Classical Chinese is really not like modern Chinese, which makes students read fluently and understand the meaning. It is difficult for students to accept the complexity of translation, to understand the expression of stubborn teeth in classical Chinese and to understand the true and rich expression of ancient people's feelings.

For example, in Zou Ji satirizes the King of Qi, Zou Ji asks his wife, concubine and guests the same question: "Who am I, Xu Hongmei in the north of the city?" The wife said, "Your Majesty is very beautiful. How can Xu Can Palace compare with you?" The princess said, how can I compare with you? The guest said, "Xu Gong is not equal to your beauty." They replied with one voice, with the same meaning but different sentence patterns, and slightly changed words, but expressed different tones and different psychology of different characters.

When students understand the above content, they often start with words and sentence patterns, and then rush to answer the teacher's question "Why is the tone different?" Instead of experiencing it in a specific story situation. This understanding of classical Chinese is superficial, dull, vivid and not profound, and the mastery is hasty, hasty, unstable and firm.

2. Students leave the situation of using classical Chinese. Zhao Pu's Half Analects of Confucius Governing the World illustrates the importance of applying what you have learned.

However, in daily life, students' communication is not deliberately expressed in classical Chinese, and they think it is a rather pedantic performance. Kong Yiji's "Too much is too little, too much" is a proof. In the teaching class, our teachers may also ignore the particularity of the flexible use of classic sentences in different situations.

For example, teachers often describe it as a high-profile performance of the United States singing bad human rights at the United Nations, which is interpreted as ulterior motives. But at this time, "The Drunken Pavilion" should not be understood in this way.

In fact, the use of classical Chinese also requires students to have a certain cultural taste. Due to the limitation of students' cultural quality, students have a special liking for the emerging and simple network language, but ignore the use of classical Chinese.

3. Students leave the classical Chinese humanistic situation. Classical Chinese is rich in poetry and painting, exudes unique cultural charm and embodies profound national feelings.

However, students seem unable to understand the subtleties of classical Chinese. For example, in the article Born in Worry and Died in Happiness, students understand the important knowledge of "sense of worry" and "success in adversity". However, when asked about the modern significance of their sense of hardship and how to make themselves talents, students are at a loss.

The key lies in the lack of humanistic situation. The creation of humanistic situation in classical Chinese requires students to pay attention to contemporary social and cultural life, pay attention to the cultivation of their own quality, and strive to be well cultivated in the study of classical Chinese, improve their life quality and cultivate healthy personality.

For example, the creation of the humanistic situation of "anxiety consciousness" makes students worry about the war in peacetime, the environment of developing society, and the incurable diseases in a better life ... Let students learn from the broad mind of the ancients, shoulder the responsibility of inheriting excellent civilization, and establish a correct outlook on life and values. It can be seen that it is very necessary to create a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese.

2. Strategic thinking on creating a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese. Since learning classical Chinese requires a good situation and it is so important to create a good atmosphere for learning classical Chinese, we should think strategically.

1, intonation, irony and intonation is to ask students to read aloud, read correctly and fluently, visualize the language in cadence, beautify and deepen their emotions. Let the students immerse themselves in it, understand the taste of the article and gain something.

"Old books are never tired of reading, and children know themselves when they are familiar with them." "They are familiar with 300 Tang poems, and they can sing even if they can't write poems." This is a subtle presentation of chanting. For example, the repeated reading of "sending 900 people to guard Yuyang and stay in osawa Township" in Chen She Family is different from "sending 900 people to stay in osawa Township", which deeply understands the history of Qin Xing's corvee and people's garrison.

After Zou Ji satirized the King of Qi as a "capable minister", Qi Weiwang said "goodness". Concise and just right, it reflects Qi Weiwang's affirmation of Zou Ji and shows that he is an enterprising and enlightened monarch.

Therefore, when reading the word "goodness", we should read the majesty and wisdom in short notes and the heroic mind in high notes. Such a generation of wise men can be said to have both form and spirit to force Xiao. 2, taste perception, rebuilding the body's teaching of classical Chinese, Mr. Ye Shengtao believes: "When reciting, we should not only rationally understand what we have learned, but also sincerely experience it. Unconsciously, the content and truth become the readers' own things, which is the most precious realm. "

A good example is Tao Yuanming's reading, "appreciating anecdotes and analyzing doubts" and "the governor forgets to eat". When we recite Fan Zhongyan's great political ambition of "worrying about the world first, and enjoying the world later" in Yueyang Tower, we should realize the practical significance of "enjoying the world first and enjoying the world later".

When we sing the sacredness of "sacrifice one's life for righteousness" in "I want fish", we should feel the will of people with lofty ideals to sacrifice their lives for the country and go to disaster generously throughout the ages. Through the feeling of taste, let students have a cordial experience and make classical Chinese learning interesting; Students' unique aesthetic taste also makes the connotation of classical Chinese shine.

At the same time, students also internalized the excellent cultural essence, achieved perfection, and improved their cultural literacy to varying degrees. 3. Accumulate knowledge and apply it to Ouyang Xiu's poem: "Learning is accumulated in the heart, and it is better to use wood.

6. What is the charm of classical Chinese? Its charm lies in paying attention to allusions, antithesis, neat melody, separation of words and writing, and concise writing.

Today's classical Chinese is an article composed of an ancient written language in China, mainly including the written language based on spoken language in the pre-Qin period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were no articles for writing, but bamboo slips, silk books and other things were used to write. With the change of history and the evolution of spoken language, the difference between classical Chinese and spoken language has gradually expanded, and "classical Chinese" has become the exclusive language of scholars.

After the modification of literati in past dynasties, it became more and more flashy. Han Yu, a great writer in the Tang Dynasty, initiated the "ancient prose movement" and advocated returning to popular ancient prose. The classical Chinese in modern books are generally marked with punctuation marks in order to facilitate reading and understanding.

Extended data:

First of all, the word is ambiguous.

The usage of Chinese characters is extremely complicated, and a word often has multiple meanings and usages. Polysemy is very common in ancient Chinese and even modern Chinese. Polysemy is also a common problem in classical Chinese reading and examination. To grasp the ambiguity of a word, we should pay attention to its original meaning, extended meaning, figurative meaning and borrowed meaning.

Understanding the original meaning and extended meaning of a word is the basic way to master polysemy. The basic meaning of a word is called "original meaning" and the meaning derived from the original meaning is called extended meaning. In addition, figurative meaning is the meaning produced by analogy, and loanword meaning is the meaning formed by loanwords.

Second, the classical Chinese sentence patterns

Classical Chinese sentence patterns are basically the same as modern Chinese sentence patterns. It is divided into simple sentences and complex sentences, both of which have six major components: subject, predicate, object and definite complement. The word order of sentences is basically the same. Of course, there is still a difference between the two. When learning classical Chinese sentences, we should try our best to grasp the differences between classical Chinese sentences and modern Chinese sentences.

Although the sentence patterns of ancient Chinese and modern Chinese are basically the same, there are some special sentence patterns because some entity words in classical Chinese are different from those in modern Chinese.

If you want to learn classical Chinese well, understand the meaning of sentences correctly and understand the content of the article, you must master the special sentence patterns of classical Chinese. We often say that the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese are judgment sentences, ellipsis sentences, inversion sentences, passive sentences and fixed sentences.