The largest Shang Dynasty copper pot in China: Since five Shang Dynasty copper pots were discovered in the old granary of Ningxiang County in 1959, large copper pots have been unearthed in Ningxiang County, totaling 1 1 piece. Among them, the one found in 1983 weighs 220.76 kg, which is the largest copper osmium ever seen in Shang Dynasty in China. These bronze cymbals have obvious local characteristics, such as tall and heavy bodies, spiral wings, complex decorative patterns and special animal face patterns. Tested by the professor of Wuhan Conservatory of Music, the modern scale of each bronze ware is 1-3, which can be combined to play modern music. The chime of bronze cymbals is earlier than that of Zeng Houyi unearthed in Hubei 1000 years.
The earliest metal weighing currency in China was 1959. There are 224 small copper shafts unearthed in Huangcai, Ningxiang, which are all newly cast and have no traces of use. According to the inscription "There is a leftover axe" on the huge pier and the record of "Take an axe from it" by Coco, it is inferred that the axe should be used as capital. It can be seen that the "axe" once played the role of money, and the word "gold" was often cast on the "cloth money" of copper coins in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, probably from the golden word under the axe. It can be concluded that the bronze axe stored in Ningxiang Copper Kiln is a weighing currency. This is the earliest metal currency discovered in China so far.
The earliest iron castings in the world, the iron concave hoe found in the filling of Chu Tomb No.314 in Zhiziling, Changsha in the late Spring and Autumn Period and the iron tripod unearthed in Tomb No.5 in Yaoling, Changsha in the late Spring and Autumn Period (about 6th and 7th centuries BC), are the earliest iron castings found in China so far, and the metallographic examination was carried out by Rong's white iron organization. The discovery of this kind of cast iron greatly promoted the invention of China cast iron, which was 2 100 years earlier than the use of cast iron in Europe.
The earliest steel product in China 1976, a steel sword was unearthed from No.65 Tomb in Yangjiashan, Changsha in the late Spring and Autumn Period. For a long time, it is generally believed that the piece of refined carbon steel first appeared in the mid-Warring States period, and the excavation of this steel sword pushed the appearance of carbon steel to the late Spring and Autumn Period, two or three hundred years earlier. According to metallographic examination, this sword contains 0.5% medium carbon steel, and the middle part is formed by repeated forging of 7-9 layers, which may be annealed at high temperature.
More than 1 10 pieces of colored glass (that is, ancient glass) walls, cans, rings, beads and pipes have been unearthed from more than 38 Chu tombs in Changsha, which is one of the earliest glass products in the world. Jade is milky white, light yellow, light green, dark green and other colors, translucent, decorated with patterns, some with checkered patterns on the reverse side and chord patterns on the inner or outer edge, which is extremely rare in China. According to the investigation, the glassware of Chu Tomb in Changsha belongs to lead-barium glass, which is quite different from the soda-lime glass in the west. This shows that glass was not invented by Xiwan alone, and Changsha was also one of the earliest areas where glass was invented.
The earliest silk paintings in China, 1949 "Dragon with Dragon" found in the Chu Tomb of Chenjiadashan, Changsha, and 1973 "Dragon with Dragon" found in the Chu Tomb of Marble Ku, Changsha, are the earliest two silk paintings found in China (2400 years ago). The characters in these two paintings are both tomb owners. The former is a lady's dragon and phoenix, and the latter is a middle-aged man, wearing a high crown and a sword at his waist, flying on the dragon boat with the reins in his hand, with the dragon head high, just like a picture of a dragon in heaven. Mr. Guo Moruo's title is the same as the cloud: "It's like San Lv's re-embodiment, the enterprise is proud of the crane, the ground is separated from the sword, and the crown of the cloud is towering."
China's earliest books were written on silk fabrics. 1942 The books unearthed from Chu Tomb in Changsha Ammunition Depot are the earliest precious books and materials of calligraphy and painting with brush and colored ink in China. This book is rectangular, 46 cm long and 38 cm wide. There are two paragraphs in the middle, ***948 words, surrounded by images and notes of sacred objects and trees depicted in three colors: Zhu, Jiang and Qing. Its excavation has attracted the attention of scholars at home and abroad, and annotators flock to it, which has become an important material for studying Chu characters.
The world's earliest brush 1954 A well-preserved brush was found in Chu Tomb No.5/KLOC-0 in Zuojiagongshan, Changsha. This is the oldest writing brush found in archaeology. This brush is sheathed in a bamboo tube pen container. The length of the pen holder is 18.5cm, the diameter is 0.4cm, and the hair length is 2.5cm. The hair of the pen is made of fine wool. The manufacturing method is to split one end of the pen into several pieces, clip bristles in the middle, wrap the outside with thin lines, and then paint and glue. The discovery of this writing brush broke the theory that Qin had no writing brush before.
China is the earliest place where gold currency circulates. Yingcheng, the gold coin of Chu, is the earliest gold coin in China. At present, although only one Chu gold coin has been found in Hunan, a large number of clay gold coins have been unearthed in Changsha, such as the "Ying 'ai" clay gold plate unearthed from Chu Tomb No.5 in Wulipai. A large number of weighing instruments, such as scales and weights, have been unearthed, reflecting the popularity of gold standard currency in Changsha. According to statistics, weights have been unearthed from more than 0/00 Chu tombs in Changsha/Kloc-0, and complete scales and weights have also been unearthed from Chu tombs in Zuojiagongshan 15, Changsha.
The World's Earliest Astronomical Works 1972 The silk book "Five Elements Zhan" and "Astronomy and Meteorology Miscellaneous Zhan" unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha are the first two astronomical monographs in the world. The former recorded the positions of five planets, namely gold, wood, water, fire and earth, running in the sky from 246 BC to 177 BC. It is calculated that the rendezvous period of Venus is 584.4 days, which is only 0.48 days longer than the observed value, and the sidereal period of Saturn is 30 years, which is only 0.54 years longer than the observed date. The latter gives 29 pictures of comets, drawing the nucleus, coma and tail. This rule was discovered nearly 180O years before Europe.
The earliest map of China The three maps unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb are the earliest map objects discovered in China so far. These maps depict the distribution of mountains, water systems, roads and cities in Xiaoshui River Basin at a scale of 65,438+0 inches to 65,438+00 miles. They overlap with modern maps, and the trend of mountains and rivers is basically the same, but there is no difference in some areas. Its "garrison map" is well deployed, the terrain is skillfully used, and all military factors are considered comprehensively, which is amazing.
There are 14 kinds of medical books unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in China, including silk book Moxibustion Sutra of Eleven Veins on Foot and Arm, Pulse Method, Waiting for Death of Yin and Yang Veins, Prescription for 52 Diseases, Prescription for Health Preservation, Prescription for Miscellaneous Therapy, Quegu Shi Qi, Bamboo Slips and Ten Questions.
The lightest plain yarn elastic garment and the earliest printed fabric in the world A plain yarn Zen garment unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb weighs only 49 grams, less than 1 ounce. It can be held with one hand, as thin as a cicada's wing, but the cicada's wing is stiff compared with it. Light as an egg curtain, but not as transparent as a Zen garment. In recent years, there have been many imitators at home and abroad, and they have made great efforts. At the same time, the silk unearthed in 17 is surrounded by colorful flowers. The printing technology adopts advanced blank printing and multi-plate printing technology. The gold and silver printed yarn unearthed this time is the first three sets of printed yarn discovered in China, and it is also the earliest color overprint object in the world.
Zhang Zhongjing, the earliest doctor in China, was the earliest doctor. In the middle of Jian 'an period of Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when the famous doctor Zhang Zhongjing was appointed as the magistrate of Changsha, the epidemic situation in Changsha was prevalent year after year. Zhang Taishou, who is known as the "Master of Classic Prescriptions", ignored his fame in order to save the people, and called himself a "doctor" to check the pulse of patients. He chooses to open the yamen on the first and fifteenth day of each month and sit in court to see the doctor for the people. Later, Chinese medicine followed Zhang Zhongjing's example, listed in front of the pharmacy to practice medicine and sat in the hospital to treat diseases. Since then, Chinese medicine has been called "sitting doctor", and the brand of Chinese medicine shop has also been called "Tang".
The earliest underglaze porcelain in the world was famous for inventing underglaze porcelain in Changsha kiln in Tang Dynasty, which represented the highest level of porcelain production in China at that time. Products sell well at home and abroad, so Tanzhou has become the starting point of the famous ceramic road. Changsha kiln site was discovered in Wazhaping near Tonggong in 1956, in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. Changsha Kiln made bold innovations with reference to celadon from Yue Kiln, and invented a new process of under-glaze color of celadon and hanging color in white porcelain glaze, which combined with traditional decorative techniques such as painting, engraving, printing, pasting and kneading, and formed its own unique artistic style.
Changsha Yuelu Academy, the earliest institution of higher learning in the world, was built in Kaibao, Song Taizu (AD 976). Today, Hunan University comes down in the same strain, so it is known as the Millennium University, which is nearly 100 years earlier than the earliest University of Bologna in Italy and nearly 200 years earlier than Oxford University in England. Song Zhenzong's inscription "Yuelu Academy" has made the academy famous. In the heyday of the Song Dynasty, there was a reputation of "300 Taoists and 1000 Disciples". Zhang Mushi and Zhu gave lectures here, which was the birthplace of Huxiang School. Since the late Ming Dynasty, Yuelu Academy has produced a large number of outstanding wizards such as Wang Fuzhi, Wei Yuan, Zeng Guofan and Zuo, and there are as many as 26 official biographies of teachers and students.
The earliest print advertisement and advertising text in China 1985 found two "ticket newspapers" in Tanzhou of Yuan Dynasty in Shuangqiao Yuan Tomb of Yuanling County. Ticket newspaper is today's poster. Unearthed printing advertisements are printed on yellow fringed paper, one foot square, and can also be used as wrapping paper. The text of the advertisement reads: "Fang Shengping, Tanzhou, opposite to Dani Temple in Baita Street, the dangerous house is extremely red and purple, with fine vermilion, splashing pearls and orpiment, and solid spoon ribs. Buyers please test the paint to see if the colors are different. Siyuan customers please recognize the red card at the door as a record. " This is the earliest printed advertising material and advertising text found in China so far.