I. Cultivation formula

1, cottonseed hull wheat bran formula: cottonseed hull 82%, wheat bran 15%, urea 1%, gypsum powder 1%, calcium superphosphate 1%, and feed-water ratio1.2 ~ 6544.

2. The formula of cottonseed hull corn flour: cottonseed hull 82%, wheat bran 1 1%, corncob 4%, phosphate fertilizer 1%, gypsum powder 2%, and the ratio of material to water 1.2 ~ 1.3.

3. The formula of cottonseed hull distiller's grains: cottonseed hull 40%, distiller's grains 38%, rice bran 20%, gypsum powder 1%, sucrose 1: 1.2 ~ 1.3.

4. Formula of corncob wheat bran: corncob 86%, wheat bran 1 1%, gypsum powder 2%, phosphate fertilizer 1%, and feed-water ratio 1: 1.2 ~ 1.3.

5. The formula of sawdust cottonseed hull: sawdust 42%, cottonseed hull 42%, wheat bran 14%, gypsum powder 1%, sucrose 1%, and feed-water ratio1:/kloc-0.2 ~/kloc-0.

6. Formula of corncob bean cake powder: corncob 88%, bean cake powder 10%, gypsum powder 1%, sucrose 1%, and material-water ratio1:1.

7. Formula of sawdust and wheat bran: 78% sawdust, 20% wheat bran, gypsum powder 1%, sucrose 1%, and material-water ratio 1: 1.2.

Second, the cultivation method

Because the growth and development of Hericium erinaceus need strict environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity, its cultivation site is limited. Hericium erinaceus should be cultivated in plastic greenhouses in northern China, and mushroom farmers can also use vegetable greenhouses, warehouses, caves, indoors and other places in winter. To build a plastic greenhouse, we should choose a place with flat terrain, close to water sources and clean environment. Greenhouse specifications: the east-west length is 20-25m (determined according to the cultivation scale), the north-south width is 8m, the north wall is 2.8m, and the south wall is 1.6m high ... The wall should be thick for insulation, and the south wall should be provided with windows every 3m for ventilation. Dig 0.5 meters under the ground in the shed, cover the roof with a non-dripping film to keep warm, and cultivate Hericium erinaceus.

1. In bottle cultivation, Hericium erinaceus is usually cultivated in a 750 ml strain bottle with a material weight of 2 10g. When the mushroom is produced, the bottle mouth is up or the bottle body is horizontal.

2. In bag culture, Hericium erinaceus is generally cultivated in polypropylene bags of 13cm× 27cm× 0.047cm, 17cm× 0.047cm and17cm× 40cm× 0.047cm. Bag culture of Hericium erinaceus is a major technical feature of Hericium erinaceus cultivation in Hebei Province. Hericium erinaceus cultivated in bags has high yield, good quality and long storage period.

Third, cultivation management.

(1) ingredients

Select materials and ingredients according to formula requirements.

1. Sun-drying: Before preparing the culture medium, all the main ingredients used should be sun-dried for 3-5 days. Achieve the purpose of sterilization.

2. Pre-wetting: Some raw materials, such as broken corncob, absorb water very slowly, so they should be packed in nylon woven bags, pressed into the pool and soaked before use. This work should be carried out 4 ~ 5 hours before boring piles.

3. Mixing: Add auxiliary materials (wheat bran, gypsum powder, phosphate fertilizer, corn flour, sucrose, etc.). ) before mixing in the cottonseed hull formula. The method comprises the following steps: uniformly stirring dry auxiliary materials such as wheat bran, corn flour, gypsum powder, phosphate fertilizer (crushed and sieved), bean cake powder and the like, and scattering on a main material pile; Then dissolve sucrose in a small amount of water, sprinkle it on the main material pile, and then stir it carefully. You can use a blender to stir, or you can use a shovel and rake to stir manually. Stir evenly and pile them up, and cover them with plastic film to prevent water loss. Stir quickly, preferably in the morning when the temperature is low, to prevent the culture material from turning sour. When the culture material is ready, the water content should be detected immediately. Grab a handful of the material by hand and drop one or two drops of water. Pre-moistened raw materials, add auxiliary materials after water control, stir evenly, pile up, and detect water content. The method is as above.

(2) bagging

Open the mouth of the plastic bag and stuff the material into the bag by hand. When charging13, lift the bag material, gently shake it on the ground, and press it down by hand to make it dense. Then, reload, shake and press again. After the bag is full, fill in the missing materials under the number of holes in the bag mouth, so that the bag materials are tight without gaps. Leave 6 cm at the mouth of the bag, or add a collar at the mouth of the bag to plug the cotton plug. 13cm× 27cm, 17cm× 37cm has one end open, and 17cm× 40cm has two ends open. When the amount of culture is large, mechanical bagging is generally used to shorten the bagging time, shorten the time from mixing to sterilization, and effectively prevent the spoilage of culture materials.

(3) disinfection

The bag can be sterilized by pressure cooker or ordinary pressure cooker. Its use method has been introduced before, and the precautions of atmospheric sterilization are emphasized here.

1. After the fashion bags are put into the oven, the materials should be put into the sterilization oven immediately and heated quickly to start sterilization. Prevent microorganisms from reproducing and decomposing substances, leading to rancidity. Especially in the hot season, we should pay more attention to this.

2. Reasonable stacking bags should be stacked in rows and discharged from bottom to top. There should be a certain gap between rows and between bags, so that the steam can flow smoothly from bottom to top, and the incomplete sterilization caused by local "dead corners" can be prevented. 3, control the temperature immediately after the storm into the bag. After SAIC, pay attention to deflation and discharge cold air. After exhausting air, the temperature of the kitchen should be raised to 100℃ as soon as possible, and it will last for 12 ~ 14 hours, without ceasing fire or adding cold water. Then simmer for 24 hours. In the process of sterilization, the temperature should not be high and low, so pay attention to the water level in the pot to avoid burning the pot dry.

(4) Inoculation

Aseptic inoculation is the most critical and technical work in Hericium erinaceus cultivation and production, which can be carried out in inoculation room or inoculation box. The operating procedures of the inoculation room are as follows:

1. Send the sterilization bag to the inoculation room and spray it with Kemeiling bactericide for disinfection. Inoculation can only be carried out after the temperature of the fungus bag is cooled to room temperature.

2. Before entering the inoculation room, the staff should wash their hands, put on sterilized white coats and hats, put on slippers and bring the strains into the inoculation room.

3. Before inoculation, the staff should use 70% ~ 75% alcohol cotton balls to disinfect the hands and the outer wall of the strain bottle, light the alcohol lamp, disinfect the inoculation tool with flame, open the strain bottle above the flame of the alcohol lamp, and remove the old hyphae. Open the bag mouth of the inoculation bag, quickly inoculate the strain to the bag mouth with an inoculation tool, and then seal it. Each bottle of strain can be connected to 30 ~ 35 bags.

(5) Fungal growth management is mycelium culture. After the fungus bag enters the culture room, under suitable conditions, the mycelium can grow full in about 25 days. In order to successfully complete spawning and lay a solid foundation for high yield and high quality, management should be strengthened from the following aspects:

1. Stacking of bacterial bags According to the natural temperature, determine the stacking method of bacterial bags after entering the culture room. When the temperature is high, the single layer is generally placed horizontally on the shelf, and there should be gaps between the bags. If there are many bacteria bags, they should also be discharged in double layers. When the temperature is low, it can be discharged in two or more layers. Be sure to master it flexibly according to the change of temperature.

2. Adjust the room temperature 1 ~ 4 days, and the room temperature should be adjusted to 24℃ ~ 26℃, so that the inoculated strains can colonize as soon as possible in the most suitable environment, generate advantages and reduce the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. From the fifth day, with the growth of mycelium, the temperature in the bag increased, which was about 2℃ higher than the room temperature. So the room temperature should be adjusted below 24℃. After the 16th day, during the vigorous metabolism period, the room temperature should be controlled at 20℃ ~ 23℃.

3. Control the humidity during the growth period of fungi (August-September). Mycelia is produced by moisture in the substrate without external water supply, so the relative humidity of indoor air can reach 60%. When it is rainy and humid, open the window for ventilation. But fungus should be kept away from light and ventilated at night. When the indoor air humidity is high, it often makes the cotton plug wet, which leads to the breeding of miscellaneous bacteria.

4, check the bag (bottle) bag into the culture room after 3 ~ 4 days, generally should not be turned. After 7 days, mycelium growth and contamination by miscellaneous bacteria were examined. Once the bag contaminated by miscellaneous bacteria is found, it should be taken out immediately, burned or buried deeply to prevent infection. (6) After more than 20 days of fungal culture, the mycelium reached physiological maturity, that is, from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, the growth and development of Hericium erinaceus began. At this time, we should strengthen management from the following aspects:

1, Hericium erinaceus mushroom shed commonly used mushroom shed opening, there are two kinds of indoor and plastic shed. Practice has proved that plastic greenhouse has better ecological conditions, faster growth and stronger mushrooms than indoor mushroom house, and can also avoid deformed mushrooms. The three-dimensional stacking height of mushroom bags with openings at both ends in the mushroom shed is 8 ~ 12 floors. Note that in order to prevent the mushroom bag from heating, put a layer of bamboo pole every two layers of mushroom bag to fix the mushroom bag. The bacteria bag has a collar. Pull out the cotton plug, or loosen the bag mouth and put on a collar with a diameter of 4 ~ 5 cm. An open mushroom bag enters the mushroom shed, with a height of 8 ~ 12 floors, and then it is opened. Three-dimensional head-to-head bacteria bottle is 8 ~ 12 high, and the cork is opened. Increase ventilation and promote the growth of primordia.

2. Adjust the temperature. After the mushroom bags enter the mushroom shed, the temperature should be adjusted to 14℃ ~ 20℃. Under the stimulation of suitable temperature, primordium forms rapidly, from primordium formation to harvest need 10 ~ 12 days. The temperature in the mushroom shed is lower than 65438 02℃, so it is not easy to form primordium, and the formed Hericium erinaceus is easy to turn red. When the temperature exceeds 23℃, the fruiting body grows slowly, the stalk grows, and the mushroom body forms cauliflower-like deformity. When the temperature exceeds 25℃, the fruiting body will shrink and die. Therefore, the key to the success of Hericium erinaceus cultivation is to adjust the temperature in the mushroom shed to 14℃ ~ 20℃.

3. Keep the humidity of the mushroom shed. After the mushroom bag enters the mushroom shed, it is necessary to spray water on the space and ground of the mushroom shed to make the relative humidity of the mushroom shed reach 85% ~ 90%, keep the material surface of the mushroom bag moist, ensure the formation of the original base and ensure the normal growth and development of the fruiting body. If the humidity in the mushroom shed is lower than 70%, the primordium is not easy to form and the differentiated primordium will stop growing. If the humidity in the mushroom shed is higher than 95% and the ventilation is poor, it will cause the growth of miscellaneous bacteria and the rot of fruiting bodies.

4. Ventilation When the mushroom bag enters the mushroom shed, pay attention to the ventilation of the mushroom shed to keep the air in the mushroom shed fresh. Deformed mushrooms will appear when there is little ventilation. Pay attention to the relationship between ventilation and moisture retention, spray water before ventilation, ensure the relative humidity of the air in the mushroom shed is 85% ~ 90%, and keep the air fresh to facilitate the normal growth and development of fruiting bodies.

5. Keep a certain illumination. In the process of fruiting body formation, growth and development, 200 ~ 400 lux of light is needed. If the light in the mushroom shed is too strong, the yellow quality of the mushroom body will decrease, which will affect the price. The light is too weak to form primordia or deformed mushrooms.

6. Harvesting Hericium erinaceus is to ensure the best conditions through the above management adjustment. Generally, it takes 65,438+00 ~ 65,438+02 days from the formation of primordia to the harvest. Hericium erinaceus fruiting body is mature: Hericium erinaceus fruiting body is white and has thorns on the surface, so it should be harvested in time before spores are ejected. Timely harvesting has the highest yield and the best quality. Harvest is too late, the thorns are too long, spores are distributed in large quantities, the fruiting body becomes loose, yellow and bitter, and the quality and edible value are reduced.

7. Hydrate and moisturize After the first mushroom harvest, clean up the mushrooms and debris left on the surface of the material. Stop spraying water for 3 ~ 4 days, pay attention to ventilation, so that the mycelium can get enough fresh air, and then replenish water. Pay attention to the management of temperature, humidity, ventilation and illumination, and three or four mushrooms can be produced, with a biological efficiency of 80% ~ 120%.