firebox
After the piston reaches the top dead center, the space between the piston top and the cylinder head, where the fuel burns.
Compression ratio
The total cylinder volume of the piston at the bottom dead center is divided by the total volume of the piston at the top dead center (combustion chamber volume), and the obtained value is called compression ratio.
connecting rod
Connecting rod connecting crankshaft and piston in engine.
Cooling system (cooling system)
A system that eliminates excess heat of the engine by circulating coolant to prevent overheating. In water-cooled engine, it includes water jacket, water pump, water tank and thermostat.
crank case
The lower part of the engine is where the crankshaft runs, including the lower part of the cylinder block and the oil pan.
boss rod
The main rotating parts of the engine, after installing the connecting rod, can undertake the up-and-down (reciprocating) motion of the connecting rod and become circular (rotating) motion.
Crankshaft transmission
Gear or key gear installed at the front end of crankshaft, usually used to replace camshaft gear, chain or toothed belt.
cylinder block
The basic structure of the engine, in which all engine parts are installed, including the engine cylinder and the upper half of the crankcase.
cylinder head
Engine cover and parts for closing steam gap, including water jacket, valve and radiator.
Explosion (detonation)
For the impact or explosion of flame, in the combustion chamber of spark ignition engine, the compressed air-fuel mixture will spontaneously ignite, and part of the unburned mixture will be re-ignited (after the spark plug is ignited), resulting in an explosion.
Replacement mint
In a certain cycle of engine operation, the ability to send all air and mixture into all cylinders also refers to the volume that the piston can discharge from one stroke to another.
Engine (engine)
A machine that can convert thermal energy into mechanical energy: a device that can burn fuel to produce mechanical energy; Sometimes it can be seen as an engine.
fan belt
Crankshaft-driven belts are mainly used to drive engine fans and water pumps.
Buoy oil level
The height of the oil level in the float chamber of the carburetor when the float floats against the needle valve and blocks the oil inlet, so that the oil cannot flow into the float chamber.
four cycle
Air intake, compression, power and exhaust. Four strokes make a complete cycle.
bed down the livestock
A material made of paper, rubber or copper, placed between two planes to strengthen the seal.
Gear lubricant (gear lubricant)
Oil for lubricating gears, usually SAE90 oil.
Thermal control valve
The thermostat in the engine exhaust manifold can guide the heat of exhaust gas into the intake manifold before the engine reaches the normal operating temperature.
Knock (knock)
The metal impact sound with the engine speed is usually caused by the looseness or wear of bearings.
Main bearing (main bearing)
A bearing that supports the crankshaft in an engine.
Pressure in pipeline
The pressure in the intake manifold when the turbocharger works.
manifold vacuum
Refers to the vacuum in the intake manifold, that is, the vacuum generated by the cylinder during the intake stroke.
food tray
Located in the lower part of the engine: the seal can be removed from the axle box as the shell of the oil storage tank.
Oil filter (oil filter)
A device that can filter dirt when oil passes through.
oil pump
In a lubrication system, a device that presses oil from the oil pan into the moving parts of an engine.
Sonic boom (Ping)
The knocking phenomenon caused by engine acceleration is caused by too much advance of ignition timing or too low octane number of fuel.
Piston (piston)
Movable parts installed in the cylinder can receive or transmit power when the pressure changes. As far as the engine is concerned, it refers to a circular component that slides up and down in the cylinder and forces the crankshaft to rotate with the help of a connecting rod.
Piston pin
A tubular metal block to which a piston or connecting rod can be connected.
Piston ring
There are two kinds of rings inserted into the piston groove: compression ring and oil ring. The compression ring can be used to seal the compressed air in the combustion chamber; The oil ring is used to scrape off the excess oil on the cylinder.
Pressure tank cover
The water tank cover with valve can keep the cooling system at a higher or more effective temperature under pressure.
Radiator; radiator
In the cooling system, a device that can remove hot air from the cooler, that is, a device that absorbs the overheated coolant of the engine and sends the low-temperature coolant to the engine.
Spark plug
It consists of two electrodes and an insulator, which can provide spark ignition for the engine steam box.
Discharge inspection
A method for quickly checking the ignition system. First, place the metal end of the high-voltage line 6mm close to the steam hood, and then start the engine to check the spark.
Supercharger (supercharger)
In the intake system of an engine, the pump pressurizes the incoming air or the air-fuel mixture ratio. This increases the amount of combustible fuel and improves the engine power.
Thermostat (thermostat)
It is an automatic temperature regulating device, which usually includes a temperature sensing element to open and close the flow of air, gas or liquid by expansion or contraction.
Turbocharger (turbocharger)
Superchargers driven by engine exhaust usually increase horsepower by 25~30%.
two-stroke cycle
In a two-stroke cycle engine, fuel enters, compresses, burns and discharges in sequence between two piston strokes.
Valve clearance
Clearance between rocker arm and top of valve stem of overhead camshaft engine. In a valve mechanism, the gap between closed valves.
Valve timing (valve timing)
Determine the opening or closing time of the valve according to the piston position.
air valve
The valve control mechanism of the engine includes parts from the camshaft to the valve.
vibration absorber
The device connected with the shock crankshaft is used to counteract the torsional vibration of the crankshaft (that is, the crankshaft is twisted due to the impact of cylinder ignition).
wastegate
The control device in the turbocharger can limit the pressure rise to avoid the damage of the engine and the pulley supercharger.
water jacket
Refers to the space between the cylinder block and the inner shell and outer shell of the cylinder head, in which the coolant circulates.
water pump
In the cooling system, the function of the water pump is to keep the coolant circulating between the engine water jacket and the water tank.
2. Drive line system
F.f. vehicle (front engine and front drive)
Refers to a front-wheel drive vehicle with a front engine. At present, this device is mostly used in cars. Its advantages are lighter acceleration transmission, better linearity when driving at high speed and larger interior space. Its disadvantages are that the front half of the vehicle is heavy, which increases the burden on the front wheel, and the left and right transmission shafts are easily damaged, which increases the maintenance cost.
F.R. vehicle (front engine and rear drive)
It means a vehicle with front engine and rear wheel drive. Its advantages are firm and durable transmission system, good climbing performance and low maintenance cost, but its disadvantages are small interior space and insufficient acceleration.
clutch system
It is a mechanism that transmits or cuts off the power from the engine, and is used to cut off the connection with the transmission mechanism to start the engine, or stop the engine in a rotating state, or change the gear of the transmission mechanism, or continue to clutch to slowly start the vehicle.
Flywheel (flywheel)
At one end of the crankshaft, the device is a heavy disc made of cast iron, which transfers the rotating force during the explosion stroke and is absorbed and stored by the flywheel for the next power stroke, so that the crankshaft can rotate smoothly. The outer ring gear can be used as a crank when the engine starts, and the back of the gear is in contact with the clutch plate, thus becoming a part of the clutch assembly.
Clutch disc, clutch)
As a medium to transfer engine power to gearbox.
Hydraulic clutch system (cable control system)
A special steel rope is used to connect the pedal and the release lever as a connecting rod mechanism for cutting or connecting.
Manual transmission (manual transmission)
The transmission mechanism that needs clutch operation can change the torque of the engine according to the change of vehicle running resistance, so that the vehicle can run normally.
Automatic transmission (automatic transmission)
There is no device for operating the clutch mechanism of the gearbox, and the operating mechanism has no selector, and there are marks such as P (parking), R (reversing), N (neutral), D (high speed) and L (low speed).
Speedometer drive
Every car must be equipped with an instrument indicating the number of revolutions of the axle, so that the driver can pay attention to the speed at any time. It is generally installed in the cab to display the situation, and the other end is connected with the output shaft of the gearbox.
Synchronous meshing transmission
Generally used for manual transmission. Before the gears are engaged, the two gears contact through the friction cone mechanism, so that the two gears rotate in unison before the gears are engaged. Synchronous meshing gearboxes usually have this device in first gear to second gear, second gear to third gear, or third gear to fourth gear, but there is no reverse gear.
Planetary gear system (planetary gear system)
It belongs to a gear set in an automatic gearbox, such as a gear formed by the movement of the solar system, and consists of a sun gear, a planetary gear, a gear ring and a planetary carrier. It is controlled by hydraulic pressure, and various reduction ratios can be obtained by selection.
Speeding (speeding)
A device that makes the output shaft of the gearbox rotate faster than the engine speed can reduce fuel consumption, noise and vibration. Commonly known as the O/D gear, that is, the fifth gear, this device is also installed in the automatic gearbox.
Differential (differential)
A gear device that transmits the rotating power of the propulsion shaft to the different rotational speeds required by the rear left and right wheels, so that the automobile can freely turn.
Universal joint (universal joint)
Power can be transmitted to two shafts at a certain angle, including two Y-yokes and a cross-shaped member called a cross-shaped frame.
expansion joint
The two shafts are connected with an outer bolt groove and an inner bolt groove. The bolt groove can not only make the two shafts rotate together, but also make the two shafts move along the axis to a limited extent, that is, to cope with the length change of the transmission shaft.
drive shaft
Fittings for circular objects that can be moved or rotated by connecting or assembling various fittings are generally made of alloy steel pipes with light weight and good torsion resistance.
four-wheel drive
Many cars and some trucks use four-wheel drive, that is to say. Engine power can be transmitted to four wheels, so the vehicle can travel off-road, climb steep slopes, and even travel on rough or muddy ground.
axle
It is mostly used in front-wheel drive cars, which can not only transmit the power of gearbox to the left and right front wheels, but also cooperate with the change of steering angle.
3. Brake system
Service braking system (service braking system)
The brakes commonly used when a car is running are all operated by feet, so it is also called foot brake. After the driver steps on the brake pedal, the braking force is transmitted to the brake device of the wheel through machinery or hydraulic pressure, resulting in friction.
Parking brake system (parking brake system)
Parking brake, also known as hand brake, is a braking device to prevent the vehicle from sliding when parking. Generally, there are two types: the intermediate braking type installed on the transmission shaft and the direct control rear wheel braking type.
Master cylinder and wheel cylinder.
The main supporting component of hydraulic brake has an oil tank for storing brake oil above it and a piston in the oil tank below it. The piston is acted by the brake pedal in the cylinder, and then by the push rod, which transmits the brake oil pressure in the cylinder to each wheel cylinder. It is also a hydraulic braking device and a brake cylinder arranged in each wheel.
dynamic brake
The engine vacuum and oil pressure are used to control the booster to supplement the braking force for braking.
Brake lining (brake)
Generally, the friction materials attached to the braking surface of brake shoes are fixed by rivets for large cars and pressed by adhesives for small cars.
brake shoe
Under the action of brake cam or push rod, the brake drum is pressed outwards, and the shape of the accessories with braking function is like a half moon.
Drum brake (drum brake)
It consists of brake base plate, brake cylinder, brake shoes and other related connecting rods, springs, pins and brake drums. At present, it is only commonly used for rear wheels.
Disc brake (disc brake)
Metal blocks (discs) are used instead of drums, and flat brake shoes are arranged on both sides of the brake disc. When the oil pressure of the brake master cylinder is transmitted to the oil cylinder, the brake shoe is stuck on the brake disc to achieve the braking effect. At present, it has been widely used in front wheels, and some limousines are equipped with four-wheel disc brakes. Its advantages are sensitive function, good heat dissipation, no need to adjust braking clearance and convenient maintenance.
brake fluid
The liquid used in hydraulic braking system is called brake oil, which must have no chemical action, be unaffected by high temperature, and have no corrosion, softening and expansion to metal and rubber. DOT3, DOT4 and DOD5 are currently used.
4. Rim, tire)
Wheel tread
Refers to the part of the tire tread that touches the ground. In order to prevent skid and dissipate heat, there are many patterns on the tire tread.
Tubeless tire (tubeless tire)
There is no inner tube in the tire, but the tire itself has an inner tube structure, and the tire is filled with air. At present, it has been widely used to replace wheels with inner tubes.
Tire inner tube
Made of high-quality rubber, filled with air to support the weight of the car, it is installed in the tire. At present, it is rarely used in cars, but it is still widely used in large vans.
tire size
The tire size is printed on the tire wall and can be expressed in two ways, such as 34*7 or 7.50-20. The former is a high-pressure tire and the latter is a low-pressure tire. In addition, there are many signs, such as D for light cars, F for medium-sized cars, G for standard cars and H, L and J for large luxury high-performance cars. If an R is printed on the sidewall, such as 175R 13, the tire is a radial tire with a width of 175mm(6.9 inches). When installed on a wheel with a rim diameter of 13 inch (330mm), the word radial is generally engraved.
wheel flange
The rims used by most vehicles are made of steel plates by pressing and welding, and now the rims are made of steel plates by pressing and welding. The outer ring of the existing rim is made very accurately to assemble the tubeless tire.
Aluminum alloy steel ring (aluminum ring)
Light weight, easy processing, integral casting, difficult deformation and diverse appearance. At present, it is widely used, and has the advantages of fuel saving, good thermal conductivity, uniform strength distribution and reducing rolling noise.
Wheel balance (wheel balance)
It is one of the inspection items of tires in front wheel alignment. If the tire is unbalanced, it will cause the vehicle to swing from side to side and jump up and down, and the steering wheel will also swing, making the driver's seat extremely uncomfortable. Heavy lead blocks must be hung on both sides of the steel ring to balance it.
Front wheel alignment
In order to facilitate operation and driving safety, the front wheel of an automobile is designed with five angles, namely, toe-in, camber, camber and front steering. In recent years, vehicles mostly use four-wheel independent suspension, and the rear wheels have toe-in and camber, which increases driving stability and comfort, so there is rear wheel positioning.
Side slip tester
When the car is driving 1 km, the meter that the car leans sideways, that is, m/km, is generally not more than 3-5m/km. The cause of vehicle sideslip is the result of poor adjustment of toe-in, camber and caster, so the monitoring station only needs to measure the sideslip value when doing vehicle safety inspection.
5. Automotive electrical system.
Starting motor (starting motor)
An electric motor that drives a gear to shake or start an engine.
Electromagnetic switch
A small switching device that is opened and closed by the movement of the electromagnetic coil core. Its core can also lead to mechanical actions, such as the meshing of the transmission pinion with the flywheel gear to activate the engine.
Halogen headlamp
A spotlight with halogen in the bulb is brighter than an ordinary headlight.
Fuel level indicator
It is divided into two parts: the meter body installed on the dashboard of the cab and the oil meter installed on the fuel tank.
oil pressure gauge
Known as the oil gauge, it indicates the oil pressure in the engine. As for the amount of oil in the oil pan, it needs to be measured by the dipstick next to the engine. Nowadays, most cars use warning lights instead of oil pressure gauges.
Compressor (compressor)
Components of the air conditioning system can detect the compression of coolant vapor to increase its pressure and temperature.
capacitor
The components of the air conditioning system can transfer the heat in the pipeline to the air near the pipeline in a fast way, and most cars are placed in front of the water tank.
Reservoir and dryer.
Installed between the condenser and the volatilizer, close to the condenser, for storing liquid refrigerant and absorbing moisture in the refrigerant.
Refrigerant (refrigerant)
In an air conditioning system, a substance that transfers heat through evaporation and condensation. Commonly known as freon.
Freezing oil
When performing air conditioning work, the lubricating oil of moving parts in the air conditioning system must be refilled.
Alternator (alternator)
In automobile electrical system, a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. Therefore, it can be charged to the storage battery and can supply power for various electrical appliances.
Regulator (regulator)
In the charging system, a device that can control the voltage output of the alternator to prevent the voltage from being too high.
Battery acid
Electrolyte used in batteries: It is a mixture of sulfuric acid and water.
battery voltage
According to the number of battery plates, each plate is 2.1v. Generally, 12V battery has six plates.
ignition coil
In the automobile ignition system, it can convert the battery voltage (12v) into the high voltage required for ignition and combustion of the spark plug.
Distributor (distributor)
The high and low voltage piezoelectric switching station of the ignition system can connect or disconnect the circuit leading to the ignition coil, and then distribute the generated high voltage to the spark plugs of each cylinder.
Ignition switch (ignition switch)
The switch of the ignition system (usually with a key) can freely connect or disconnect the main circuit of the ignition coil, and is also suitable for other electrical system circuits.
Spark plug
It consists of two electrodes and an insulator, which can provide the spark ignition gap of the engine cylinder.
Rotor (rotor)
The parts in the distributor rotate together with the shaft of the distributor, and the high-voltage electricity is sent to the spark plug with metal sheets.
6, Steering System (steering system)
Steering linkage (steering linkage)
This device is used to connect the steering knuckle of the steering wheel with the steering gear, so that when the steering wheel rotates, the front wheel can swing from side to side.
steering gear
The gear fixed at the lower end of the steering gear shaft and the gear assembled on the steering arm are collectively referred to as. The rotary motion of the steering wheel can be converted into the linear motion of the pull rod. There are two basic steering gears: the rotary ball type and the rack-and-pinion type.
Circulating ball steering gear
This kind of steering gear makes use of the internal circulating beads, which greatly reduces the contact friction between the nut and the screw, and makes the driver operate the steering wheel light and convenient.
Power steering (power steering)
The power-assisted steering system used in automobiles is basically a modification of the manual steering system, mainly by adding a power-assisted device to help the driver.
7. Suspension system
leaf spring
The flat rectangular steel plate is curved and several stacked chassis springs are used. One end of the spring is installed on the hanger with a pin, and the other end is connected to the main beam with a lifting lug, so that the spring can expand and contract. At present, it is suitable for medium and large trucks.
Coil spring
Coil spring is the most widely used spring in independent suspension device, which is coiled into a spiral shape with spring steel.
Torsion bar spring
One end of the torsion bar is fixed on the frame, and the other end is connected with the wheel through the arm. When the wheel jumps up and down, the torsion bar is twisted to absorb vibration through torsional elasticity. Simple structure, small occupation position, suitable for small cars, but better material.
stabilizer rod
The stabilizer bar is horizontally installed between the frame and the control arm, and its function can reduce the movement of the suspension system and the swing of the car body, especially when the car turns, the car body will tilt due to the centrifugal force, and the role of this bar in resisting torsion is enough to reduce the deviation of the car.
Shock absorber (shock absorber)
The demand for shock absorber is because the spring can't be stabilized immediately, that is to say, after the spring is released, it will continue to stretch and contract for a period of time, so the shock absorber can absorb the vibration generated when the wheel meets the uneven road surface and make it comfortable to ride.
Front suspension
The front suspension system enables the front wheels to move up and down to absorb the road vibration, but it also needs to swing the wheels left and right before the car can turn. Except for large trucks, most vehicles have generally adopted independent suspension devices, and the left and right wheels are irrelevant and act independently.
Rear suspension
Generally, the rear suspension system of vehicles will adopt leaf spring or spiral spring, but in order to make the car comfortable, the present car also adopts independent suspension system, which can make the four wheels independent and need rear wheel positioning, reduce tire wear and drive smoothly.
Automatic level control device (automatic level control)
The automatic horizontal control system is specially designed to cope with the change of the load at the rear of the automobile. If there is no automatic horizontal control, the rear of the car will sink, which will change the handling characteristics of the car and raise the headlights.
8. body
Total length (total length)
Length from front bumper to rear.
overall width
Maximum width of car body from left to right.
total height
Height from the ground to the highest point of the car body.
rail
Distance between left and right center lines of front wheels.
wheelbase (of a vehicle)
Distance between the center of the front axle and the center of the rear axle.
Induction baking
Bake the painted surface with heat generated by static electricity and electromagnetic induction.
9. Others
Three-way catalytic converter
Rhodium and other catalytic converters are used to limit the content of pollutants such as HC, Co and nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas.
exhaust system
Refers to the system for collecting and discharging waste gas, including exhaust manifold, exhaust pipe, muffler, tailpipe and vibrator.
* * * Vibrator (resonator)
A muffler-like device can reduce exhaust noise.
Vapor-liquid separator
The device in the evaporative gas emission control system can prevent liquid fuel from flowing into the engine through the steam pipe of the activated carbon tank.
Electronic fuel injection system
A system that can regularly inject fuel into an engine and measure engine oil.
Oxygen sensor (oxygen sensor)
One of the exhaust pipe devices can measure the oxygen content in the exhaust gas and send this signal to ECU through voltage signal as a reference for adjusting the mixing ratio.
Perceptron (sensor)
Any device that can receive and respond to signals (such as voltage, temperature and pressure changes) has more than 6 to 10 sensors used in various brands of electronic fuel injection systems.
Electric fuel pump
Supply excess oil to the oil separator to maintain the working pressure of the injection system; Generally installed near the fuel tank.
The full name of NOS is nitrous oxide system, that is, nitrogen acceleration system. It is a product developed and produced by American Huali Company. At present, in the world racing, in order to improve the high specific horsepower in an instant, the liquid nitrogen oxide system used is NOS. In fact, as early as World War II, the German Air Force began to use NOS, and it was gradually used for linear acceleration after the war. The working principle of NOS is to turn nitrogen dioxide (N2O), commonly known as nitrous oxide, into a liquid state under high pressure, and then put it into a steel cylinder, and then mix it with the air in the engine and burn it with the fuel (oxygen and nitrogen can be released, in which oxygen is the key combustion-supporting gas and nitrogen can help cool down), thus increasing the integrity of fuel combustion and improving horsepower. Because NOS provides additional combustion-supporting capacity (a lot of oxygen), it is necessary to increase the fuel injection after installing NOS. "If a horse wants to run, it must eat more grass." Fuel is the grass of the engine and the power of the engine is further improved. NOS, like turbocharging and mechanical supercharging, aims to increase the oxygen content in the engine mixture, improve the combustion efficiency and increase the horsepower. The difference is that NOS directly uses oxides, and the latter two achieve their goals by increasing air density through external force. Maybe someone will ask why nitrous oxide is directly used instead of oxygen. That's because it is difficult to control the stability of the engine (high temperature and explosive force) with oxygen, so oxygen is rarely used directly. The refit shop suggests that NOS system should not be used for more than 1 minute each time, but in fact, according to the situation that the system switch needs to fully open the throttle, it usually takes only a few seconds to make the speed exceed 6000, and the computer automatically cuts off the oil.