Usage: subject-predicate type; As predicate and object; Include praise

Synonym: enlightenment.

Allusion: Oil condenses on crispy cheese. Pour pure ghee on your head. Buddhism refers to instilling wisdom and making people fully aware. Metaphor is a great inspiration to people after listening to incisive opinions. Also described as cool and comfortable. Source: Dunhuang Bianwen Vimalakīrti Jing Ji: "Ask Vimo, the name is like revealing the heart, and the * * * language seems to be inspiring."

Example: Wang Sheng was filled with joy when he heard this, but as if dew had spilled on his heart, his illness was reduced by six or seven points. (The Surprise of Ling Mengchu's First Moment in Ming Dynasty, Volume XI) 1, on "Ti"

The Compendium of Materia Medica written by the Ming Dynasty 430 years ago records that pig milk can treat children with convulsions; Dog milk can cure night blindness; It is also recorded that the function of goat milk is "sweet and non-toxic, nourishing deficiency and cold, moistening heart and lungs, curing thirst, curing fatigue and tuberculosis, benefiting essence and qi, nourishing lungs, kidneys and intestines"; Among them, milk is the most described, which is called "Xianjia wine" in the poem. This poem by the famous doctor Li Shizhen is widely circulated. The original text is as follows: "Xianjia wine, Xianjia wine, two gourds holding a barrel. The five elements brew truth, and the world is everywhere. If the abdomen is dry, swallow the heavy building and moisten it. You can drink more than one liter in the morning, and you will be refreshed after a long time. " The words "tiao" and "tiao" mentioned in "Shi Pin" and "He Xun" refer to a thick fermented milk fat made through several complicated processes according to the ancient method [1]. In fact, in China language, these two words are not produced at the same time. From the Eastern Zhou Dynasty or the Spring and Autumn Period, the word "zhi" means good wine, which has been used ever since. Li Zhou Tian Zheng records the ancient wine-making industry, and divides the clarification degree of wine into five levels of details: "Distinguish the names of five vessels: one is a blue vessel, the other is an angel vessel, the third is an angel vessel, the fourth is an artifact." Zheng Xuan, a scholar at the end of the Han Dynasty, said that "the upper part is particularly turbid, and the lower part is particularly poor." In the Western Han Dynasty, it was also recorded in the speech "Li Yun" left by Uncle Dai Deshu and Uncle Dai Sheng, who sorted out the descendants of Confucius disciples: "Xuan wine is in the room, lights are in the room, cups are in the hall, and sake is next." Jia is red wine. So far, there is such red rice wine in Jiangnan area, which is sweet and has stamina. It can also be proved from the following aspects: (1) Notes by Han and Zheng Xuan in the first volume of Confucius' Family Language and Six Questions about Rites; In the Tang Dynasty, Jia omitted the notes of Zhou Li (Volume 5) and Tianguan Zhuzai (Five Qi); Zheng Xuan's "Shi Mao Zhengyi" Volume 6 Notes "Cricket"; Ma Duanlin's General Examination of Literature (Volume 96); Li Mingzhi made Li Ligong Le Shu, Volume III, Five Spirits and Three Drinks; The collection of rites and music in Qing dynasty should be modest; Overview of the catalogue of Sikuquanshu: and 1999 edition of Cihai (Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House). It can be seen that the original meaning of the word "East" has nothing to do with milk and dairy products; Modern scholars have further pointed out that the word "Ajiji" used by ancient Mongolians to make koumiss wine has nothing to do with milk and dairy products, but is homologous to "Zhi" [2].

Explain "e" in detail.

2. About "Awakening"

As early as the early days of Buddhism in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, as a translation of the Sanskrit Manda, the word "enlightening" occasionally appeared in some scriptures; However, since the mature period of translation represented by Sanzang in Tang Dynasty, it has been widely spread in Chinese society. The basic meaning of "e" in Chinese Buddhist scriptures is "Jing" and "Jing"; It can be used as a noun or adjective, and it has many uses.

But another meaning of "E", as medicine [3], appeared earlier in many ancient books in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. For example, the ninetieth article of Biography of Wei Shu compiled by Wei Shou, the minister of Northern Qi Dynasty, said to people who are "like Yue Guo": "Cut your hair, apply it on your body, cool and shiny, rinse it three times a day, and then eat it." "Yue Guo" people pay special attention to the cleaning of hair and use it for hairdressing.

"History of the North", volume 55, biography 41, "Biography of Murong Shaozong" [5], records that Murong Sanzang, the son of Shaozong, said: "Livestock are prolific and give a lot."

China's first pharmaceutical book, The Theory of Leigong Baking, said, "Quirrell is the milk of cheese. Everything used for heavy cotton filtration should be cooked in bronze for three or two times. " It is estimated that although this book was compiled by later generations in the late Tang Dynasty or early Song Dynasty [6], the recorded content obviously belongs to the era of "Three Kingdoms and Two Jin Dynasties".

The data show that the appearance of fermented milk fat should not be later than the "Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties"; As a spoken language, it may be earlier, and it is very likely that it is transliteration of foreign words; Compared with Qi Qi, sake appeared at least hundreds of years later.

Cheese was originally the food of Ren Hu. Because Hu Feng was particularly popular in the Tang Dynasty, including Hu Dance, Zhang Hu, Hu Nv and Hu Shi, it was a bit like today's Italian "pizza" entering our country. Therefore, fermented milk fat, which means fermented milk fat, is not only a translated name, but also a transliteration noun, which is popular in the fashionable upper class of Tang Dynasty. After the Tang Dynasty, there are other materials to prove it:

The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty said that Xuanzong "respected people to eat Hu".

Wang Dingbao [7] recorded in "Tang Yan Yan Yan" that Sun Hong given by Xuanzong was "made of cheese and cream". The so-called "made of cheese and cream" in Hu cuisine may include "soaked".

The biography of Mu Ning in the Tang Dynasty also recorded such a thing: Mu Ning had four sons, all of whom were excellent. People use food to compare, and the third son Mu Yuan is compared to "Enron" because he is "the quintessence of the country and uses less".

You can also read the article "Tai Ping Guang Ji" 170 "Yang Mu Brothers", which is from Supplement to National History; Tang Yulin in Song Dynasty, etc.

Existing documents show that before the Tang Dynasty, when monks and scholars translated the Sanskrit root Datura, some adopted transliteration, such as translating Datura into "Datura" and making words by syllables; There are also some free translations, such as translating Manda into "paste" or "hard". In the later spread process, transliteration and free translation were preserved; But of the two free translations, only the latter has been preserved to this day.

The reason why this kind of free translation appeared in the Tang Dynasty may be:

1. The selected Chinese character "Zhu" was very popular in the society at that time. Of course, at that time, its meaning was not only a medicine, but also a food. At the same time, people not only know the production process of "Kui", but also think it is quite complicated, and finally get a more advanced representative of milk essence than "cheese". Because in the book "Qi Yao Min Shu [8] Raising Sheep" written before 1500 AD, the methods of raising cattle, raising sheep, milking and making "cheese" by ancient northern nationalities have been recorded in detail; In addition, since the Tang Dynasty, at least a certain number of Han people have accepted "Hu Shi".

2. From the perspective of free translation, the selected Chinese words must be endowed with new meanings; But the original meaning of this word should be consistent with the newly given meaning, at least it can't cause ambiguity. In fact, in the process of China's missionary work, Buddhist scriptures have successfully borrowed the complicated process of making cheese, chips and chips to interpret its meaning. For example, the Nirvana Sutra [9], which was popular hundreds of years before the Tang Dynasty, explained and expounded the basic Buddhist doctrine: "A good man, for example, was born from cattle, from milk to cheese, from cheese to crisp, from raw crisp to cooked crisp, from cooked crisp to hard. There is another cloud: "The voice of a good man is like milk, the sense of fate is like cheese, the bodhisattva is like raw and cooked crisp, and the Buddha is like a dragon. "

It can be seen that when the monks in the Tang Dynasty concentrated on translating a large number of Confucian classics, the necessary conditions for the translator of Confucian classics to define the word "Zhu" (meaning fermented milk fat) as Manda's free translation words have been met and hardly need to be considered. To sum up, we can draw the conclusion that:

1. At present, there is no unified date of writing in the history circle [10]. Some people think it was the seventeenth year of Li (84 1), some people think it was the Warring States period (475- 22 1), and some people think it was the turn of the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasties (770). According to the most conservative estimate, the word "Dong" appeared around 400 BC, meaning "second-class sake".

2. Wei Shou, the author of Shu Wei, was appointed as "Compilation of National History" in the first year of Mindi Putai in Northern Wei Festival (53 1), and was officially appointed to write "History of Wei" in the second year of Tianbao in Northern Qi Dynasty (55 1). Therefore, it is conservatively estimated that the appearance time of the word "Kui" in fermented milk fat is in 540 AD, which is probably a transliteration of foreign words.

3. The master of Buddhist scripture translation is Tang Sanzang, a monk in the Tang Dynasty. He traveled to the west for seventeen years and returned to Chang 'an in the nineteenth year of Zhenguan (645). Then he was instructed to translate the scriptures until his death in the first year of Linde (664), which was nineteen years. According to this, it can be speculated that the word "Hong" with the meaning of "Jing" and "Jing", as the translated name of Sanskrit Manda, officially appeared after Zhenguan Year in Tang Dynasty and before Linde Year, about 650 AD.

It can be seen that the history of the word "Zhu" is 800 years earlier than the word "Zhu" for cheese. It is 1 0,000 years earlier than the Sanskrit Manda translation.

4. The reason why Li Shizhen [15] advocates "awakening" in his poems is actually to borrow the influential Buddhist allusion "awakening" and reiterate the conclusions of previous medical books; He does not advocate drinking milk. Because in fact, almost none of us yellow people can eat one liter of milk cow at a time [16], but it is not only really possible but also relatively scientific and reasonable to drink fermented milk fat made from one liter of milk at a time. At this point, he surpassed his predecessors. However, as a generation of famous doctors, although he compiled countless medical documents, his overall understanding of milk and dairy products failed to break through the limitations of his predecessors. What restricts him is not only his previous medical books and classics, but also the concept in The History of Han [17] Gaozu written 2000 years ago: "He is too young to be Han Xin." Those who stink of milk smell the milk; This means that milk is a special product for babies, and adults simply disdain it. As an individual, Li Shizhen was still hard to get rid of the influence of the public consciousness at that time.

It can be seen that milk and its products were not generally accepted and enjoyed by people in ancient China for thousands of years. Throughout the expression and understanding of Li Shizhen's whole poems, the actual effect is to conform to the world's awe of Buddha and turn the understanding of milk into a myth of "panacea". Objectively, our ancestors deviated from the right direction for a long time: milk and its products should have been used as an inclusive food resource for the Han nationality.

Fortunately, in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, later generations did not translate the word Cheese into "cheese", but translated it into "cheese" or "cheese" [18]. Therefore, since modern times in China, milk and dairy products have played down Zen, and gradually showed their natural and simple true colors to the Chinese nation, which was gradually accepted by our people. [1] Many people think it is "cheese" and mistake it for cheese. See notes 3 and 6.

[2] Xu Shiyi, Textual Research on Dairy Products in Buddhist Scriptures, Journal of nanyang normal University, 03, 2002.

[3] See "Tang Materia Medica": "When you are crisp, the semen of this crisp is also. It's a crisp stone, with three or four liters. It's cooked and stored in a container. When it solidifies and penetrates the bottom, it's taken out. " Tang Materia Medica, also known as Newly Revised Materia Medica, was compiled by 22 people including Li Ji and Su Jing in the Tang Dynasty. It is the earliest materia medica with the nature of national pharmacopoeia in the world.

[4] Li Jiandong, Chen Xirong, Wei Shousheng's supplementary certificate, Journal of Kaifeng University, 2003,01.

[5] Zheng Xiaorong, Local Culture Preserved in the Sinicization of Murong Xianbei, Journal of Southwest University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition), 2005, 02.

[6] Chen Meiyan, "Analysis of the writing age of tripterygium wilfordii firing theory", Huaihai Medical Journal, August 2006, Vol.24, No.4.

[7] Wang, a scholar in the late Tang Dynasty, remembered the events of the early Tang Dynasty and was highly valued by the family.

[8] The author Jia Sixie is from Yidu (now Shandong). As an adult, I embarked on a career. I used to be a magistrate in Levin County (now Linzi, Shandong Province), and I have been to many places such as Shandong, Hebei and Henan to learn local agricultural production techniques everywhere. After middle age, I returned to my hometown, started farming and animal husbandry, and mastered a variety of farming and animal husbandry production technologies. During the period from the 2nd year of Yongxi in the Northern Wei Dynasty (533) to the 2nd year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty (554), the agricultural technical data accumulated in many ancient books, the rich experience gained from consulting the old farmers and my own personal practice were analyzed, sorted out and summarized, and a masterpiece of agricultural science and technology, Qi Yao Min Shu, was written.

[9] Wang Zhiyuan, Buddhism, China Publishing House today, 1992 edition.

[10] Liu Feng, a summary of the research on Zhou Li in the past century, Journal of hunan university of science and engineering, 02, 2006.

[1 1] Daiguo Temple was built in 874 AD, located in the suburb of Jingban. It is the general hospital of Shinrikyo. Except for five towers, the whole temple was destroyed by the war. 1598, the temple was rebuilt in Shang Huashi, Toyotomi Hideyoshi. It has the oldest wooden structure in Kyoto, Japan-five towers, five colored silk statues and many other national treasures.

[12] See People's Daily-People's Daily Overseas Edition "Great Enlightenment Conference in Gansu", September 7, 2006.

[13] Before the end of the 7th century, a "common saying" prevailed in temples in China. Record this kind of vulgar words, that is, "Bianwen". Bianwen is written in words close to spoken language, with some talking and singing in the middle. Rap materials are mostly stories in Buddhist scriptures.

[14] Pan Chonggui, A New Edition of Dunhuang Bianwen, Taipei Jinwen Publishing House, 1994 New 1 Edition.

[15] Compendium of Materia Medica was written by Li Shizhen on 1578 (six years of Wanli).

[16] Cao, risks and management of students drinking milk, China dairy industry, No.6, 2002.

[17] The Book of Hanshu was written in the later Han Dynasty and Emperor, which lasted for thirty or forty years. Bangu is a famous family from generation to generation. His family has a lot of books. His father Ban Biao is a master of contemporary Confucianism. He "only taught the saints and then devoted himself", collected the legacy of previous history, observed anecdotes and made 65 biographies of historical records. Ban Gu inherited his stepfather's ambition of "being knowledgeable and taking literature as his career" and wrote this book. His Eight Tables and Tian Wenzhi were written by his sister Ban Zhao and He.

[18] Gu Jiasheng, Nutrition of Cheese, Dairy Guide No.40, 2005.

(1). Oil extracted from crisp cheese. Mahayana Sutra: "For example, milk comes from cows, cheese comes from milk, Jesus comes from cheese, mature Jesus comes from giving birth to Jesus, and mature Jesus comes from mature Jesus. At the top. " Tang Peiyi's "River Biography": "When the dragon comes out, it will be given to the moon and the pearl. If you get it and fry it for three days, every little dragon will have a headache. " Su Shuman's Yi: "Timely and natural, like going underground."

(2) Buddhism is used to describe Buddha's nature. The Great Nirvana Sutra: "From the Buddha to the Twelve Sutras, from the Twelve Sutras to Xiudoro, from Xiudoro to Ji Fang, from Ji Fang to Prajna Paramita, from Prajna Paramita to Great Nirvana, just like Nirvana. Those who speak it are like Buddha nature. " One of Tang Du Fu's poems "Praise of Dayun Temple Public House": "Long hair, more diet helps decline." Qing Jinnong's poem "Send Sex to the Original Seats, Return to Qingpu" says: "The roots of Sophora japonica are still dead after waking up, and I hope to hear the wonderful method to solve it."

(3). Metaphor wine. Don Bai Juyi's I will return to a unique place: "I feel more sorry for my family, and I am waiting for my return." Xu Ming wrote "Picking a Shuttle to Save a Woman": "I hope there are countless cups, and I am happy." Guo Moruo's poem "Strange Road in Shu" said: "It's really a cloud dream for rain, and the interest in the poem is the wine."