[chemical composition]
1. The volatile oil content of Angelica sinensis can reach 0.2%-0.4%, and the volatile oil has three parts: acidic, phenolic and neutral, with contents of 5.88%, 3.46% and 90.4% respectively. The content of ligustilide in volatile oil is the highest, about 45%, and n-butene lactone accounts for about 1 1.3%, which has a specific aroma.
2. The water-soluble part of Angelica sinensis contains ferulic acid, succinic acid, nicotinic acid, uracil, adenine, stigmasterol, D- glucoside, tetradecanol-1, vanillic acid and gelsemin.
Angelica sinensis contains angelica polysaccharide, accounting for about 8.5% of dry crude drugs, and glucose.
Angelica sinensis contains a variety of amino acids, with a total content of 6.5%. The content of arginine is about twice that of other amino acids. When returned, it contains vitamin B 12, with the content of 0.25-0.4mg/ 100g, vitamin A substances (0.0675% in terms of vitamin A) and vitamin E, etc.
Angelica sinensis contains inorganic elements such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, aluminum, phosphorus, iron, manganese, zinc, copper (the ratio of zinc to copper is about 3: 1), as well as molybdenum, tin, arsenic, selenium, cobalt, titanium and strontium ... In addition to the above elements, it is reported that when it is returned, it contains boron, chromium, nickel and strontium.
[pharmacological action]
1. Effects on liver and gallbladder Angelica sinensis has protective effect on liver injury caused by acute carbon tetrachloride in mice or rats. It can obviously reduce inflammatory reaction and serum transaminase, reduce the amount of collagen in liver tissue and the degree of cirrhosis caused by it. For rats with partial hepatectomy, Angelica sinensis can improve the mitotic index of liver tissue, so it can promote liver regeneration to some extent. Rats were intraperitoneally injected with D- galactosamine 1g/kg, then injected with normal saline (control group) and angelica injection 10mg/kg three hours later, twice a day, and executed for 96 hours. Histochemical observation of liver includes glucose -6- phosphatase (G-6 enzyme), 5'- nucleotidase (5'-NT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDA), glycogen, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase), cholinesterase (CHE) and acid phosphatase (ASP). The results showed that the activities (or reactions) of liver glycogen, G-6 enzyme, 5 ′-NT, ATPase and SDH in Angelica sinensis group were obviously enhanced, while the activity of ALP was obviously weakened, suggesting that Angelica sinensis has a certain role in protecting liver cells and restoring some functions of liver. Another experiment proved that Angelica sinensis also promoted the synthesis of protein, DNA and RNA in hepatocytes in vitro, which was significantly different from that of the control group. Angelica sinensis water extract, volatile oil or sodium ferulate can obviously promote bile secretion in rats and increase the excretion of solid and cholic acid in bile. The cholagogic effect of angelica sinensis may be related to its improvement of general condition and promotion of digestive function.
2. Effect on blood lipids Angelica sinensis has the effect of reducing blood lipids in experimental hyperlipidemia and protecting aortic lesions in experimental arteriosclerosis rats. Feeding rats with high-fat food with sodium ferulate can significantly inhibit the increase of serum cholesterol level, but has no effect on triglycerides and phospholipids. The mechanism study shows that ferulic acid can compete with mevalonate -5- pyrophosphate (substrate) and inhibit mevalonate -5- pyrophosphate dehydroxylase in rat liver in a concentration-dependent manner, thus inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol in liver.
3. Anti-liver lipid peroxidation
Effect of (1) on the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in ethanol-induced liver injury in mice. Four hours after 40% ethanol treatment, the MDA content in liver homogenate increased from 17. 1 5.2 nmol/g protein in the control group to 64.0 13.3 nmol/g protein, with statistical significance (P Then the content of MDA increased continuously, reaching the peak at 8 hours, which was 4.7 times that of the control group (P
(2) Effect on the content of reduced glutathione (GSH) in ethanol-induced liver injury.
Two hours after the mice were given 40% ethanol, the GSH content in liver homogenate changed from 65438 04.8 2.2? Mol/g protein decreased to 9.91.0 mol/g protein, accounting for 67% of the control group, reaching the lowest point (P
(3) Effect on GSH-related enzyme activities in ethanol-induced liver injury After ig40% ethanol, the activities of GST and GSH-Px in mouse liver homogenate were significantly lower than those in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant or very significant (P
The above results showed that after oral administration of ethanol, lipid peroxide in liver homogenate increased significantly, accompanied by a significant decrease in GSH content and a decrease in GST and GSH-Px activities. SF pretreatment can obviously reverse the changes of the above indexes. Therefore, SF can protect the liver by preventing GSH depletion, restoring GSH-Px and GST activities, reducing the production of oxygen free radicals in ethanol metabolism, and preventing liver lipid peroxidation.
4. Effect on immune function
Effect of (1) on nonspecific immune function Angelica sinensis or Angelica sinensis polysaccharide or sodium ferulate can significantly improve the dye clearance rate of mouse mononuclear phagocytes and the ability of peritoneal macrophages to phagocytize chicken red blood cells. Cyclophosphamide has the ability to inhibit macrophages. If angelica polysaccharide is given at the same time, the phagocytic function can be maintained at a normal level.
(2) Effect on specific immune function Angelica sinensis can promote the biosynthesis of DNA and protein in spleen lymphocytes activated by ConA, and promote the production of IL-2, and increase the titer of anti-SRBC antibody in serum. Angelica sinensis can obviously promote the proliferation of antigen-binding cells in the spleen of mice immunized for the first time, increase the proportion of antigen-binding cells in the spleen and increase the weight of the spleen. Angelica polysaccharide can obviously promote the e-rosette rate and the positive rate of esterase staining, and total oleic acid of Angelica can promote the production of specific antibody IgG. Danggui decoction and polysaccharide can enhance DTH reaction induced by bovine serum albumin.
(3) It has been reported that 5% Angelica injection (initial concentration is 12.5mg/ml, decreasing by 4 times) can obviously enhance the production of IL-2, and the effect is the strongest at the concentration of 0.20mg/ml. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 1 * 10 is used alone. In the culture system, Angelica sinensis can not induce the production of IL-2 without adding mitogen ConA, so it is considered that Angelica sinensis only changes the reactivity of rat T cells to ConA, and can not antagonize the inhibitory effect of PGE2 on IL-2 production. Therefore, the induction of IL-2 by Angelica sinensis may be achieved by directly activating thymocytes instead of inactivating PGE2.
The study on the effect of angelica sinensis and its component ferulic acid on lymphocytes in mice showed that angelica sinensis 500? G/ml and ferulic acid 120? G/ml has a slight activation effect on static spleen lymphocytes, while in ConA 5? In the presence of g/ml, it can obviously promote the production of IL-2 in activated lymphocytes. PGE2 _ 2 can obviously inhibit the IL-2 production of ConA-activated lymphocytes, but it can not antagonize the enhancement effect of Angelica sinensis and ferulic acid on IL-2 production of ConA-induced T lymphocytes. In addition, Angelica sinensis has a strong induction effect on interferon (IFN). Angelica sinensis polysaccharides (AGIIa and AGIIb- 1 extracted from Daiwa Angelica sinensis) have chemical structures of a( 1-4) and A (1-6) bonds, which are beneficial to the induction of interferon (IFN).
(4) Effect on Complement The crude polysaccharides isolated from Angelica sinensis are AR- 1, AR-2, AR-3 and AR-4, when 500? At the concentration of g/ml, the order of its anti-complement activity is ra-4 >；; AR- 1 & gt； AR-3 & gt； Argon -2. It is also reported that the hemolysis test of snake venom factor (CoF) was carried out on red blood cells of normal people and patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). It is observed that sodium ferulate can obviously reduce complement hemolysis. When the final concentration of sodium ferulate was 1%, the hemolysis degree was 5.57 2.29, which was 30.63165438 compared with the control group. Sodium ferulate can inhibit complement 3b(C3b) and bind to erythrocyte membrane, the most obvious concentration is 1%, but it has no effect on complement activation and erythrocyte deformation. Because sodium ferulate can interact with erythrocyte membrane, C3b bound to it is obviously reduced, and C3b binds to erythrocyte membrane glycophorin, so it is speculated that the role of sodium ferulate may be to change its configuration by binding with glycophorin, making C3b difficult to bind to it, resulting in decreased sensitivity to complement and hemolysis. Someone injected the extract of Angelica sinensis (named 425, mainly containing ferulic acid, vitamin B 12 and polyacetylene compounds) (25mg/kg) into the abdominal cavity of mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum for 14 days until the mice were infected with 14-34 hours, and the specific antibody IgM in the liver tissue was significantly higher than that in the control group. The pathological changes of egg granuloma are also obviously alleviated, and the level of egg antigen in liver tissue is also reduced, so the immune enhancer 425 can induce the host to produce immune regulation and control egg granuloma.
5. Effects on blood and hematopoietic system
(1) Angelica sinensis has an anti-platelet aggregation effect and can inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. Angelica sinensis or ferulic acid can obviously inhibit ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation in rats by intravenous injection or oral administration. The mechanism study shows that ferulic acid can inhibit the release of 5- hydroxytryptamine from platelets, which is a platelet aggregation promoter. When platelets are labeled with 3H-5HT and platelet release reaction is induced by thrombin, both Angelica sinensis and ferulic acid can inhibit platelet release for 3H-5HT. In addition, ferulic acid can increase the concentration of cAMP in platelets and inhibit the biosynthesis of thromboxane A2(TXA2) in platelets. The mechanism of ferulic acid inhibiting platelet aggregation is different from that of aspirin, because it promotes the transformation of PGH2 into PGI2 in vascular wall. PGI2 exists in vascular endothelial cells, which can bind to the corresponding receptors on platelet membrane, activate adenylate cyclase, increase cAMP in platelets and inhibit TXA2 synthesis.
(2) Antithrombotic Angelica sinensis and sodium ferulate have obvious antithrombotic effects. It can significantly reduce the dry weight of thrombus, slow down the growth rate of thrombus, and significantly prolong the plasma prothrombin time and partial thromboplastin time of white mud after taking Danggui decoction in rats. After treatment with Angelica sinensis, blood viscosity and plasma fibrinogen decreased, prothrombin time prolonged, and electrophoresis time of red blood cells and platelets shortened.
(3) Anti-anemia and hematopoietic angelica can promote the production of hemoglobin and red blood cells. Its main effective component is angelica polysaccharide. Experiments show that the latter can significantly promote the recovery of erythrocyte hemoglobin, white blood cells and femoral nucleated cells in anemia mice with bone marrow suppression caused by phenylhydrazine, Co and R rays, and promote the proliferation of multifunctional hematopoietic stem cells (CFV-S) in normal mice or mice with radiation injury. The observation of continuous tissue sections shows that angelica polysaccharide can promote the differentiation of CFV-S in many directions. Angelica polysaccharide can stimulate the proliferation of granulosa cells, monocytes, progenitor cells (Cu-CFV-D) and erythroid progenitor cells (CFV-E) in mice. In vitro culture also proved that Angelica polysaccharide can significantly stimulate the proliferation of granulocyte progenitor cells (CFV-Gm) in normal and anemia mice caused by bone marrow suppression. It is preliminarily considered that the above effects are related to promoting the secretion of granulocyte and monocyte colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This may also be one of the mechanisms by which angelica supplements blood.
6. Effects on cardiovascular system
(1) Effect on the heart Angelica sinensis has certain anti-myocardial ischemia effect. The water extract of Angelica sinensis can increase the ability of myocardial uptake of 86Rb in mice and alleviate myocardial ischemia caused by pituitrin. Ferulic acid also significantly enhanced the uptake of 86Rb by mouse myocardium. It is suggested that Angelica sinensis and its component ferulic acid can enhance myocardial blood supply.
(2) Vasodilation. Angelica has the function of relaxing blood vessels. Intravenous injection of Angelica sinensis water extract can dilate coronary artery, cerebrovascular and peripheral blood vessels in anesthetized dogs and increase blood flow. Angelica volatile oil and its components ligustilide and n-butenoic acid lactone can inhibit the vasoconstriction caused by TXA2 released by platelets. Sodium ferulate can inhibit the formation of TXA2, an effective component of Angelica sinensis.
(3) Effect on Microcirculation Angelica has an effect on acute microcirculation disturbance of rabbit pia mater caused by intravenous dextran, which can increase blood flow velocity, depolymerize blood cells and improve flow pattern. Abdominal or subcutaneous injection of sodium ferulate can increase the auricle temperature of mice, which shows that it can improve peripheral microcirculation and dilate blood vessels. Ferulic acid is an important component of Angelica sinensis.
(4) Effects on portal hemodynamics Huang Zi studied the effects of Angelica sinensis on systemic and portal hemodynamics in normal (n=6) and chronic bile duct ligation cirrhotic dogs (n=8). The results showed that the average arterial pressure of normal dogs (65438 09.45: 65438 07.34 kPa, P
The above experiments show that Angelica sinensis has no adverse effect on the systemic circulation of liver cirrhosis dogs, but it can significantly reduce WHVp, HVPG, Ppv and Rpv of liver cirrhosis dogs, while slightly reducing Qpv and increasing QHA, so as to keep QTL unchanged. This hemodynamic change is very beneficial to cirrhotic portal hypertension animals. Angelica sinensis mainly reduces Ppv by reducing Rpv in cirrhotic dogs.
Experiments show that plasma serotonin, histamine and TXA2 are often increased in cirrhosis, which can cause portal vein contraction and Rpv increase. . In addition, the proliferation of hepatic myofibroblasts in liver cirrhosis can also produce contraction reaction and increase Rpv. Angelica sinensis can relieve histamine-induced smooth muscle spasm and inhibit the production of platelet TXA2 and the release of 5- hydroxytryptamine. Salvia miltiorrhiza and Ligusticum chuanxiong, which are good at promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis, can change the morphology of fibroblasts. These may be related to the reduction of Rpv by angelica sinensis.
7. Effect on uterine smooth muscle Angelica contains two components: stimulating uterus and inhibiting uterine smooth muscle. The inhibitory components are volatile oil and ferulic acid, and the excitatory components are water-soluble or alcohol-soluble nonvolatile substances. The effect of Angelica sinensis on uterus depends on the functional state of uterus, and it has two-way regulation.
[Clinical application]
1. There are 45 cases of chronic hepatitis, 24 cases of chronic hepatitis, and 9 cases of posthepatitic cirrhosis/kloc-0. Take Danggui Pills twice a day, each time 15-20 capsules (10 capsules is equivalent to 2.5g of Danggui crude drug),1. The effective rate of persistent hepatitis was 84.4%(38 cases), chronic hepatitis was 79. 1%( 19 cases), and post-hepatitis cirrhosis was 73. 1%( 14 cases).
2. Liver Cirrhosis Portal Hypertension Cheng Bin et al. studied the effect of Angelica sinensis on blood viscosity and hepatic vein occlusion pressure in patients with liver cirrhosis portal hypertension. The results showed that Angelica injection could significantly reduce WHVP and HVPG in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension. It is suggested that Angelica sinensis can not only reduce pulmonary artery pressure, but also reduce portal hypertension, and its mechanism may be related to vasodilation. (2) The whole blood viscosity of patients with high shear rate of liver cirrhosis was significantly higher than that of peripheral venous blood and normal people, and it was significantly correlated with the level of WHVP before medication. After treatment with Angelica injection, the shear rate of hepatic vein, whole blood viscosity and plasma specific viscosity decreased significantly. It is suggested that portal vein blood viscosity may affect portal vein pressure by increasing portal vein resistance. Angelica sinensis not only directly dilates blood vessels, but also reduces portal hypertension by reducing blood viscosity of portal vein. Therefore, Angelica sinensis may be an effective drug to reduce portal hypertension. It is worth noting that large doses of inhibition of platelet function may lead to bleeding and coagulation dysfunction in patients with portal hypertension. Therefore, in clinical application, attention should be paid to the selection of cases, the concentration of drugs and the periodic review of coagulation function.
3.50 patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding were all excluded from tumor and esophageal variceal bleeding by gastroscopy, including 30 cases of gastric ulcer, 65,438+05 cases of duodenal ulcer, 65,438+0 cases of chronic gastritis and 4 others. Blood loss exceeds 65,438 0,000 ml, hemoglobin
4. Gynecological diseases Angelica sinensis can be used for gynecological diseases such as dysmenorrhea, vaginal bleeding and uterine prolapse.
5. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases Angelica sinensis has a good effect on acute cerebral thrombosis, ischemic stroke and thromboangiitis obliterans. It can obviously improve symptoms and increase blood flow volatility.
【 Adverse Reactions and Precautions 】 There are few adverse reactions in clinical application of Angelica sinensis. Some patients have itchy skin and stomach discomfort after taking it, but they are all very mild. Angelica volatile oil has severe pain during acupoint injection, lasting about 1 hour, and generally has full flute reactions such as fever, aversion to cold, headache, dry mouth and nausea, which can be relieved without treatment. Angelica sinensis intravenous drip occasionally has transfusion reaction. Anaphylactic shock caused by acupoint injection of compound angelica injection 1 case.