People can be defined from biological, spiritual and cultural levels, or a combination of these levels. Biologically, people are divided into primitive people, primitive people and human race, and they are advanced animals. On the spiritual level, people are described as being able to use the concept of various souls, which are considered to be related to the divine power or existence in religion. In cultural anthropology, man is defined as a creature who can use language, has complex social organization and scientific and technological development, especially can establish groups and institutions to achieve mutual support and help. China ancient history books defined people as animals, which can be used as a mirror of introspection. Those tribes without history books, although they have language and can use tools to work, can only be regarded as barbaric animals. Their national titles are all dogs in Chinese characters.

First, the significance of today

humanity

From a certain point of view, human nature is just a kind of thinking and a way of operation. People in the non-existent entity sense. From animals to people, it is the evolution of thinking. Those who have thinking ability are called people, and those who don't are called animals. The human body is only the host of thinking, which provides a basic physical framework for thinking, such as sensory organs such as eyes and ears to provide information collection for thinking. The information collected by sensory organs with thinking defects will also be invalid. Hand, foot and other motor executive organs provide more convenient information collection for sensory organs. The brain is responsible for the calculation of thinking and the storage of information, which can be used to call thinking at any time. If technology reaches a certain level and can solve the problem of thinking body, then people's thinking can leave the human body, run in a better and longer-lived body, and even achieve eternal life ... and if we look at the body, it is just a pile of meat, no different from other animals' bodies. Any travel in the world will also become simple, as long as you send out your ideas, you can achieve your goals. Overview of human beings Paleoanthropologists regard upright walking as an important factor to promote human evolution and an important symbol of human birth. For example, the inevitable result of walking upright is the division of labor between hands and feet. For another example, after walking upright, it broadens the horizons and contributes to the development of the brain. As of 20110, the world population has reached 7 billion, accounting for about 5.03% of all the people who have lived on the earth. Like other higher primates, humans are social animals. People are particularly good at expressing themselves, exchanging opinions and organizing themselves through oral, gesture and written language. Mankind has created a complex social structure, from family to country. Human social interaction has created a wide range of traditions, customs, values and laws, which have become the foundation of human society. Human beings are unique on the earth. Because of their aesthetic concept, their desire for self-expression and relatively large brains, human beings have created language, art and science. Humans want to understand and transform the environment and try to explain natural phenomena with philosophy, art, science, mythology and religion. This innate curiosity led to the development of advanced tools and technologies. Although human beings are not the only species that can use tools, they are the only animals that can use advanced technologies such as fire, dressing and cooking food. Since the emergence of language, in order to distinguish the differences between individuals and know different individuals, names have emerged; However, it has always been a controversial topic in "Nomenclatology" whether to produce "surname" or "name" first. Han people in China usually put their surnames first and then last, which makes it easier to call them, such as Sun Yat-sen, He Ziyuan and Ye Jianying. The order of surnames and first names varies greatly from region to region, and there is no difference between good and bad. Everything is based on local customs.

Interpretation of People in Modern Chinese Dictionary

Man is a higher animal who can make tools and use them skillfully for labor. Zhang Ronghuan, an amateur scholar, explained to people through a net post in March 2008 that man is the id of nature (multidimensional biosphere); Man is a primate who transcends everything; People can get two levels of harmony and happiness in the biosphere, that is, through the primary pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty; The advanced pursuit of value, meaning and transcendence leads to harmony and happiness. The essence of man is human nature, that is, personality, and man is the real master of space-time and its biosphere with personality (composed of physical life and spiritual id). Man's mission in the world is to upgrade and renew his personality and ecological civilization, so as to achieve the goal of harmony and happiness. Human development is human development in three aspects. First, personality development; The second is the ecological principle; The third is industrial development. The emergence of human civilization is directly caused by the rise of human personality, ecology and industry. Civilization is the result of consanguinity, racial integration, human exploration and the development of belief in truth. The ultimate goal of human beings is the same as human beings. The emergence and development of human culture is the only way for human beings to move towards a more Gao Wenming and achieve a higher level of harmony and happiness. People will rediscover the greatness of people and personality and affirm their own values and abilities. People should hone their personality and have wisdom. A consistent and happy spirit of seeking truth from facts, people should put researchers first, never be satisfied with a little knowledge of other things, and strive to create an optimistic and enterprising spirit of a realistic and happy life, freeing people from the shackles of past history, nationality, religion and geographical division. Man, or human: this term can be defined from the biological, spiritual and cultural levels, or a combination of these levels. Biologically, humans are classified as Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens, belonging to the primate family of mammals in the Chordata kingdom, and have lived in caves for a long time. Homo sapiens means having a highly developed mind. On the spiritual level: people are described as being able to use all kinds of souls, which is considered to be related to divine power or existence in religion; In mythology, the human soul will also be compared with other humanoid animals. For example, artificial intelligence or angels are spiritual bodies independent of life, but they can only be operated by some instructions, while orcs or Asians only have desires and superficial emotions. In Buddhism, people are described by three bodies: dharma body, confession body and Tao body. According to human Buddhism, three-body people are integrated, which is only artificially divided for the convenience of description and explanation. In cultural anthropology, people are defined as creatures who can use language, have complex social organizations and scientific and technological development, especially they can establish groups and institutions to achieve the purpose of mutual support and help. Biologically, the scientific name of human beings is Homo sapiens, which belongs to the family Hominidae with chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans, gibbons and fingered apes [1]. The difference between humans and other primates lies in their upright bodies, highly developed brains, and their reasoning and language skills. Because of the close relationship between humans and apes, zoologist D. Moliis jokingly called humans naked apes and wrote down the origin of human behavior from various angles. From Ape to Man, written by Engels, represents the classic study of the origin of man by Marxism. Behavior: The characteristics of human beings are: knowing how to use language, having various complex mutual social organizations, and enjoying the development of complex science and technology. These behavioral differences also lead to different beliefs, legends, rituals, values and social norms in different cultures. Understanding of "Man" in Pedagogy First of all, man is a possibility of existence. The essence of human beings is constantly generated in their own activities, which is a kind of "self-regulation". Second, people have autonomy and creativity. Third, people have the essence of development. Man's practical nature determines that man can constantly deny himself, surpass himself and realize himself through conscious and purposeful independent creative activities, that is, man has the essence of development. Fourth, people are historical and realistic. There are two meanings: first, human self-essence is gradually generated in the continuous development of history and real life, and people always live in a specific historical and real space. Second, the generation and development of human's self-essence are subject to certain historical and realistic conditions. For example, The Truth of Being a Man-Unlocking the Mystery of Life, edited by Zhu, is a book that expounds the truth of being a man and the mystery of life. This book points directly at the core issues of human studies-humanity and humanity, and is also an innovative masterpiece of human studies. The book says: "Man is an animal that walks upright with two feet and has psychological and cultural activities, or he is an animal that walks upright with two feet and has psychological and cultural activities". The book points out that bipedal uprightness and psychological culture are the dual attributes of human beings, which are determined by two aspects of human integrity.

Edit paragraph 2. Guyi

It can be seen from the glyphs of Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen and Xiaozhuan that from ancient times to the unification of China by Qin Shihuang, people's understanding of what is human is unified, that is, animals that can bend over to work can call people, because farmers who work in the fields, officials working in the government and emperors have to bend over to work, bend over to write and bend over to examine and approve documents. Later, because everyone didn't understand the meaning of the word "person", it was changed to what it is now!

Edit the third paragraph. Biological explanation

Homo sapiens (Latin scientific name) is an ordinary animal in the earth ecosystem, which is the result of biological evolution. Man belongs to the field of eukaryotes, the animal kingdom, metazoa, Gastropoda, Chordata, Vertebrate, Amniotic, Mammalian, Fauna, Eupolyphaga, Primate, Eupolyphaga, Straight-nosed Monkey, Ape, Narrow-nosed, True-nosed, Ape, Hominidae, and Man. If people don't follow the biological evolution theory, they will be replaced by other animals one day.

Edit paragraph 4. The philosophical category of human beings

As a philosophical concept, different philosophers have different understandings of man. There are four main types: ① Man is God's creation. In the early philosophical system at home and abroad, the mainstream of human beings originated from God's creation and was a reflection of human self-creation. There is a saying in China that Nu Wa made man. The combination of myth and religion formed China's independent humanistic thought. There was a systematic theory of human nature in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: the theory of good and evil. European medieval theological idealism believed that God created man. According to the Christian Bible, Adam and Eve, the ancestors of human beings, ate a fruit of wisdom, violated God's will, and were punished by God, thus creating human beings, and all subsequent people were born guilty. On the one hand, man has the divinity of communicating with God, on the other hand, he has the body that makes people fall into sin, which means that man is "half an angel and half a beast". ② Man is a natural person. This is the struggle of modern bourgeois philosophers against religious theology, which reveals the essence of human beings from their natural attributes. French materialist naturalist humanists regard man as an animal with high sensory ability, and believe that the essence of man lies in himself, that is, the natural nature of man. Lamitri declared. People are machines. Helvetius declared that man is "just a perceptual entity", and the perceptual pursuit of happiness and avoidance of pain is the eternal nature that dominates all human activities. Modern bourgeois rationalism theory of human nature promotes man from feeling entity to thinking entity, and holds that the essence of man is rationality. And reason is freedom. Kant believes that only by obeying one's own reason can one be free from the domination of the sensory world. Absolute command "is the true sense of the people's control over themselves." Starting from humanism, Feuerbach opposes Hegel's view that man is reduced to self-consciousness. He believes that man is a "perceptual" quasi-existence ... a natural essence. (3) Marxist view of human studies: man is the subject of self-liberation in practice. A natural person whose inner life substance ontology and specific brain consciousness ontology form a whole. Natural persons form a complete social relationship through labor relations and form a systematic external contradictory relationship. Man is "the sum of all social relations". Whether it is a natural person or a social person, the overall contradiction of self-liberation is formed through the internal and external contradictions of human beings. Man's natural essence is the product of animal evolution, and man's creation beyond nature is himself. Human nature is divided into natural attributes and social attributes, and social attributes are the essential attributes of human beings. First, consciousness is the basic attribute of human beings, which runs through internal and external contradictions. Man is the subject of conscious inevitability. All human behaviors are the existence of self-awareness and self-liberation. The basic attribute of consciousness is the attribute of consciousness, and the fundamental content of human nature is consciousness. Second, practice is conscious. People come from practice and find the existence of natural and social relations in practice. Discover conscious knowledge through practice, and liberate self-creation through practice. The practice of creating oneself is the basic way to get rid of it. Third, the subject of self-liberation. Using actual labor to create human self-existence and form the development of self-existence. Man is naturally bound by the external material world, and his appearance is the liberation and relative freedom of nature. Newborn individuals are all products of a certain history, and developing themselves in new practice will inevitably lead to contradictions with the old world. Humans can liberate their internal and external contradictions by expanding the scope of practice and creating new practical tools. Only by constantly developing their practical ability can they develop their own existence. People's basic creativity, that is, productivity, is the sum of people's discovery and innovation of specific natural and social contradictions. Productivity is embodied in the labor force. In short, people create their own existence through practice and consciously develop their own ontology. (4) People are his object, which is the latest viewpoint put forward by Tang Zhen in his new book Acceptance and Choice: People are his object. He believes that under the broad natural background, the whole world presents the characteristics of primitive nature, humanized nature, dynamic nature and virtual nature, and at the same time constitutes the object world of individuals. People's object world shows great differences in its natural attributes from low to high, which is manifested in the process of gradual evolution from passive nature to active nature. In front of the object, man is not only the receiver who accepts the object, but also the subject who chooses the object. From this, four relationships between people and things are formed: primitive nature and individuals interact and condense into individual feelings, which is used as a symbol to form the first relationship between things; Humanized nature condenses into individual perception and representation after interaction with individuals, which forms a second object relationship as a sign; Others interact with individuals and condense into individual consciousness and language, which is used as a sign to form the third object relationship; The interaction between the self and the individual itself condenses into the reflection of the individual, which is used as a symbol to form the fourth object relationship. People are just a whiteboard before interacting with objects, which is a void in the sense of people. The core content of human beings, that is, human self, is gradually formed in the process of interaction with the object world. In the feeling stage, people know the world through feeling, and the initiative of the feeling subject is imitative; In the stage of perception and representation, man is a perceptual subject formed on the basis of various sensory consciousness, and the initiative of the perceptual subject is characterized by comprehensive characteristics; In the stage of consciousness, man is the subject of consciousness with anti-subjectivity tendency, and the initiative of the subject of consciousness is anti-subjectivity; In the stage of reflection, man is an ideal subject who can reflect on himself, and the initiative of the ideal subject is to reflect on himself. These different stages of object relations enter the individual and form the individual's self at different stages. It can be seen that human self is dynamic, gradual and perfect in essence. Ego is a spiritual entity such as human feelings, perceptions and consciousness formed by the object relationship that individuals obtain from objects, and different stages of life are different manifestations of these spiritual entities. Acceptance and Choice, the first edition of China Social Sciences Publishing House in August 2009, commented that theological idealism has nothing in common with bourgeois philosophers and Marxism in revealing human nature. However, there are similarities and differences between bourgeois philosophers and Marxist interpretations of human nature. The same point is that both of them are material people, and they are absolutely opposite to religious theology. The difference is. The first two have essential differences in revealing human nature. Modern bourgeois philosophers, especially Feuerbach, attribute human nature to "nature-like". That is, the natural attributes of human beings are regarded as the essence of human beings. He said that the highest absolute essence of human beings and their purpose of existence lie in will, thinking and emotion. As for what kind of will this "person" has. Thinking and emotion are not examined. In this way, Feuerbach took out man's sociality and regarded man as an abstract natural person. Marx explained that the essence of man is the sum of all social relations from the realistic man and certain social and historical conditions. This is the first scientific discovery in the history of philosophy. Marx also admitted that people have a natural side, for example, human studies are aimed at natural people. In this sense, it can be said that people have two attributes, but the essential attribute that determines people to be human is sociality. Because people in reality are individuals, or people in different positions in social relations. It is in the production relationship between people that people use production tools to seek material means of production, leaving this fundamental social attribute. It is difficult to distinguish it from animals in terms of natural attributes alone. Therefore ... it is the only scientific view to explain human nature from the material relationship of society. Understanding people from the perspective of things is a brand-new and systematic perspective. The method of understanding from the perspective of object unifies primitive nature, humanized nature and active nature logically and historically. In fact, it unifies nature and society to observe people, avoiding the practice of observing people only by relying on nature (such as Feuerbach) or human society (such as Confucius) at a certain historical stage, and avoiding the metaphysical conclusion that nature and society are separated and opposed. Marx pointed out in the manuscript of economic philosophy of 1844 that non-objective existence means non-existence. In this sense, a person who has lost his object is not a person. Therefore, people-oriented is to know people in a broader, dynamic and systematic sense, so it is a complete and comprehensive person. This is another cognitive logic to study people's all-round development, understand and observe the relationship between people and the world, understand people's subjective initiative and dialectically treat people's growth process.

Edit this paragraph V. The definition of man in the science of happiness

Someone once said: we have been racing all our lives, even before we were born, we have to race with 300 million sperm! But since we were born, competition has followed. Seeing that children play with toys better than themselves, I want to be better than him. Seeing that my classmates' schoolbags are more handsome than myself, I want a more handsome schoolbag! According to China's happiness research, human nature is not satisfied. What is a person? In terms of human nature, or in a broad sense, people are animals whose nature is not satisfied. This definition is defined from the perspective of human nature. In fact, any human being, like any leaf in nature, is different from other similar people and has his own personality, especially human consciousness. According to Marx's theory, we know that matter determines consciousness. Therefore, we can define "man" as follows: man is an animal with a certain consciousness formed in a specific environment because of his unsatisfied nature. What is man's unsatisfied nature? People's unsatisfied nature means that people are not satisfied with the status quo and always want me or our things to be better than others. The following examples can prove that human nature is not satisfied: for example, comparing young people with young animals, it is difficult for people to do nothing most of the day like ordinary animals. People are generally "demented" for ten minutes, and they will be called "you are sick". If an animal stays for half a day or more, no one will think it is sick. Example 2: People's innate self-esteem. Everyone likes to listen to praise and is unwilling to listen to criticism, especially those uneducated children. Example 3: People are not satisfied. Although we often say that "contentment is always happy", we seldom find that anyone will be satisfied-unless he is really sick. Ex. 4: The evolutionary history of human beings also indirectly proves that human nature is not satisfied. The reason why human beings are different from ordinary animals is that they have gradually formed a stronger unsatisfied nature. Because of human dissatisfaction, it leads to a stronger desire for knowledge and practice, which leads to the continuous development and progress of human beings, making human beings stand out from the general animal species and become the present human beings; Other animals, because they are easy to satisfy, make progress very hard or slowly. In addition, people who don't plead guilty or commit heinous crimes are generally judged as "not human", so there is a saying in China that Japanese people are not human. For specific reasons, please refer to the Japanese invasion of China in World War II and its present performance. )

Edit paragraph 6. The purpose and application of human research

Mr. Zhang Ronghuan, a contemporary Chinese scholar and anthropologist, in the book Purpose of Humanities Research and Application published in March 2008, solved and obtained the fundamental proposition and the latest achievement in the field of humanities research and application: "The purpose of humanities research and application is to cooperate with the rise of human beings and the rise of personality and its ecology!" "People-oriented is the basic viewpoint of human studies, and it is an all-round development view with three-dimensional thinking concept. It focuses on the integrity, coordination and sustainability of development, which not only embodies the characteristics of logical thinking and systematic thinking, but also effectively enhances people's ecological thinking, establishes the modern significance of ecological thinking mode, and shows that the purpose of humanistic research and its application is to cooperate with the rise of people's personality and their ecology! " "The method of taking care of social order from a rational perspective is a new perspective of humanistic research, which points out the direction for China's humanistic research in the new century." "The most important feature of human studies is to start from' realistic people', directly pay attention to the real existence and living conditions of contemporary people, pay attention to people's practical needs, pay attention to solving practical problems, and pay attention to people's all-round development. Promoting people's all-round development is the premise and foundation of promoting economic and cultural development and improving people's material and cultural living standards. The more people develop in an all-round way, the more material wealth of society is created, and the more people's lives are improved. The more abundant the material and cultural conditions, bimonthly can promote the all-round development of people. The development level of social productive forces and economy and culture is a gradual and endless historical process, and so is the all-round development of human beings. These two historical processes should be combined to promote each other. " This has pointed out the direction for China's humanistic research in the new century. ""Only by reflecting in the personality ecology can we obtain the truth-like methods and wisdom ""When reflection loses its initial development environment in science and philosophy. If we want to find a certain environment after this distinction, only by putting people back to the first place in life can we have the starting point, that is, we should reflect on the personality ecology and use an oriental term "health preservation" to explain his role and significance. If you lose the function of keeping in good health, the phenomenological method will become meaningless! Pure phenomenology, which is divorced from personality ecology, is a science about pure consciousness. It only comes from pure "reflection" and is meaningless "science". This requires the basic view of anthropology to revive the life of this zombie discipline, that is, to pay attention to "human society", "life world", "interactive subject" and "personality ecology" while putting forward reflective requirements for science and philosophy. "Only human studies can reflect and grasp the existence and significance of human beings as a whole." "The foothold of human science is not completely close to the road of modern western human science, nor is it to continue along the road of China's traditional culture, but to study human beings in the changing trend of human beings and the environment and improve the overall quality of human beings and the world environment! The historical mission of human science is to go to the real life world of human beings, gain insight into the living experience of real people, pay attention to, respect and shape people, and provide humanistic spirit, core cultural concepts, reasonable ways and observation methods for human development practice. Humanism can determine the connotation of humanistic spirit from the overall understanding of human beings, which is fundamentally based on the realistic grasp of human beings and their essence (humanity), existence and historical development law and the interpretation of the times, which is inseparable from the study of humanism, and one of the highest functions and fundamental purposes of humanism is to provide core cultural ideas for the development and practice of contemporary human beings, that is, core humanistic spirit. Therefore, humanism is a profound theoretical basis for exploring humanistic spirit and embodies the function of humanism in the times. Therefore, humanism is a fundamental and constructive "practical project of personality and its ecological cultivation", which is related to the fate of human development and philosophical development.

Edit paragraph 7. Related items

1, the concept of human science: human science is a new science about human existence, essence, and the law of its generation, movement, development and change. Humanism first takes people themselves as the research object, and integrates people into nature and the universe to make an overview. Man is the dialectical unity of body and spirit. The essence of spirit is also material. The material existence forms of man and nature are basically the same. Man and the universe are essentially the same. The meaning and value of life lies in the contribution to others, society and mankind. Only by establishing a correct outlook on the world, life, values, time and space and development can people embark on the road of true and complete freedom and liberation. In essence, anthropology is a frontier discipline that spans sociology, psychology and anthropology. It is a science that comprehensively studies people's social attributes, physiological and psychological attributes and comprehensive characteristics, as well as the laws of their occurrence, development and change. Humanism in a narrow sense is a comprehensive humanities and social science, which mainly studies human nature (human essence), the meaning of life and the code of conduct of human beings. It is an organic ideological system with the theory of human nature as the core, the outlook on life (life value theory and code of conduct theory), the theory of rule of man (self-cultivation theory and political theory of governing people) and the theory of human social ideal as the content. 2. Anthropologists Anthropologists are people who cultivate personality and its ecology. Generally speaking, it refers to people who specialize in human studies, that is, human existence, essence and the laws of its emergence, movement, development and change. In particular, it refers to people who have made academic research and social practice contributions to the "personality and its ecological rise project". Everyone should attach importance to human studies, because people who pursue human studies are not only the expression of their love, but also people with superb love. People come to this world for the sake of the continuous rise of personality and its ecology, so as to realize the purpose of civilization and its happiness. The greatness of human beings is essentially the greatness of personality, on the contrary, the ugliness of human beings is essentially the filth of personality. People with great personality will continue to serve and increase the ecological goodness, while people with ugly personality will continue to destroy and increase the ecological ugliness. Let everyone become a humanist, care for others and themselves with truth, goodness and beauty, and show each other's lifestyles and ways of thinking in the process of inheritance, development, blending and differentiation of aesthetic concepts and cultural phenomena. It is the efforts made by human beings for world civilization and its happiness every day until the rise of personality and its ecology. Everyone takes the rise of personality and its ecology as their own responsibility, preaching everywhere, serving those who don't love me, those who love me, those I love, the rejuvenation of mankind, and those who have discovered and risen completely. Those who have risen by virtue of their own personality and ecology have accepted the invitation of the ego and responded freely, and are also driven by the love of the ego to spread civilized and happy humanistic theories and methods to the whole world. Humanism is a treasure house of truth, goodness and beauty. It is handed down from generation to generation, expressed from people's conscience and displayed to all those who are determined to improve their personality and ecology. On the one hand, it shows their beliefs, on the other hand, it inspires their emotions and celebrates in a poetic way in civilization and its happiness.