From the Xia Kongjia period to the Shang Dynasty Kangding period, the ancient father moved south to Qishan, and Zhou Zu inherited the 12 generation in Qingyang, which lasted for more than 400 years. Zhou people taught people to cultivate crops in Qingyang, which created the farming culture in the first week, and changed Qingyang from a nomadic area dominated by animal husbandry to a semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral area dominated by agriculture, which had a great impact on the economic and cultural development of Qingyang later. Qingyang is a typical loess plateau landform, with mountains, rivers, plains, valleys, beams and cape. This unique and diverse landform determines the diversity of agricultural production in Qingyang. That is, grain, cotton, oil, hemp, silk, sugar, vegetables, cigarettes, fruits, medicines and miscellaneous products are readily available, and agricultural, forestry and animal husbandry by-products are complete. Many production projects have developed for thousands of years since the first week.
1. Continuous planting of crop varieties
Wheat, sorghum, corn, rice, millet, millet, soybean, gourd, hemp, grape, leek, amaranth and other crops mentioned in The Book of Songs (Bρn) in July are still being planted in Qingyang City. White melon seeds (gourd seeds) produced in Taibai, Heshui County are very famous and exported at home and abroad. Taibai Township is a famous rice town in the city. The rice produced here is sweet and delicious, even better than Ningxia japonica rice. Archaeologists found that there were carbonized grains in Liu Ao and Xinchengbao villages in Ningxian County 5000-6000 years ago, which proved that millet was planted here in Neolithic Age.
2. Inheritance of seasonal farming activities and production techniques.
Although the agricultural activities in Qingyang today have incomparable progress compared with those in ancient times, they still inherit and develop the activities of the previous week in some aspects. For example, in "July", there are descriptions such as beating red dates in August, harvesting rice in September, storing grain in October, picking melons and pulp in July, and picking gourds in August, all of which are the same as today's farming season. For example, the custom of sending rice to the fields during busy farming hours, building nurseries in September (that is, planting crops in spring and summer and planting crops in autumn and winter), weaving doors with firewood and tying crops with thatched ropes has continued to this day.
3. Development and inheritance of livestock
The development of agricultural production is inseparable from the breeding and reproduction of livestock. After Zhou people arrived in Beijiang (B, N), they began to raise pigs and gradually turned wild boar into livestock. There is a saying in Gong Liu that pigsty is a pigsty. "July" has "private talk in prison; The saying of "offering sacrifices to the pig" is to keep the pig for yourself and give the big pig to the public. Because Gong Liu advocated raising pigs at home, raising pigs later became a symbol of the family. The development of agriculture has promoted the development of cattle, donkeys and sheep. Up to now, Qingyang donkey and premature cow are famous both inside and outside the province. Raising sheep is almost the main family business of northerners. Killing lambs in early winter every year, offering sacrifices to mountain gods and celebrating the harvest have been around since ancient times.
4. The planting of economic forest is passed down from generation to generation.
Qingyang region has a long history of economic forest planting, which not only has a wide variety, but also has considerable economic benefits. A considerable number of economic forest varieties came from the planting and cultivation of Zhou Xianmin.
Mulberry: As far back as Xuanyuan Huangdi's time, Huangdi ordered Lei Zuzhi, the concubine of Yuan Dynasty, to raise silkworms. Lei Zu taught people to plant a large number of mulberry trees and raise silkworms to spit silk and weave silks. Woven silk is smoother than flax, and then dyed into clothes, which is dazzling and deeply loved by everyone. At the beginning of the week, Qingyang vigorously developed mulberry planting and sericulture. In July, there are poems such as "Women hold baskets and beg for soft mulberry with them" and "Silkworm Moon Striped Mulberry", which means that girls are carrying bamboo baskets and picking tender mulberry leaves along the path by the wall. Every year 1 month to March, mulberry trees are pruned, and the high branches are cut off, so that people can climb the short branches to pick young mulberry trees. So mulberry is a native tree species in Qingyang City. From the first week to the present, Qingyang people have had the habit of sericulture for thousands of years. There are more than 30 grass mulberry and imported varieties such as Hu Sang, Sweet Mulberry, Liaosang, Wubao Mulberry, Lotus Leaf White and Kekusuo. , the cultivation area is more than 654.38+100000 mu and more than 654.38+100000 plants. Zhengning county has the largest number, reaching more than 4000 mu.
② Plum Blossom: Plum Blossom is a native tree species in Qingyang. In July, there was a poem "June is full of worries about drinking". Depression is plum, and the fruit is sweet and sour. Grafting plum branches on apricot and peach branches can produce sweeter plums than apricot and peach branches. Plum trees are widely distributed in Qingyang area, and the masses call them plum trees.
(3) Peach, pear and jujube: Gong Liu brought back many excellent tree species of peach, pear and jujube when he was in the motherland of the Western Regions. These tree species later became the dominant economic forest species in the ancient land, and they are also the local famous products in Qingyang City today. Huanggantao in Jiulongchuan Nature Reserve Nature Reserve, Jinsixiaozao in Ningxian County and Ma Lian River, and Yali in Jingchuan County and Binxian County are all famous inside and outside the province. Qingyang has 1 10,000 mu of peach trees with an annual output of more than 2 million kilograms. There are more than 8,000 mu of pear trees with an annual output of 6.5438+0.9 million kilograms. In addition, there are 500,000 mu of apricot trees with an annual output of 5 million kilograms of fresh apricots. In a word, the economic development of Qingyang City is closely related to the foundation of Zhou Xianzu's entrepreneurship here. When we are building socialism with China characteristics, we must never forget the history of our ancestors' hard work. Zhou Zu's activities in Qingyang for hundreds of years have left us a rich farming culture, and its unique folk culture and numerous cultural relics are very precious.
1。 Cave culture is the most prominent local folk culture in Qingyang area.
After Zhou Xianmin arrived in Qingyang, due to the creation and widespread promotion of caves, not only villages were all over the Loess Plateau, but also some important towns, military strongholds and key villages were caves. This accommodation pattern lasted for more than 4,000 years from ancient times to the founding of New China. Our ancestors came out of these caves and went to the whole country and civilization, so caves became one of the cradles of Chinese civilization and an important cradle of the Chinese nation. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, there were many kinds of earth caves in Longdong Loess Plateau, such as Yazhuang Courtyard, Pit Courtyard and Semi-bright and Semi-dark Pit Courtyard. Pit Village and semi-open Ya Zhuangyuan (also known as Zhuangzi in Ming Dynasty) are different due to different terrain, but the common features are economical, dry and firm, warm in winter and cool in summer, clean and hygienic. Since people settled in these caves, agriculture, animal husbandry, hand-made textile industry and metal smelting industry have all developed, materials have increased, life has been greatly guaranteed, and the population has also increased year by year. With the passage of time, the structure of caves has been constantly developing and changing, and it was not until the Ming and Qing Dynasties that loess caves appeared. By the end of 1985, it is a foregone conclusion. Of the rural residential building area in the city, the cave building area still accounts for 7 1.47%. For thousands of years, people have built caves and cultivated people. So far, stories, legends and customs of caves have spread all over the city. Shuigouyuan Village, Waxie Township, Ning County, has a thousand-year-old cave, covering an area of more than 200 square meters, with five windows, which can accommodate 100 people for a meeting. There are caves like this in some towns and villages. These abode of fairies and immortals silently show people the profound cultural details.
The caves in Qingyang have aroused great interest and concern from people all over the world. In 1960s, several Japanese guests visited Longdong Loess Plateau and were dumped by the ancient loess caves here. Their conclusion is that these caves are not only rich in cultural accumulation, but also an ideal health care place. Because the temperature in the kiln is moderate and the humidity is pleasant, there is no big difference all year round; In addition, the air is fresh and clean, without any environmental pollution; More importantly, it can prevent the invasion of radioactive elements, which is really an excellent place to keep fit and prolong life. In June 2002, at the first China Box Folk Culture Festival, the Chinese Folklore Society named Qingyang as "the hometown of caves".
2. Zhou Zu and the formation of local folk customs
Regardless of food, clothing, housing, entertainment, funeral, marriage, festivals, birthdays, etc. , are unique magic, infinite charm. For example, the Duanyang Festival in May has three main activities since ancient times: First, making sachets and wearing sachets. The custom of making sachets is very old. According to Huangdi's Neijing, a sachet is a sachet, which is used to charge medicine and spices, and also to hold money. They are worn on the chest and cannot be stolen by others. The Zhou Dynasty continued to be called the sachet. Due to the development of embroidery technology, the shape of sachet started from purse, but villagers always called it "play worker" and "purse". Some girls sang a ditty while embroidering purses, so a folk song with the theme of "embroidering purses" appeared. During the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, Wang Tingyou, a farmer poet in Xinzheng County, adapted Embroidered Dou into Embroidered Gold Monument, which became a famous revolutionary song in the border region and later became popular all over the country. On the morning of Dragon Boat Festival, children will wear sachets. Many children are covered with sachets on their shoulders, front chest and back chest, and tied with flower ropes twisted with five-color threads on their wrists and ankles. They play with each other and even visit their neighbors, full of childlike interest and festive atmosphere, and show the exquisite craftsmanship of women, which has a strong folk flavor. The second kind is cutting mugwort leaves, selling mugwort leaves and inserting mugwort leaves at every door. Because mugwort is an insect repellent grass, when its petiole burns, the smoke released can drive away and kill mosquitoes. In addition, it is also a kind of herbal medicine, which can clear away heat and diminish inflammation after boiling soup, and can be used for acupuncture and moxibustion to relieve pain and dispel cold after burning. Around the Dragon Boat Festival, various pests, such as mosquitoes and biting poisonous insects, became active, so people used spices and medicinal materials, such as mugwort leaves, to prevent diseases and protect people's health. The third is to drink realgar wine, which can also repel insects. The fourth is to make dumplings and eat them. The latter two customs were introduced from the south. Drinking is based on the story of white snake drinking wine in Legend of the White Snake, which shows that wine can cure poisonous snakes and prevent them from biting. People eat zongzi in memory of the patriotic poet Qu Yuan. Qingyang folk culture represented by Dragon Boat Festival has a long history and extraordinary charm, which makes Qingyang land full of magic and vitality.
3. Qingyang Zhouzu Site
Tomb of Zhou Zu: There are 9 tombs of Zhou Xianzu, which are located in Maohe Mountain in the east of Qingyang, Wang Julingtao, the Duke of Zhou, 60 miles west of Qingyang, and Jiulongchuan Nature Reserve Nature Reserve in Ning County. There are many folk tombs, and the first batch of Zhou tombs that have been excavated are:
Tuergou Tomb in Shijiazhuang, Xihuachi Township, Heshui County: Sit north to south. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, a remnant tomb of the pre-Zhou Dynasty was found, which was 65438±0.3m wide, 65438±0.5m deep and 65438±0.7m long ... Two pieces of pottery were unearthed from the terrace on the second floor of the cooked soil: a red pottery with sand lines, a three-legged milk bag, an ear and a straight mouth; Another gray pottery square shoulder-folding jar, with a cover, polished smoothly and coated with cinnabar and white powder.
Bajiazui Tomb in Xifeng District:1In the autumn of 984, when workers in Bajiazui Farm dug a kiln, they dug a tomb of the Zhou Dynasty in a pit 2 meters deep on the surface. Slate ashes and human bones were found, and some pottery was unearthed, three of which were collected by the regional museum in Tao Ge. Tao Ge's texture is sand-mixed, red pottery and sand-mixed gray pottery, full of milk bags, with rope lines and extra pile lines on the abdomen.
Pre-Zhou Culture Site: The pre-Zhou Culture Site found in the city is mainly Jiuzhan Site in Haozui Township, Heshui County, which is located on the terrace on the north bank of Heshuichuan. 1984, the provincial and county museums and experts and professors from Peking University * * * excavated the Jiuzhan site together. In 80 excavated pits, nearly 1000 pieces of pottery, l pieces of copper knives and 1 pieces of bronze ornaments were unearthed. According to the determination of carbon 14, the absolute age from now on is 3370, which proves that it is a cultural site of the pre-Zhou and Shang Dynasties. There are 66 cultural sites of the Western Zhou Dynasty in the city, with 39 sites in Ningxian County. The focus is on the ruins of Tanlayu Village, Zaosheng Township, Ning County, with an area of 1.8 million square meters. It is a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit. In addition to pottery and stone tools, an urn coffin, a tile coffin tomb and three brick tombs were excavated at the Shuangcheng site in Quzi Town, Huan County, and a bronze tripod and a bronze coffin were obtained. At the Miaotouzui site in Lijiasi Village, Pengyuan Township, Xifeng District, copper buckets, copper retort 1 piece and two copper axes were unearthed. Three bronzes were unearthed from the site of Hantan Miaozui in Wenquan Township, Xifeng District. Brother Bai Yu of Shang Dynasty unearthed in Yelin Village, Dongzhi Township, Xifeng District is actually the first artifact of Zhou Dynasty, because Dongzhi was the place where Zhou people lived at that time. This piece is bluish white, with zero brown spots, slightly curved triangle, sharp front, middle ridge, blade edge, hole near the fence, small dentate protrusion at the inner end, and the word "minister" engraved on the inner surface. Eye and beast pattern, the words "Zhaqiwuzi" are vertically engraved in the middle of the front of the column body, with fine handwriting and exquisite production, with a length of 38.9 cm. From then on, it can be seen that the pre-Zhou culture has developed to a level close to the Central Plains culture.
4. Historical sites in the early Zhou Dynasty
Not a city: Qingyang county has four gates in the southeast and northwest today, and the city walls stand on steps to cut the soil.
Gongliu City: Located in Miaozuiping, west of Ning County, 198 1 September, Gansu Provincial People's Government announced it as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit.
Xijigou: It originates from the northeast of Gaoyou in Qingyang County and flows to Liangjiaping. It is located in the south of Ma Lian where Gong Liu lives, about 10 Li long.
Shengshuitang: At the mouth of Liubagou, Qingcheng County, there is a site of Tiansheng Temple. The clear water Tang Ying with horseshoe pattern on the bottom is huge.
Gongliu Ancient Temple: located in Gaojiaao Village, Wenquan Township, 80 miles southwest of the county seat, commonly known as Gongliu Hall or Fuzitang. According to legend, Gong stayed here to rule the field, and later generations thought of drinking water sources and built temples. Every year on March 18th, Gongliu Temple Fair, local people and people from Changwu, Xunyi, Binxian and other places in Shaanxi come from afar to hold a grand commemoration of Gongliu's birthday.
Zhou Mianxing Palace: Located in the north of Qingcheng County, it is now called Beiguan Imperial City. Xingjiao Temple has a bronze statue in this site: the site of "Emperor Xing Gong of Zhou Dynasty", which no longer exists.
Zhou Zuyuan: garden village, 20 miles south of the county seat, is said to be the place where Zhou Zu doesn't grow flowers.
Huapo: In the east of the county 10, it is said that there are peony, peony and camellia, which are fragrant and unforgettable gardens.
Yanqing: 35 miles north of the county seat, it is said that Gong Liu was born, and it still exists.
Tianziao: 70 miles northeast of the county seat. Near East Ridge (that is, Ziwuling), with deep ditch on the west side, flat center and lush trees, is suitable for animal husbandry and afforestation, and is said to be the land of Jutao nomadic afforestation.
Gong Liu Zhuang: In the east of Laozi and Zhuangzi in Jia Fan, 50 miles northeast of the county seat, there are several acres of farmland, so no one dares to cultivate it, so it is called Tianzizhang. Legend has it that it is the birthplace of Zhou Zu.
Zhouzu Temple: In the south of Qingcheng County, it is dedicated to Zhouzu. At the beginning of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, the magistrate Pu Haixiu. There are statues, two murals and 37 statues of the king below. In the fifth year of Shunzhi, Li, the magistrate, built a workshop with the inscription "Saint of Zhaozhou" and "Emperor Feng Wang".
Zhou Jiubang Fang Mu: On Qingyang South Street. The height of three square rooms is 10 meter. There are four exposed pillars at the top of the square wood, and the top five floors of the pillars are inlaid with half arches, which bear the roof of the square wood. The roof tile has a roof ridge, and the lotus flower opens on the ridge tile. In the middle of the eaves, there is a plaque with the characters "Zhou Jiubang" in regular script. In September of the 18th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty, Yi Hao, the magistrate and former supervisor of Qingyang, was established. In the third year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty, the magistrate was rebuilt in a stone pit. In the 28th year of Guangxu, the magistrate Qinglin was rebuilt. This workshop is a county-level cultural relics protection unit.
Song Chengtian Temple Monument: Located outside the west gate of Luochuan City, Zhengning County. It was built in the second year of Xiangfu in Song Dynasty (AD 1009). Dr. Chao San wrote an article for Li Weifeng, the minister of war of Shangshu, and the Hanlin presented a letter to Lang Yinxi, with the inscription "Ningzhou Chengtian Guanbei in the Great Song Dynasty". The inscription reads: "The upper reaches of Luochuan are really the city of Pengyuan, with lush weather, secluded remoteness, loyal people and hardworking farmers. Xuanqiu is in sight, which is the hometown of bears and the land of Gong Liude. " 1981September, Gansu provincial people's government announced it as a provincial-level cultural relics protection unit. This monument has been moved to the courtyard of the county cultural center.
Houji Station: located 30 kilometers northwest of Zhenyuan County, with dozens of steps around, it is said to be the place where Houji teaches people to cultivate crops.
In addition, there are Hou Ji Wharf, Houji Temple, Jianshan Bay, Wolf Rugou and Jiulingshui.