Zong Baihua?

Introduction?

The world is endless, life is endless, and artistic realm is endless. "Nothing is new to me" (Wang Xizhi's poem) is the artist's feeling about the world. "Times are always new" is the brand of all great works. "Review and learn new things.

",but this is the attitude of artistic creation and artistic criticism. A step forward in history is often accompanied by a step backward, exploring the root causes of poverty. Li and Du's genius never forgot to transfer to many divisions. /kloc-The Renaissance in the 0/6th century followed Greece, while the Romanticism in the 0/9th century looked forward to the Middle Ages. The new genre of the twentieth century can be traced back to the naivety of primitive art?

Modern China is at a turning point in history. A new situation is bound to emerge. However, more importantly, we should look at the old culture with sympathetic understanding and give a new evaluation. Exploring the special structure of China's artistic conception, which is the core and the most contribution to the world in China's cultural history, in order to spy out China's deep affection and brilliance is also an introspection of national culture. The Greek philosopher taught life: "Know yourself!" Modern philosophers say to us, "Transform the world!" In order to change the world, we must first understand each other. ?

(A) the meaning of artistic conception?

Ding Gongan said to Shi in Beijing: "There is a gap in the Western Hills, and sometimes the first few seats are down, rain or shine!" The distance between Xishan and Xishan is not the physical distance, but the artistic conception in my heart. Mind creates artistic conception, which is the wonder of art?

Fang Shishu said in Notes on Teana Temple: "Mountains and rivers are covered with vegetation, which is a natural condition. Because the mind creates the environment, the heart is transported by hand, and this virtual environment is also. What is empty is really a gap between pen and ink. -So, the ancient pen and ink are beautiful in this mountain and Cang Shu, and the water is vivid and smooth. Outside the world, this is a miracle. Or if you are willing to swing, you will refine gold into liquid and abandon me to save essence, which is as wonderful as a virtual shadow. " The whole essence of China's painting lies in these words. There are thousands of words in this article just to clarify this language. ?

Yunnan Tian's "Jiean Map" says: "Looking at the mountains and rivers, every grass and tree, every hill and valley are all made by the spirit of Jiean (referring to Jiean in Tang Dynasty), but not owned by the world. Its image is in the table of Liuhe, falling from four o'clock. It will swim endlessly with the chariot wheels and the wind. The so-called mountain is the sun of Fenshui, is the soil true? Bran, about the ice and snow. How do you know where Jie 'an is wandering when the customs are dirty? " ?

The "wandering heart" of a painter and poet is his unique spiritual realm, his image and the center of his artistic creation. ?

What is artistic conception? The relationship between man and the world can be divided into five realms due to different levels of relationship: (1) there is a utilitarian realm to meet physiological material needs; (2) Because people love each other, there is an ethical realm; (3) There is a political realm because of the mutual influence of the crowd combination; (4) Poor physics, pursuit of wisdom and academic realm; (5) there is a religious realm because of the desire to return to nature and the unity of man and nature. Five realms, step by step. Life needs sublimation. The utilitarian realm is dominated by benefit, the ethical realm is dominated by emotion, the political realm is dominated by power, the academic realm is dominated by reason, and the religious realm is dominated by god. But between the latter two, taking the specific life of the universe as the object, enjoying its hue, order, rhythm and harmony, so as to get a glimpse of the deepest reflection of myself; Turning a real scene into a virtual scene, creating an image as a symbol, and concretizing and materializing the highest human mind is the "artistic realm". The artistic realm is dominated by beauty. ?

So all beautiful light comes from the source of the soul: without the mapping of the soul, there is no beauty. Swiss thinker Amir said:? Natural landscape is a spiritual realm. ? China's great painter Shi Tao also said:? Mountains and rivers create mountains and rivers, which are passed down from generation to generation. ..... Mountains and rivers meet with God. ?

The artist's mind reflects everything and represents mountains and rivers. What he shows is the fusion and infiltration of subjective life perception and objective natural scenery, reaching a vivid, delicate and profound spiritual realm; This spiritual realm is the "artistic conception" of art, and the unity of subject and object is the unity of life and nature, so the artistic conception was born. (But in music and architecture, this pure form in time and space expresses the deepest indescribable artistic conception in people's hearts in a way that does not imitate natural scenes, and dance is a pure formal art that combines time and space, so it can be the fundamental form of all arts, which will be discussed later. )?

In an artistic expression, emotion and scenery blend and penetrate each other, so as to find the deepest emotion, which is deeper than one layer and penetrates into the deepest scenery at the same time, and which is more crystal clear than one layer; Scenery is full of emotion, and emotion is concrete, so a unique universe and brand-new image have emerged, which has enriched human imagination and opened up a new realm for the world. As Yunnan Tian said, "All thoughts are unique, but not owned by the world!" This is what I call "artistic conception". Infinitely wonderful. Nature comes from the outside, and the heart comes from the inside. Tang Dynasty painter Zhang? These two instructions are the basic conditions for the emergence of this artistic conception. ?

(2) Artistic conception and landscape?

Tang Cai Zhen, a native of the Yuan Dynasty, said, "Mountains and rivers are beautiful things. Yin and Yang are dim, sunny and rainy, cold and hot, and faint in the morning and evening. Step by step with the shape, which is infinitely interesting. It is not like the hills and valleys in the chest, but like a vast wave, which is hard to describe. " ?

The creation of artistic conception is to make the objective scenery a symbol of my subjective feelings. There are thousands of thoughts, waves and manners. It is not a fixed outline of an object that can be expressed in scale. Only the vivid landscape of mountains, rivers, vegetation and clouds can represent the endless inspiration in our minds. Chinese painting is the most important landscape, which is inseparable from the theory of artistic conception. The inscription in Yunnan said: "Write this beautiful cloud mountain, which is full of tears." Landscape has become a medium for poets and painters to express their feelings, so both Chinese painting and poetry regard landscape as the center of expression and praise. It is quite different from the western artistic techniques that focus on the human body since Greece. Dong Qichang put it well: "Poetry is based on mountains and rivers, and mountains and rivers are also based on poetry." The poetic heart endowed by the artist reflects the poetic heart of heaven and earth. (Poetry latitude cloud: "The poet's heart of heaven and earth". Mountains and rivers are the reflection of the poetic soul of the universe; The active mind of painters and poets is the creation of the universe itself, and its ups and downs are like clouds in the sky and geese in a cold pond, ethereal and natural! ?

(3) Artistic conception creation and personality cultivation?

The realization of this subtle realm depends on the artist's usual spiritual cultivation and secret cultivation, which he suddenly achieved in the lively spiritual leap and silent experience. Because artistic conception is born of heart, what kind of heart and spirit is extremely important. Huang Zijiu, a great painter in the Yuan Dynasty, said: "Sitting in the barren hills and rocks all day long, my thoughts are confused, and people don't know why." I went to the middle of the sea to see the rapids and waves. Although the storm came suddenly, the monster was sad and ignored. Mi Youren, a painter in the Song Dynasty, said, "In the old painting world, nothing happened in the ocean of the world. Every monk in the quiet room forgot all his troubles and walked with the blue emptiness. "Huang Zijiu went deep into the universe with the passion of Dionysus, while Mi Youren reflected the vastness and exquisiteness of the world with the tranquility of Apollo, representing the two highest spiritual forms in artistic life. ?

The artistic realm completed in this state of mind can naturally be ethereal, turbulent and profound. Dong Yuan of the Southern Tang Dynasty said, "Writing about the mountains in the south of the Yangtze River is sloppy. There are several things like myopia, but if you are far away, the scenery will be bright, and you will be far-sighted, like seeing a foreign land. " The artist used his deep mind to discover the deep situation in the universe; In nature, they "can look at dead rocks, scoop water and sparse forests with deep affection and ask them to live in seclusion." Every time Huang Zijiu teaches people to make deep pools and mixed trees? In short, its environment can be imagined. ?

Therefore, the appearance of artistic realm is by no means a purely objective mechanical depiction of nature, but a kind of "the self-satisfaction of the craftsman is the highest" (in Mi Fei's words), especially the landscape scenery, which cannot be copied and can only be grasped by the creation of the mind. Point out the second key of artistic conception: first, "change" and sense of change; The second is "panorama" and a sense of wholeness. Song Di, a painter in Song Dynasty, said on landscape painting.

"Seek a defeat first, Zhang Silk Fibroin, see it every day. For a long time, what we have seen is the defeat on the city wall, and the high and low twists and turns have become the images of mountains and rivers. In our mind, the highest is the mountain, the lowest is the water, the ridge is the valley, the stream is lacking, the obvious is near, and the gloomy is far. God took the initiative to create and suddenly saw the images of people, birds, plants and trees flying. During the Qingming period, he wrote casually, silently used God, and the natural scenery was natural, not artificial, and it was a living pen. ?

This passage of his can explain what China painters often say: "Mountains and valleys are formed in the chest, and they are all made in pen and ink", which is completely different from the attitude of Monet, a western impressionist painter. He painted the same scene for more than ten times at three o'clock in the morning, at noon and at night, and he was deliberately realistic. ?

(4) the performance of Zen?

Why are China artists dissatisfied with purely objective mechanical modeling? Because the artistic conception is not the natural presentation of a single plane, but the deep creation of a realm. From the description of intuitive feelings, the transmission of positive life to the enlightenment of the highest spiritual realm, there are three levels. These three levels of adjectives in Cai Xiaoshi's preface to Bai Shishan Fangci are extremely particular:?

"Husband's original intention is to be good with music, and his tone is very deep and deep. First reading, full of spring scenery, Baise demon dew, snowy land, Yu Xia Qitian, a world. (This is an intuitive rendering. ) watch it again? Cave, first frost, horse drop, swimming scales out of the water, another place. (This is the exchange of active life) When I read it, the moon was in the sky, the fairy white clouds were shining, the swan goose was in the air, and the leaves were raining. I don't know why they are in such a hurry. However, that is far away. (This is the revelation of the highest spiritual realm) "Jiang Shunyi commented:" At the beginning, love won. Also, I won. Finally, Ge Sheng also. " ?

"Emotion" is the direct reflection of mind on impression, "Qi" is the life of "far anger", and "Ge" is the noble demeanor of personality. Impression? Mind? Personality. Impressionism and realism in western art are equivalent to the first realm. Romanticism tends to express life music freely, while classicism tends to reveal life statues clearly, which is equivalent to the second realm. As for symbolism, expressionism and post-impressionism, their purport lies in the third realm. As both arts, it seems biased to divide the three realms by purport. How different the western ideas are from China remains to be considered. ?

However, since the Six Dynasties, China's ideal artistic realm has always been "to view Taoism with a pure heart" (a painter of the Jin and Song Dynasties), and he understood the subtle and profound realm of Zen with a smile in Hue. Zen is unique to China. Although it is related to Buddhism, it is the product of the fusion of Buddhism and China's artistic conception. According to the above five levels, Zen is a step from "beauty" to "god" For example, Guan said it well in the preface of "Inventing Xin 'an":

"When will there be a bright moon" and the word immortal. The word "blowing a pool of spring water" is also related to Zen people. Immortals are not easy to learn, but Zen can learn. Learning, not seclusion, is boring, and you can appreciate the wonderful enlightenment of flowers. If you are poor, you will move in silence. Why is Cheng Guan single-minded and prosperous? Therefore, the word is also in the realm, the empty pool is printed on the moon, the top and bottom are clear, and the screen is also known. Incense comes from dust, fragrance is far away, and reason is pure. Birds sing and pearls set off, and the flowers fall in the group, feeling super round. ?

The single-mindedness of Cheng Guan is the starting point of artistic conception creation. Birds sing pearls and foils, and flowers fall one after another, which is the perfection of artistic expression. ?

We can also see the depth of this artistic conception in painting. Amin painter Li Rihua said in Zitaoxuan Miscellanies:?

"Every painting has three times, one day, the capacity of the body; You are in the dark, that is, under the forest by the water, and so are many places where scenes meet. (Click here to see the close-up around you) The next day is what the eyes expect; Whether it is a strange victory or a mystery, the clouds are long in spring and the sails are moving and the birds are flying. (Click here to see the scenery) A three-day trip; Although my eyesight is poor, my feelings are constant everywhere. (According to this, it is an idea of endless space) However, if there are intentional omissions, such as writing a tree and a stone, there will be a state of unintentional dyeing. (Based on this, we can see infinity in finiteness and sketch it vividly. ) When writing a long scene, there must be a meaning beyond the pen. When swallowing, it is intentional and sudden, and it is suddenly covered. According to this, we can express infinity through finiteness, and all images form a symbolic realm. In Buddhism, Buddhism and Buddhism, it is also called "extremely colorful and slightly colorful". ?

Therefore, painting reaches the highest spiritual realm from full hue, which is the expression of the so-called Zen realm and various realm levels, and this is the destination. Dai once said: "The brushwork of Dannan Tian's" falling leaves gather and disperse, and the west Western jackdaw is amazed "(Li Bai's poem) and Pinmingfeng (Huang Zijiu) is the so-called lonely eaves walking on the wall, flying sand and walking stones, drawing almost Zen!" Zen is extremely quiet in motion and extremely dynamic in silence. It is silent and often shines, and it is often silent, moving and static, and directly explores the origin of life. Keep quiet and go straight to the source. Zen is China people's understanding of their soul after contacting Mahayana Buddhism, and it has been vividly displayed in the philosophical realm and artistic realm. A quiet and lively life constitutes two major elements of art, and also constitutes the state of mind of Zen. "Tang Xue Monks Collection" records: "Zhou Shu Taipingdeng Zen Master is quite familiar with classics and teaches Zen. Baiyun played a monk and sent him a message:' In the first month of Baiyun Mountain, warm sunshine and calm nights are all in a state.' The lamp was praised, and it didn't take long for Zongmen to understand. "The realm of Zen is expressed by the realm of poetry. ?

Therefore, the creation of China's artistic conception requires both Qu Yuan's lingering feelings and Zhuangzi's extraordinary ethereal spirit. Qu Yuan and Zhuangzi are far away from Buddhism and Taoism, but they are immersed in Zen, and the wonderful changes are endless. Only by lingering, can we be passionate and go deep into the core of everything. This is the so-called "entering the ring". Super ethereal, like a flower in the mirror, a moon in the water, a gazelle hanging on its horn, there is no trace to be found, so-called "super-image". Color is empty, empty is color, color is not different from empty, and empty is not different from color. This is not only the poetic realm of people in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, but also the painting realm of people in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. ?

(5) Tao, Dance and Blank: What are the characteristics of China's artistic conception structure?

Zhuangzi is a philosopher with artistic genius, and his interpretation of artistic realm is the most exquisite. Now he is "Tao", and this metaphysical principle and "technique" can be integrated. The life of "Tao" depends on technology, and the performance of "technology" inspires "Tao". He has a wonderful description in "Master of Health":?

"My skill is XieWenHui, hand touch, shoulder, foot, knee? , suddenly rang, playing with a knife? But if it weren't for Alto. Mulberry dance is the first meeting (festival) in the classics (Yao movement) Wen said, "Hey, good! Is this the end of technical cover? "My master let go of the knife and said to me," A person who is good at what I do is a person who is good at Tao and a person who is good at technology. "When the first minister solved the cow, he saw nothing but the cow. I haven't seen all the cows for three years. At this moment, I have seen God instead of him. I am an official in Zhi Zhi, but I am eager to do things, rely on justice and criticize the big ones, but is it big? Willing because of its courses and skills? Not bad, but the situation is big? Forget it! Guo Liang's age is not just a knife, he can cut it. There are many knives and many folds in the family month. Today, I killed thousands of cows with my sword for nineteen years, but if the blade is new and dry. A man with a knot has a room, but a man with a blade has no room. If you have no thickness, you will have room for it. 19 years, the blade is new. Although, as for the race (where to meet), I think it is not difficult, but it is a warning that the action is too late and the knife is very small. But it has been solved, such as the land commission! Stand with a knife, look around and aim high. The man who hid the knife said, "That's good. I won't keep in good health if I listen to me." "The story of my understanding of cows has a temporary meaning to read. Reading here is related to the psychological changes of artistic conception creation, and we can have a deeper understanding of artistic conception. ?

Heaven and earth are dance, poetry (the poet's heart of heaven and earth) and music (the sum of heaven and earth). The characteristics of China's painting realm are built on it. The painter took off Pan Bo's clothes, faced a blank piece of paper (representing the dancing space), and composed music and poems in the universe with flying grass. The bottom of all the forms photographed by the camera is a black shadow on the paper. The texture image in the object contour line is blurred. The camera captures objects, which is not unlike it. It's clear now. It's not the same as it was fifty years ago. But this is just the appearance, not the spirit. The grass trees and cliffs on the mountain can't vividly show their vein posture. Only after the heavy snow, the branches of the cliff-stone outline tree can show their own spirit and character, as if laying a blank sheet of paper, so that everything can show its own painting state with abrupt lines. Therefore, painters in China love to write about the snow scene (Wang Wei), and this is a picture of heaven. ?

Faced with this blank, China painters refused to let the shadow at the bottom of the object fill the "face" of the object and cancel the blank, as in western oil paintings; So it is really grounded in this virtual white, using all kinds of wrinkles to express the life rhythm of things. (Shi Tao said, "A pen is also a face." At the same time, we can express the rhythm of the heart by borrowing the grass feeling or official style in calligraphy, and draw the harmony between the physical state and the mind that the mind directly understands. Free and chic pen and ink, with the rhythm of lines and colors, opens its own path, swims in the air and dances with light and shadow, making it virtual reality. (See what Fang Shishu quoted in the first paragraph of this article)?

Zhuangzi said: "The empty room makes white." He also said: "Only Tao is empty." The vast space of "emptiness" and "whiteness" plays a great role in China's art, which actually means freedom and spiritual freedom. China's poems and articles all pay attention to the expressive method of using air to dye and using emptiness to control reality, so that there are spaces and ripples in the poetic realm, which is the same artistic structure as the facial makeup of Chinese painting. ?

China's unique art, calligraphy, can especially convey this ethereal and turbulent artistic conception. Where's Don? Wang Xizhi's "On Books" said: "Little by little, it means vertical and horizontal, and there are many in Asia." But the words are beautiful, vivid, profound, radiant, unpredictable and wonderful. "Here, we can see that the wonderful scenery of calligraphy is connected with painting, with the commotion in vanity, with the depths of the gods, with the image, and with the ring, all of which are the creations of China's art.