Japanese Buddhism originated in Japan. Although Buddhism was introduced to Japan from India through China, it was absorbed after it was introduced to Japan. Japanese Buddhism has a strong nationalist color. The clearest and most empty thing is to protect the country, "chanting prayers to serve the country and telling the prajnaparamita for the country", "the country has no voice of slandering the law, the family has the praise of the scriptures, and the country guards the national boundaries", and advocates "loyalty to the country and filial piety at home". After Kong Hai returned to China, all his activities were for the country. He changed the East Temple (in Kyoto) to Wang Jiao Huguo Temple, and changed Kaohsiung Temple to Zuozhenyan Temple. This strong thought of protecting the country is one of the characteristics of Japanese Buddhism.
Since the Nara era, Buddhism has flourished, even with the inherent Shinto momentum in Japan. But by the end of Heian, the climax of absorbing China had passed, and Japan entered the "national wind era". Moreover, because the economic center of gravity shifted from the central to the local, clan forces rose and Japan's inherent culture began to revive. So Shinto came back to life.
In the sixth year of Guibao (AD 775), the imperial court ordered various countries to repair temples for sacrifice. 17 (AD 798) ordered the use of native products as coins to pay for local shrines before returning them to Kyoto), and also ordered that buildings and gods of the two countries should not take women in shrines as safety, and that banquets and performances of songs and dances were prohibited during sacrifices. At the same time, the "Regulations on Punishment by God" was revised to rectify the shrine.
In the early days of Ping 'an, there were 737 official coin societies and 2395 state coin societies, which were divided into two levels. The official currency bureau that directly receives funds from the central government officials, and the national currency bureau that receives funds from the State Council. At that time, the famous shrines were Hemao Shrine (Kyoto), Harumi Shrine (Nara), Dayuanye Shrine (Kyoto) and Hachiba Palace (Kyoto) in Iwamizumi. In the first year of Zhenguan (AD 859), in order to enhance the prestige of the shrine, a knighthood was awarded to the shrine and generous treatment was ordered. For example, in the year of 13 (AD 794), the Hermao Shrine was granted a post, and in the second year of Datong (AD 807), it was promoted to a full post; Emperor Kanmu's Empress Takano gave Fujiwara's ancestor Imagi an upright ancestor. In the third year of He Cheng (AD 836), Buddhist monks were placed in a shrine, enriching the theory of Shinto with Buddhist classics. During the reign of Tian Ping Shengbao, a shrine was built in Kashima Shrine in Liu Chang. By the beginning of the 9th century, the Seven-Wall Shrine in Qian Yue, the Great God Palace in Yi Shi, the Erbaren Mountain Shrine in Shimonoseki and the Jehol Great God Palace in Zhang Wei had all built shrines. It can be seen that although Shinto was resurrected at that time, it could not escape the influence of Buddhism. Among the shrines, the largest one is Yasaka Shrine in Iwamizumi, which is called "South Sacrifice", followed by Hemao Shrine, which is called "North Sacrifice". Before the invention of pseudonyms, Japan had only languages, but no characters. After the introduction of Buddhist scriptures, Japan introduced other cultures through Buddhist scriptures. Due to the development of Japanese culture, it is objectively required to have a written language that can express one's own language, and pseudonyms are Japan's own written language produced with the historical evolution.
The so-called pseudonym is phonography created by the deformation and innovation of Buddhist scriptures. The radical is called katakana, and the radical is called hiragana. Katakana was originally used for the phonetic notation of Buddhist scriptures, and later developed into a mixed form of katakana and Buddhist scriptures. Hiragana is very popular in heian period. Women in special palaces like to use hiragana, while men and the government still use Buddhist scriptures. It is said that Japanese pseudonyms were not invented by someone, but formed by the Japanese in long-term practice. Of course, it has its reference and background. It is said that the Japanese pen name Isuzu is based on the study of Indian Sanskrit vowels and foreign phonology.
Later period of peace. Poems written entirely under pseudonyms appeared in Japan. However, government documents and academic works are written in a mixed way with pseudonyms in the middle of Chinese characters. This mixed writing method has been used until19th century. Now pseudonyms are standardized. Katakana is generally used for loanwords and official documents, while others are hiragana.
In the early period of Heian, China literature was still very popular, and chorus declined, which was called "the dark age of national ethos" in the history of Japanese literature. But then Japanese literature began to shake off the influence of China literature. By the end of Heian, due to the economic collapse of ancient countries and the emergence of manor system, Japanese culture was completely out of the influence of other countries' cultures. With the emergence of pseudonyms, Japanese literature began to appear.
Emperor Kui (reigned in 898-929 AD) was different from the emperors of previous dynasties in the early period of Heian. He seldom taught the compilation of China's poems, but ordered the compilation and collection of songs. In the fifth year of Yan Xi, in September 905, and in the 0 th year of Guanzhi (945 1 month), he compiled 20 volumes of Harmony of Ancient and Modern Times, and later compiled Harmony of Later Generations. These 3 1 short songs are folk literature and despised by ordinary people. Nobles only regard it as an afterthought and cannot be included in literature. However, in the Six Immortals of Song Dynasty (858-888 AD), Six Immortals of Song Dynasty appeared (Fujiwara Yeping, Onomachi, Osaka Heizhu, Westernized Master, Wu Wen Kangxiu, and monk Zhengbianzhao), and the chorus began to compete with Chinese poetry. Ji Chuan Hara Fujiwara (804-872 AD) was the protector of kimono.
In terms of prose, Yi Shi's story appeared in the original industry (collection of short stories, 125). Later, Bamboo Tales (author unknown, 10 century fairy tales), Yamato Tales (love stories, 170) and Zi Jinbao Tales (author unknown, 10 century long stories) appeared. At the same time, diary literature appeared, such as the Diary of Tosa written by Ji Guanzhi on his way from Tosa to Kyoto in the fourth year of Chengping (AD 934); /kloc-the dragonfly diary written by the mother of Fujiwara Daogang in the 0 th century, with her marriage as the main content; The spring department diary written by the poetess and the spring department written by Ping An; 165438+purple diary written by Mrs. Murasaki in the 20th century; 165438+
1 1 In the heyday of Fujiwara in the 20th century, a novel written by a female writer who served the court appeared in literature, and her masterpiece was Tale of Genji. This book was written by Murasaki Tombu (978- 10 14), and was written in 165438+ at the beginning of the 20th century with 45 articles. * * * takes the love life and fate of the protagonist Guangyuan as the theme, vividly describing the luxurious life of the court nobles and the subtle psychological state of the characters.
1 1 At the end, two noble novels with historical themes, The Tale of Hua Rong and Dajing, appeared. Through the description of the photographer's family history headed by Taoist Fujiwara, the work shows the homesickness of the declining aristocrats. At the same time, the story of the past and present, which describes the lives of samurai, famous teachers and working people, came out. This is a collection of stories about China, Indian and Japanese, and the characters used the folk language at that time. In poetry collection, Ling edited by Xiao Ye, Ji edited by Dongsi and Guo Jingji edited by two classes of An Shi appeared. There are few buildings left in the early period of Ping 'an, only the golden hall and five-story tower of Muruosheng Temple (Nara). This temple is different from other Buddhist temples in Ping 'an. It is laid out according to the surrounding nature. The building is extremely simple, but from the beginning, it reveals the simple and beautiful characteristics of Japanese architecture. Japanese architecture developed greatly in the later period of Heian, with obvious Japanese characteristics.
Temple, in the third year of Kuanren (AD 10 19), Fujiwara built Jokhang Temple. It is the largest building in heian period, completely establishing the Japanese style. The Byodoin Temple Phoenix Hall in Kyoto is also an extremely important building in peacetime. Originally a villa with Fujiwara, it was changed to a temple in A.D. 1052. Phoenix Hall is the Amitabha Hall of Byodoin Temple, which is named after the phoenix inscribed on the column. Heshibi and Fenghuang Temple are the realization of Japanese fantasy paradise, which embodies the aesthetic thought of Pure Land Sect. The Chusong Temple, Maoyue Temple, Guanziyuan and Infinite Light Temple built by Fujiwara in Lu Ao (Northeast) in the plain (Xipanjing County, Iwate Prefecture) are all garden buildings. If there is a pool in front of the temple, there is an island in the pool and a bridge is built on the island.
In terms of housing, bedroom-style buildings have been completed in Heian period. The so-called sleeping hall style is a Japanese aristocratic high-rise building, which generally consists of a pool, sleeping hall, opposite house, cross profile, middle porch, middle door, fishing hall and miscellaneous house. In the early stage, the sleeping position was influenced by the traditional techniques of other countries, that is, the layout was symmetrical left and right, and it was not influenced by other countries in the later stage, so it was asymmetrical left and right. At that time, no matter the palace, the yamen and the mausoleum, they were all sleeping halls.
In terms of palaces, there were the Imperial Palace, Fengle Pavilion and Neri (Imperial Palace) of Ping 'an Palace, as well as villas-Xinsenning, Lengquan Pavilion and Suzaku Pavilion. In the later period of Heian, there were Tojo Hall in Fujiwara, Hall Hall of Emperor Hall and Bird Feather Hall in Sadahito, but these buildings no longer exist.
Sculpture in the early period of Ping 'an continued to develop, and the so-called "harmonious sculpture" appeared in the later period, with Japanese style sculpture. The representative works in the early period of Ping 'an include eleven Guanyin statues in Hokkeji, Nara, Guanyin statues in Zhenguo Temple in Kyoto and Ruyi Wheel in Kannonji, the release of Mount Kumgang Temple in Xiaoya, and the typical white sandalwood sculpture of the Constitution. The 1 1 statue of Guanyin in Xiangyuan Temple in Shiga County has strong foreign elements. In the early days of Ping 'an, due to the popularity of the idea of the unity of God and Buddha, the gods were carved in the form of Buddha statues, so they were carved into the shape of Buddha. For example, the Eight Banners and the Statue of Goddess in the Chu Ying Hall (in Kyoto) of the national defense temple, and the statues of two men and two women in the Matsuo Shrine (in Kyoto).
Japanese sculpture began to appear in the later period of Ping 'an, but it was Ding Chao (A.D. 1057) who really completed the Japanese sculpture. He successfully represented the ideal Buddha statue of the nobles at that time, such as Amitabha, the deity of Phoenix Hall. The characteristic of the fixed-dynasty style is that the eyes of the Buddha are looking down. After the death of Dingchao style, the growth of his son (10/kloc-0-1090) inherited his father's style and further developed the Japanese style sculpture. Followed by yuanshi county (A.D. 1 134) and its sub-oblong and virtuous circle. Due to a large number of noble statues, many Buddhist temples (carving workshops) have appeared, and each Buddhist temple has its own Buddhist master (Buddha sculptor). The social status of Buddhist teachers is greatly improved than before. Thus promoting the emergence of many works with individuality. In the pre-Heian period (794-894 AD), Japanese painting continued to develop and absorbed the essence and essence of foreign painting. In the late Heian period (AD 894- 1 192), there were "Yamato paintings" or "Japanese paintings" depicting Japanese customs and figures. Yamato painting is a pure Japanese painting. In contrast, the paintings in the Tang Dynasty with the theme of personnel and scenery are called "Tang paintings". At the beginning, those who described the customs of the four seasons were called "Four Seasons Paintings" and those who described scenic spots were called "Famous Paintings". Later, painting, writing and poetry became a trinity with the theme of harmony song.
Yamato painting came into being in the era of Yan Xi and Tian Li (90 1-956). By the middle of 1 1 century, Yamato painting was completely established and court painters appeared. Wu Feisi is often a court painter in Nariakira, and he is also an active court painter from 10 to 1 1 century. Datong (806-809 AD) established the Palace Painting Academy, which was formed by the merger of the Chinese Painting Academy and the Governor of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The most typical Yamato painting is a scroll depicting a story (a secular story), among which the most outstanding is The Tale of Genji Scroll (now in Tokyo Wudao Art Museum and Aichi Fuchuan Art Museum). The Tale of Genji is a genre painting depicting the noble women of Ping 'an, showing the elegant demeanor of the noble women of the court.
The painting "The Origin of New Guishan" in the scroll is also very famous, which describes the life and production scenes of lords, nobles and working people, and reflects the characteristics of the rise of samurai class, the growth of people's power and the decline of nobles.
The Painting Words of Harmony is also an excellent painting of Harmony, which shows the political conspiracy of yingtianmen's arson companions (and good people). Amitabha's blessing painting in the Phoenix Hall of Kyoto Hudeng Hospital is a Japanese Buddhist painting with Japanese scenery as the background. The characteristics of Buddhist paintings in the late Heian period are that they are attractive to the Japanese, and the faces of bodhisattvas are particularly beautiful, such as the Twelve Gods in the Huguo Temple (in Kyoto) and the Bodhisattvas in the Kyoto National Museum.
Japan calls the fusion of foreign music originated in Japan and absorbed from Korea, Bohai Sea, Tang Dynasty, India and other places "Elegant Music", and its management organization is called "Elegant Music Cha". Elegant music is welcomed by the upper class in Japan and is used in Buddhist ceremonies in temples and banquets of nobles. At the beginning, some foreign elegant music coexisted with Japanese inherent music and Japanese elegant music. By the early period of Heian, Japanese pop took a compromise form, that is, using Japanese inherent music and Japanese gagaku in Japanese ceremonies and using foreign parts of gagaku in foreign ceremonies. At that time, the nobles liked to collect ancient music, and also set up a "big song house" to teach Japanese pop music. Arocha used to be a foreigner, but now Japanese musicians account for the majority.
Cragginess (reigned from 809 to 822 AD), Ren Ming (reigned from 833 to 849 AD) and Yizhi (reigned from 986 to101year) are all familiar with temperament and are keen on Japanese pop music. The emperor himself stipulated the scores of Shen Le and Ma Le. On the basis of unifying chamber music and Koryo music, Kaoya and Emperor revived, adapted 16 kinds of music and dances, and created several musical forms: ① divine music (used for offering sacrifices to the center), ② traveling to the east (oriental folk songs), ③ folk songs (impromptu Geng ballads), ④ long chanting (reciting famous poems), ⑧ and. In her early days, Emperor Ji played You You with orchestral music, which marked that Japanese pop music began to get rid of the shackles of religion and show the gorgeous life of nobles, and independent music became a kind of entertainment. After the imperial tour, solos and pastoral songs came into being. Finally, folk music gradually replaced ancient music and became the mainstream of Japanese pop. The so-called calligraphy is Japanese calligraphy which originated in Japan. Japanese calligraphy was influenced by China and absorbed by China. Japan had not invented pseudonyms in Nara era, so the Japanese wrote running script and cursive script. Pseudonyms began to appear in early heian period. Although the works written by the upper class include Buddhist scriptures, they are a bit Japanese in style.
Konghai is called "Wubi Monk", the founder of Japanese calligraphy. The so-called "five-brush monk" is the five strokes in Han's "Theory of Giving a Pen". Because Konghai learned these five strokes, it is called this. Empty sea, orange yellow Tan Shi and Emei Emperor are collectively called "three tricks". Boss Shady passed his calligraphy to Xiao Ye, and then to Ji. Ji passed it on to disciple Minhang, and Minhang passed it on to "Three Traces".
In the late Ping 'an period, pseudonyms prevailed, so there appeared Xiao Ye Feng Dao (890-966 AD), Fujiwara Saori (904-998 AD), Fujiwara Hang Cheng (972- 1027 AD) and other pseudonyms calligraphers, and the three of them were collectively called "Three Traces". Influenced by Wang Xizhi, Feng Dao, Xiao Ye, is known as the "near-re-embodiment of Xi". Fujiwara Saori has a strong Japanese flavor and is called "George". Fujiwara Yuji combined the calligraphy skills of Xiao Ye Feng Dao and Wang Xizhi. Form an elegant and gentle book style. The "Three Traces" have not been influenced by other countries' styles at all, and have changed from other countries' styles to Japanese styles that can not only make Gu Zhuo vigorous, but also enrich its beauty. Like other arts of this era, it represents the independence of Japanese culture.
Tea ceremony is a unique custom of making tea and drinking tea in Japan. It is generally believed that it originated in Japan, but was absorbed by the Sui Dynasty in China to cultivate the mind and learn etiquette. It is a unique culture in Japan and is known as "the essence of oriental spirit". Tea has been used in Japan for a long time, and it appeared in Japan around the 6th century A.D., but at first it was only used as medicine, and it was limited to some nobles and monks. At the beginning of Guan Ping 'an, Emperor Hong Ren visited Chongfu Temple in Jinjiang in April of the sixth year (AD 8 15). Most monks in this temple made tea. In June of the same year, trial planting was carried out in Yinnei, Jinjiang, Danbo and Sowing. Tea drinking was very popular in the late Ping 'an period, but it once declined. Tea seeds brought back from China by Rongxi (1141-kloc-0/5) were planted in Beizhen Mountain in Zhu Qian (Fukuoka Prefecture) and then transplanted to Yawei Mountain, a mountain city in Guinei. Rong also wrote "Drinking Tea for Health" in two volumes (A.D. 12 1 1). Heian period is the tea ceremony period, which gradually became popular among ordinary warriors in Kamakura period and became a kind of social etiquette knowledge. There are basically three kinds of women's clothes in Heian period: etiquette clothes, formal clothes and obscene clothes. As the name implies, the dress is of course the formal dress worn during the formula ceremony, the formal dress is the dress worn by the queen's maid-in-waiting officials, and the secular dress is the household dress. Women officials and waitresses who wear formal clothes, commonly known as twelve orders, and serve in the court or noble house have to wear twelve orders on weekdays because they have to receive visitors. Twelve dresses with nepotism, scarf, crown and hairpin on their heads are a gift dress. Dirty clothes are a kind of household clothes. Empresses and imperial daughters in the harem generally wear obscene clothes, while female officials only have the opportunity to change into obscene clothes when they go back to their rooms to sleep at night or go back to their parents' homes on sick leave. No matter what clothes you wear, the innermost layer of the lower body is a trouser skirt, not a long skirt.
Colors are red, blue, Soviet, green, cherry, purple, blue, grape dyed, white and so on. Among them, seven colors, such as red, cyan, yellow and deep purple, are "forbidden colors", and female officials cannot wear "forbidden colors" unless the emperor allows them. But if the prince is born or the emperor is lucky, the female official can make an exception. When traveling, wear "Guo Zhuang clothing" and tie a belt around your waist to avoid mopping the floor; Roll up your sleeves and wear a "city girl's hat" on your head. "City girl's hat" is a kind of hat in the shape of steamed bread. At first, straw hats were worn by women in the market, but I don't know when they started, but they became popular among nobles. There is also a Shan Ye hat with transparent yarn around it. At that time, the clothes were loosely overlapped, and women could not show their figure lines, so they had to try their best to work hard on cuffs, hem and color. In addition, embroidery, mother-of-pearl and other decorations also show their own style and talent. Feminine beauty is concentrated in the color of overlapping cuffs and hem outside the ox cart curtain or bedroom curtain. The other is "color attack". Probably because of sericulture and textile technology, ancient silk is thinner than modern silk, and its transparency is about 10%. The color of the outer layer and the inner layer is "color attack" There are more than 200 species, and their names are all taken from flowers and plants in the four seasons. For example, "wandering" refers to the indoor red plum green, "maiden flower" refers to the indoor yellow green, and "willow" refers to the indoor advertising green. There is also a color that is thick on the top and light on the bottom. The top is heavily dyed, the bottom is gradually faded, and finally it becomes white. In addition to the feminine beauty of clothing, furniture and household appliances are also very important. The outermost layer of the entrance and exit of the sleeping hall is a bamboo curtain with silk edges. Close to the hanging curtain is a silk curtain, usually with a flower-and-bird pattern outside and white inside. Curtains and screens can be moved to different rooms. For women, the fan is the most important. It can not only avoid directly exposing the five senses, but also increase the charm of women by hiding.
The main lighting is lampstands, lanterns, fat meat and bonfires. The lampstand is a small dish at the top of the bamboo pole. There is a three-legged iron ring on the plate. A container filled with oil is placed on the iron ring to pour oil, put a wick on it and light it. Lantern has four corners, six corners and eight corners. They are made of stone, bamboo, wood, iron and so on. They are wrapped in gauze or paper and hung in the air. Fat smoke is round pine, one foot five inches long and three points in diameter. The nib is blackened with charcoal fire, then coated with vegetable oil, dried, and some paper is in hand for indoor use. Use a flashlight outdoors. A bonfire is relaxing wood in an iron cage, which is lit and given to the courtyard. The vehicle is an ox cart. There are many kinds, but all kinds of ox carts are different, so you can't choose them at will. When riding an ox cart, get on from the back and get off from the front. When riding alone, the body leans to the left and faces the right; When two or more people ride, the front right side and the rear left side are the upper seats. Because the back is opposite to the left and right, if men and women sit in the same ox cart, the man sits on the right and the woman sits on the left. In addition, in Heian period, as in modern times, there was a fixed "dressing day" for both the imperial court and the people. The trial time is April 1 day and 1 month1day. On this day, not only clothes, but also all furniture and interior decoration should be replaced.
1.2022 SMS congratulations on Dragon Boat Festival holiday
1, Happy Dragon Boat Festival! A plain greeting, very light; A blessing is as ordinar