In normal adults, the bilateral renal blood flow is about 1000 ~ 1200ml per minute, the plasma flow is about 600 ~ 700ml per minute, and the glomerular filtered plasma (called glomerular filtered plasma) is 180 l/ day, which is three times of the whole body weight. Glomerular filtration rate is an important index to measure renal function. In old age, due to pathological factors such as renal arteriolar arteriosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac dysfunction, and aging changes of organs in old age, for example, the number of glomeruli in old age decreased to 1/2~ 1/3 in youth, glomeruli and renal tubules may shrink, renal tubular cells may undergo steatosis, diverticulum may appear, the number of diverticulum increases, or diverticulum may expand. Due to the small number of glomeruli and renal tubules and the increase of connective tissue in the elderly, the filtration and reabsorption functions of glomeruli and renal tubules decreased. Studies have shown that the glomerular filtration rate of adults over 40 years old decreases by about 65438 0% every year, so the renal function decreases with age.
The function of bladder is to store urine and urinate regularly. Under normal physiological conditions, urine will accumulate in the bladder to a certain extent, which will cause people to feel and urinate. Urination can be controlled by consciousness. When the urine volume in the bladder of normal adults reaches 100 ~ 150ml, the bladder will feel full. 150 ~ 450ml urine volume is the maximum capacity that the bladder can tolerate without discomfort, which is called the physiological capacity of the bladder. The physiological capacity of bladder generally changes with age and mental factors. The urine volume of the elderly will also decrease due to bladder atrophy. The bladder is composed of smooth muscle around the bladder neck to form a ring-shaped tissue structure, which is called bladder chassis. When the bladder is full of urine, the chassis becomes funnel-shaped to open the bladder neck for urination. With the increase of age, the muscle layer of bladder gradually becomes thinner and atrophied, and fibrous tissue proliferates. Male elderly people often affect urination because of prostatic hypertrophy; Older women often suffer from uterine prolapse and bladder swelling. At first, when coughing, laughing and defecating, bladder pressure often increases, and urine overflows to produce urinary incontinence. Later, due to the neurological dysfunction that controls bladder contraction, the bladder often contracts involuntarily, resulting in frequent urinary incontinence, urgency, frequent urination or nocturia. In addition, the bladder contraction function is poor, and urine cannot be discharged in time, so the remaining urine in the bladder also increases. This often leads to urinary tract infections and other diseases. The causes of urinary incontinence are complicated, so a comprehensive examination is needed to find out the exact causes of urinary incontinence and take corresponding measures to improve or alleviate the symptoms.
Male reproductive organs include testis, epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, seminal vesicle, prostate, scrotum and penis. Testicles not only produce sperm, but also interstitial cells secrete androgen, which promotes the development of male reproductive organs and male accessory sexual characteristics. Epididymis is a place for storing and transporting sperm. Sperm gland can secrete yellow viscous liquid, dilute sperm and promote sperm movement. Prostate secretion is one of the main components of semen and has the function of protecting sperm. With the increase of age, the prostate secretion of middle-aged people is gradually reduced, the semen is gradually concentrated, and the connective tissue in the prostate is gradually increased, and the prostate can be enlarged and swollen to varying degrees. When the prostate is enlarged (inflammation, tumor, hypertrophy), it can compress the urethra and cause dysuria.
Female genitalia includes ovary, fallopian tube, uterus, vagina and vulva. The ovary is flat and oval, located in the lower abdomen, one left and one right. The ovary contains follicles at all stages of development. Except for pregnancy, some primary follicles begin to develop every 28 days in middle-aged people, and one of them matures until ovulation. With the increase of age, the ovaries gradually shrink, and the postmenopausal atrophy becomes smaller and more obvious.