As far as the history of human civilization is concerned, the persecution of books and scholars has always occurred and never stopped. It is not the first time in the history of China to burn books and bury Confucianism, and it is far from the biggest one. The tragic events of the "fate" of the great "revolutionary" culture in history are self-evident and can be counted; And "book burning" took place a century and a half before Qin Shihuang: under the guidance of the Shang monarch, "books were burned to make poems and laws". (Everything was done by Han Feizi and He Shi) If we re-examine the accounts, the direct consequences of Qin Shihuang's "burning books to bury Confucianism" are actually not very serious.
The so-called "burning books to bury Confucianism" are actually two independent events.
In 2 13 BC (the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang), at the reception of Xianyang Palace of Qin Shihuang, Dr. 70 celebrated the birthday of the first emperor. Zhou, a courtier, flattered him and said, "Since ancient times, he is not as good as your majesty's weeds", which was denounced by Dr. Chun Yuyue, a bookworm. Chun Yuyue sang the old Confucian tune that "if you don't learn from the past, you can learn from it for a long time", but Li Si, a legalist who is the prime minister, was greatly dissatisfied. He believes that "today's students learn from the past and don't learn from the present, and they are confused." Therefore, he advocated: "Historians should burn all the records of Qin State. If you are not a doctor, people who dare to collect poems, books and hundreds of languages in the world will learn to keep them and burn them. Some people who dare to speak "poetry" and "books" abandon the market. The ancients are not today. " (Historical Records, Qin Shihuang's Biography) After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin greatly improved its military strength and administrative efficiency by relying on the harsh laws of the Legalists, and finally was able to annex the six countries and unify the space, so Qin Shihuang naturally recognized Li Si's suggestion.
Unfortunately, the history books of all countries have been burned out, which greatly increased the difficulty of Sima Qian's writing historical records. Preface to Chronicle of Historical Records of Six Countries: "Alas! What a pity! The unique "Ji Qin" does not contain the sun and the moon, and the text is slightly lacking. " It also doubled the value of the Wei historical book "Bamboo Slips Chronicle" dug up in the Western Jin Dynasty. National history tries to record some important events, such as the publication of calendars and sacrificial wars, which are all related to Wang Tong, and Qin Shihuang's move is completely understandable.
Poetry, books and hundreds of languages were burned by non-doctoral officials. "If you don't burn them in the next 30 days, it will become a city." In other words, people are no longer allowed to collect and teach hundreds of poems, books and languages, but these books are still kept by doctors. "To learn laws and regulations, we must learn from officials." Confucianism, Taoism, Ming and Mohism are forbidden among the people, so you can only learn the law, so you are encouraged to learn from officials. In addition, "those who don't go, books on medical skills, divination and tree planting" and books on various related practical skills are also protected.
Xiang Yu set fire to Xianyang, and the credentials held by the doctor, including poems, books and hundreds of languages, were doomed. But "poems" and "books" are well preserved after all. "Preface to Six Kingdoms": "Farewell to poets and calligraphers, many Tibetans, while historical records only hide Zhou's family to destroy it." Under the orders of Qin Shihuang to burn books, scholars like Fu Sheng ran away with simplified books. After Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty "except the method of relying on heaven and calligraphy", all kinds of "poetry", "calligraphy" and "hundred schools of language" banned by Qin during the period of Wen, Jing and Wu Di appeared in large numbers among the people. It is said that most of the books are Confucius wall books written by King Lu, ancient books collected by King Hejian, and ancient books written by women living in old houses in Hanoi. After the Han Dynasty, Confucian classics such as Poetry and Book were carried forward.
On the contrary, books on medicine, divination and tree planting specially protected in Ji Qin have been extinct and lost. If we hadn't found many Japanese bamboo and silk, styles, five-star accounts, health prescriptions, sick prescriptions, pulse meridians, fetal books, guide charts, food prescriptions (recently found in Hou Wuyang's tomb in Yuanling, West Lake) and so on, our understanding of ancient great practical skills would only stay in the bibliography of Hanshu Yiwenzhi forever.
After Qin Shihuang "collected useless books in the world", he "called a large number of literary magicians to promote peace". Although it is a high-sounding facade, Confucian scholars and alchemists actually live comfortably and even actively. In 2 12 BC (the thirty-fifth year of Qin Shihuang), Qin Shihuang envied the immortal "real people" and used alchemists such as Hou Sheng and Lu Sheng to seek the fairy medicine of Ganoderma lucidum. The alchemist died because he couldn't work. "When the first emperor heard of his death, he flew into a rage and said ... the alchemist wanted to practice a magical medicine. Today, I heard that Han Zhong didn't report it, and Xu Shi and other expenses were tens of thousands. In the end, I couldn't get the medicine, but I told the Japanese about the profit from rape. Lu Sheng and others have been very kind to me, but now they slander me, which is not good for Jyuugo. Born in Xianyang, I let people ask questions, or make rumors. "So I suggest asking students about the case, and students tell each other that this is self-exclusion. More than 460 people broke the ban, all in Xianyang, so that the world could know about it and punish them. I moved to the border more and more. " (Biography of Qin Shihuang)
This incident also deserves careful analysis. First of all, Hou, Lu, Han and Xu who angered Qin Shihuang were alchemists. Some of the arrested students and their "offenders" were Confucian scholars, but there was no such thing as "cheating Confucianism" in Sima Qian's time. Historical Records Biography of the Scholars clearly records: "By the end of the Qin Dynasty," poetry "and" books "were burned, and witches were pitted, lacking six arts." Secondly, the alchemist lured the master with the so-called fairy medicine, spreading rumors and slandering, and should be killed. There is nothing particularly excessive in the disposal of "full pit Xianyang, telling the world to punish the queen"; If you still believe in historical records, it is nothing compared with the 400 thousand soldiers killed in the battle of Changping. The emperor of the Tang Dynasty killed more than 460 people.
Since they are two events with little practical influence, why did they leave such a deep impression on China people and the world that they were fixed as a symbol of cultural destruction? I always suspected that someone had tampered with it and deliberately exaggerated it.
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The first thing we should examine is Sima Qian. Historical Records Biography of the Scholars: "By the end of Qin Dynasty, poetry and books were burned, warlocks were pitted and six arts were lacking." It was Sima Qian who first linked these two things.
Sima Qian recited ancient Chinese prose when he was ten years old, which was an official order of Taishi and a book of golden chambers in stone chambers. He studied under Kong Anguo, taking the Book of Songs as the present text and the Spring and Autumn Annals as the master of learning. His father was a descendant of Yang He's Book of Changes. The pain of burning books and burying Confucianism was alleviated in Sima Qian's time. As for the "pit warlock", not to mention that the principal escaped long before the crime, more than 460 people were killed in Xianyang area. Besides, soon after Qin Shihuang's death, the world was in chaos, and soon Qin also died, and the revenge of Qin's opponents could never be seen again. On the contrary, there are a large number of books, forms and methods in Chinese and Japanese on Qin and Han bamboo slips and silk books recently unearthed in Hunan and Hubei, which shows that pit magicians have no adverse influence on the popularity of Chu magic. Many bamboo slips and silks use Chu documents, which even shows that the Qin Dynasty did not completely eliminate the existence of Chu characters.
In fact, what fundamentally harms culture is Qin's strict cultural autocracy policy of taking officials as teachers and prohibiting private learning. Yan Zhitui may be aware of this, "Yan's Family Instructions Documentary Evidence": "The lack of history lies in the long time; In addition, when Qin people left school, Dong Zhuo burned books, and his Confucian classics were disordered, which didn't stop there. " What do you mean by Dong Zhuo's "burning books" and Qin's "destroying learning"? Legalists advocate and implement a cultural autocratic policy of taking officials as teachers and prohibiting private learning. Shang Yang regards poetry, books, rites and music as lice in a sick country, and thinks that the country must get rid of lice in order to be rich and strong. (Shang Jun Shu Deqiang, Shang Jun Jin Shuling) Han Feizi put forward a set of theories to strengthen the monarchy's legal system, technology and power. Standing on the position of the extreme expansion of the monarch's power and power, Han Feizi strongly opposes the "bachelor" who "collects books, learns languages, gathers disciples and serves essays". "The husband is ice and charcoal for a long time, but it is different, and it is cold and hot." ("Han Feizi Xianxue") "Therefore, there is no simple book in the main country, and the law is teaching; Without the words of the former king, take the official as the teacher. " ("Everything is wrong")
In the Western Zhou Dynasty, learning was in Wang Guan, and all kinds of learning were in the government, which was related to the practical activities of various official positions; Education is only carried out among aristocrats, and all kinds of specialized skills are passed down within the professional scope of Wang Guan. Confucius founded a private school, which taught all classes, thus creating a new era of knowledge dissemination, universal education and free learning. Since then, there have been many sects and apprentices of various factions in Wang Guan. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "the ceremony collapsed and the music was bad". In order to make Wang Ba a hero, the vassal States reformed and reformed one after another. In troubled times, the thoughts and theories of various factions paid special attention to national political thoughts, so they were highly valued by the king. A hundred schools of thought contend on this basis.
Qi Xia Ji Gong Xue most vividly reflects the grand occasion of a hundred schools of thought contending. At noon, Tian set up the beauty of "court meteor" and "tutting room", and even set up the Gong Xue; Corporal and courtesy, inclusive, have full freedom of speech and academic, and entered the most prosperous period. Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Mohism and Legalism all gathered in Xia Ji, and famous scholars such as Chunyu Kun, Meng Peng, Tian Pian, Yin Wen, Zou Yan, Jiezi, Tianba, Lu Zhonglian, Shen Dao, Song Yan, Yuan Huan, etc. Later, Xunzi offered wine. When discussing and arguing with each other, scholars in Xia Ji frankly express their views, learn from others and enjoy academic freedom and prosperity.
I'm sorry that Qi died in Qin. Qin's policy of appointing legalists was autocratic and centralized, which was effective in wartime economy and military affairs. After Qin Shihuang unified the world, he naturally continued to run the country by legalists and implemented a nationwide cultural autocratic policy of taking officials as teachers and prohibiting private learning. However, Han Feizi and Li Si, who are fundamentally responsible for this policy, are actually students of Xia Ji, a master of Confucianism, and Xunzi, who advocated the opposition of poetry. Legalists advocated that the current law opposed the ancient law, but its cultural policy was precisely the restoration of the ignorant old times during the Wang Guan period.
Sima Qian wrote Historical Records at the beginning of the policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". Compared with Qin Shihuang's policy of taking officials as teachers and prohibiting private learning, the two are exactly the same. In addition to Confucianism replacing Legalism, the cultural policies of the two generations are equally arbitrary. It is often said that there is a dispute between Confucianism and Legalism. In fact, Confucianism in Han Dynasty is the inheritor of the cultural policy of Legalists in Qin Dynasty.
At the beginning of Liang Wudi's accession to the throne, Wei Kun and others suggested deposing Huang Lao. However, Dong Zhongshu is generally regarded as an advocate of the policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone". Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty quoted virtuous literature, and Dong Zhongshu said with virtuous countermeasures: "I foolishly thought that all the techniques except the Six Arts were based on their Tao, so I didn't advance." If the evil king stops talking about interests, then the unified discipline can be unified, the statutes can be clear, and the people will know what to do. " (biography of Dong Zhongshu in Han Dynasty) This countermeasure was affirmed by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. "Ji Zan of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty": "Filial piety was first established, and a hundred schools of thought were brilliantly deposed, showing six classics. Then consult the sea, praise him and make contributions to him. Xing Taixue, repairing the suburbs, correcting the new moon, setting the calendar, harmonic songs, making poems and having fun, building tan, worshiping the gods, salt the afterlife, and making articles can be described. "
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the country had recovered from extreme poverty and weakness, and was replaced by great political and economic changes aimed at strengthening the centralization of absolutism. Foreign policy has also changed from pro-Xiongnu policy of seeking good through grievances to proactive attack, hollowing out territory in Zhang Qian. Correspondingly, culturally, the original idea of doing nothing is no longer needed. Therefore, "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" is actually the product of such an era.
Although Sima Qian had a background as an ancient historian and was influenced by his father's Taoist thought, he was different from Dong Zhongshu. He was devastated and held a grudge against Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. But as a person of that era, he also has a strong atmosphere of that era. Historical Records Biography of Taishigong: "The ancestors said: Since Duke Zhou died at the age of 500, there was Confucius. Confucius has been 500 years old since his death, and he can still explain the Ming Dynasty, that is, the Yi Zhuan followed the Spring and Autumn Annals, Shi Ben, Shu, Li and Yue. I am serious! I am serious! How dare this boy give way? " Sima Qian took the Six Classics as the foundation of governing the country, followed the example of the Spring and Autumn Annals and wrote Historical Records, thinking that future generations would establish the king's law and set the standard of human relations. Sima Qian's "Historical Records" aims to "learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and speak at home when he becomes a man of nature". And its so-called "one family's words" is precisely "the six classics of absolute evil are different, and there are hundreds of miscellaneous words." (Preface to Taishi Gongxu) "Jue Xie's six classics are different, and all kinds of miscellaneous languages are neat" is in line with "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone".
Sima Qian first linked the two events of Qin Shihuang's "burning poetry", "writing" and "pit warlock", exaggerating that "the six arts are missing from now on"; In the view of conceited successor Sima Qian, it is a great sin to destroy Confucius' Six Classics, which is the foundation of governing the country. The two events of "burning poems", "writing books" and "burying witches" with no serious consequences are naturally inferred and exaggerated, thus substantially covering up the extremely harmful cultural autocratic policy pursued by Qin Shihuang. So Qin Shihuang's destruction of culture became a personal act and an isolated incident. Numerous scholars in the past dynasties denounced Qin Shihuang's personal violence, but ignored the harm of cultural autocracy, which can be said to be the result of deliberate guidance.
It is a long-term process to cover up the harm of Qin Shihuang's cultural autocracy policy from Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and the fundamental purpose of this behavior is because the same policy is also being implemented. The cultural autocracy policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" in the Han Dynasty was gradually implemented from Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. When Yuan and Han proclaimed themselves emperors, the ideological language and various practical skills of a hundred schools of thought contended were destroyed and died out in large numbers.
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Sima Qian is "a talented person with a good history", Historical Records is a "true record" of "its straightness, its core, its beauty and its evil concealment", and the two things mentioned in The Biography of Sima Qian in Han Dynasty are also true in history. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "dismissed a hundred schools of thought and respected Confucianism alone", only deposed Dr. Taichang who could not cure the Five Classics. "Legends of various schools of thought are full of secrets." (Preface to Hanshu Yiwenzhi) Until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, there were still many theories other than Confucianism.
What is really vicious is the person who turns "burning books to bury Confucianism" into "burning books to bury Confucianism". The fake Biography of Confucius in Ancient China was orderly, in which "burning books to bury Confucianism" appeared for the first time: "Qin Shihuang, on the other hand, destroyed ancient books, burned books to bury Confucianism, became a bachelor in the world, and fled and broke up."
It is not difficult to understand why the preface of "The History of Ancient Chinese Literature" was changed to "burning books to bury Confucianism" for the first time. Sima Qian said that "the burning of poetry and books made the witch lose six arts", but the actual situation is that the Six Classics are almost completely preserved except Yue (because they were originally written with poems without words), and only Shangshu really suffered from the Qin fire. Therefore, the most powerful weapon to make Qin Shihuang "burn books and bury Confucianism" become a sinner through the ages is Shangshu. The most suitable target is Kong Anguo, a descendant of Confucius, who spread the history of ancient China literature to Sima Qian.
The spread of Shangshu is definitely the most complicated problem in philology. Qin Shihuang burned books, Dr. Qin Fusheng ran away with bamboo slips, and Shangshu hid in the wall at home. Emperor Hui of the Han Dynasty opened up calligraphy, and Fu Sheng took Shangshu out of the palace wall. Unfortunately, it was incomplete, only 28 songs were pieced together and taught between Qilu. Emperor Wendi asked people to cure the ministers. Fu Sheng, an old man in his nineties, sent Chao Cuo to study, so 28 books of ministers were sent to the Tibetan Secret Academy, which were secret books. (Historical Records, Hanshu, Biographies of Confucian Scholars) Fu Sheng's disciple was awarded an official position after several biographies, and he was a Jin Wenshu.
The ancient prose of Shangshu appeared in the Western Han Dynasty. Historical Records Biography of the Scholars: "Fu Sheng's Sun Bin's levy is from the history books, but it is not clear. Lu, Kong Anguo and Luoyang can talk about Shangshu quite well. Confucius has a history of ancient Chinese literature, while Anguo read this article because he has more than ten books from his family and covered many books. " Kong Anguo, the 11th grandson of Confucius, has The Book of History at home (some people say it is also hidden in the wall at home, so it is mixed with Confucius' wall books). More than ten articles than Fu Sheng's Modern Literature. This is a book of ancient literature. In addition, Hejian Wang Xian also got ancient documents from the people. Liu Xin's 65,438+06 volumes of Confucius' wall edition of Shangshu, please stand from a scholar's point of view, which has been opposed by today's writers and caused a lasting dispute over today's ancient prose. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Lin got a lacquer book "The History of Ancient Literature" from the Western Zhou Dynasty, but there was no escape from 16. The chapters and sentences are the same as those in this article, and Wei Hong, Jia Kui, Ma Rong, Zheng Xuan and Wang Su all made comments on them.
In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was a man named Shi Meimeng in Zhang Yu who presented a fake History of Ancient Chinese Literature written by Li Guding. He analyzed 28 resurrection articles into 33 articles, and added 25 sentences from ancient books at that time, forming 58 pieces of China ancient literature that Liu Xiang said. For this fake "History of Ancient Literature", I don't know how many scholars have tried their best in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Wu Yu in the Song Dynasty, Wu Cheng in the Yuan Dynasty, Mei people in the Ming Dynasty, Yan Ruoqu and Hui Dong in the Qing Dynasty have completely proved this fake case. If we consider the complexity of document inheritance more comprehensively, then a more appropriate expression should be: the pseudo-Confucius biography of ancient books is forged in the overall structure, but the use of historical materials is not excluded in the specific content.
In fact, Mei Pei is Yimei, and the classic interpretation is Yimei or Yimei. This word is Zhong Zhen, "the ancient name is Yi, and the word is true" ("Notes on Duan Yucai's Explaining Words"); In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there was indeed a word, namely Taishou, the person mentioned in Shi Shuo Xin Yu.
Although this is a fake book presented by Yimei, the forger is not that person. Who is the forger? The examiners have different opinions. For example, it was either Wang Su or Huangfu Mi (The Case of Shangshu, Distinguishing Confucius Books), and some people thought that there had been two fake Confucius books (Cheng's Late Book Doubt). Compared with Zheng Xuan, Wang Su's annotation is probably forged, but scholars such as Zhu Yizun, Cheng, Chen Li, Wu and Chen have proved with countless evidences that Wang Su's annotation on Shangshu is different from the forged biography of Confucius.
The real forger should be Zheng Chong. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius wrote under the title of Book of Justice Volume II of Shangshu: "Biography of the Book of Jin and Huangfumi said:' Gu Zi's brother-in-law Liang You's ancient book The Century of Pretending to be an Emperor often contains 58 biographies of Confucius. "The Book of Jin says:' Zheng Chong, the male of Jin Taibao, celebrated Su Yu's birthday with ancient prose, and the word' Xi' hung; Pre-granting Tianshui Liu Liangzi Hongji, that is, my brother is also a foreigner; Ji granted Chengyang Zang Cao Shi; At the beginning, I was given the word Zhong Zhen, the son of the county magistrate, and also the civil history of Zhang Yu. So he typed his book in the former Jin Dynasty and carried it out. Taiping Yulan published in Song Dynasty, volume 609 quoted Shangshu Justice: ... Shangshu, an ancient prose, was handed down by Zheng Chong of Xingyang in Wei and Jin Dynasties, but it was not implemented alone. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Yimei played in Runan and was listed as a scholar. This is also ancient prose. "Zheng Chong was the real initiator of pseudo-ancient history, and his subsequent genealogy is: Zheng Chong passed on Su Yu, Su Yu passed on Liu Liang, Liu Liang passed on Zangcao, and Zangcao passed on Yimei. Liu Liang is Huangfu Mi's brother-in-law, so Huangfu Mi is also a book. Therefore, Kong also said, "Huangfu Mi in Jin Dynasty was the only one who got his book, which was recorded in Di Ji. (Preface to Justice of Shangshu)
If the Biography of Ancient Literature by the pseudo-Confucius pieced together some original materials, then the pseudo-Kong Anguo Preface is an out-and-out forger, and the most likely forger is Zheng Chong. Since the Han Dynasty, the original preface of each article in Shangshu has always been the preface of the book, attached to the end of the book; If recorded, there is one more article than the 58 articles mentioned by Liu Xiang, so the order of each article is separated and attached to the beginning or end of each article according to time. In addition, Kong Anguo's Preface was forged in front of the book, which is what we call the Preface to the History of Ancient Chinese Literature.
The preface of the pseudo-Confucius' Biography of Ancient Books says: "Follow Qin Shihuang, destroy the records of ancient books, burn books to bury Confucianism, become a scholar in the world, and escape", and change "burning poems to bury witches" to "burn books to bury Confucianism", which is cunning in means and vicious in intention. If we further examine Zheng Chong and his background, we can even find the real political purpose behind this malicious change.
Zheng chong (? -274), Chen Wei left Wang Caohuan Jingyuan for four years (263) to worship Taibao, and Sima Yan worshipped Taifu after meditation. As an important official in the two dynasties, Zheng Chong, recorded in historical books, enjoyed a high reputation. The Book of Jin originally said that he was "upright in doing exercises, quiet without desire" and "vigorous in posture, obedient in movement and self-control, and did not want the reputation of pastoral songs". When he was in Cao Wei, he was "elegant and virtuous, without the reputation of a cadre, and he could eat and change his robe." Looks like a gentle and quiet person. However, considering that Jin usurped the throne and won the world, the political situation was sinister during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and we had to beware of the words in the history books.
Zheng Chong started from humble origins, "obsessed with Confucian classics, then learned Confucianism, and a hundred schools of thought said", and finally "protected Fu with Confucianism" (The Book of Jin? The Scholars). The Sima family is a big family in Hanoi that abides by Confucianism. Sima Yi's grandfather, Sima Juan, is "learning from the past" and his father, Sima Fang's family, is "between father and son". However, Cao Wei was born in the Han nationality and was related to eunuchs. Cao Cao's "narrow and dissolute, unable to find a job", "harsh on fine politics, striving for defense", frugal etiquette and "meritocracy" fundamentally violated the spirit of Confucianism. Therefore, Jin usurped Wei is actually a reform of criminal law in troubled times by Confucian politics after social stability.
Zheng Chong is a master of Confucianism, and his political outlook is very distinct. Therefore, it was he who "led his ministers to persuade Jin" and "made him rude" (The Book of Jin? Emperor Wendi Ji), acting as the emperor of Wei Yuan, wrote this book with the seal of the emperor. Zen is located in Jin (The Book of Jin? Li Zhishang "). At the beginning of the founding of the State of Jin, Zheng Chong and Xun Yi "cut it as a national code", established a ritual system with the banner of Zhou Guan's five rituals of restoring ancient ways, and seriously mourned for three years ("The Book of Jin? Ceremony "); And help Jia Chong reset method (The Book of Jin? Criminal law yearbook). In this biography, it is true that the so-called "Emperor Wendi assisted the government and ordered Jia Chong and Yang Hucheng to divide the etiquette and laws, which were discussed first and then implemented". Zheng Chong was the chief architect of the Jin Dynasty system.
Zheng Chong is a "master of Confucian classics", and it is a very famous thing that he lectured on Shangshu for the nobles. Reflection? Shu Wei? "Three Little Emperors": "When it comes to the end of history, there is a difference between Zheng Xiaotong who gave the scriptures and who served them." This story is also recorded in the Book of Jin. As far as the difference between Zheng Chong and Zheng Xiaotong is concerned, it may be related to their different family numbers. Zheng Xiaotong, the grandson of Zheng Xuan, a master of Shangshu in Cao Wei era, preached and taught. It is suspected that Zheng Chong's study of Shangshu has something to do with Wang Su. Jin Shu? It may be circumstantial evidence that the old Jin law before Zheng Chongding's Jin law was "all Confucian chapters and sentences, but Zheng took them" and "unacceptable" in Criminal Law Annals.
Zheng Chong's theory of sacrificing learning to politics, tampering with history and editing history for the sake of real politics, regards Confucianism as absolute Confucianism, which fundamentally deviates from the true spirit of Confucius' pioneering private studies, spreading knowledge, popularizing education and learning freely. Serving Confucian politics with cultural autocracy is the real reason why Zheng Chong deliberately falsely accused Qin Shihuang of "burning books to bury Confucianism".
History is always easy to be used as an excuse or escape by some people with practical intentions, and the three of them follow suit. Fortunately, real historians firmly believe in the only existence of historical facts, and are used to dealing with layers of distorted and deleted historical materials and trying to restore the truth of history as much as possible, as long as all the historical materials are not burned out.