Parents' demonstration of gender identity method: the father (mother) conducts demonstration education on speech, dress, living habits and behavior of same-sex children.
Partner imitation method: let children widely contact the same sex and opposite sex of the same age. Parents and teachers can guide the socialization process of their gender roles by observing their children's attitudes towards other partners, making friends, words and deeds, and dress imitation.
Story suggestion method: parents and teachers can hint the gender role behavior pattern of the protagonist in the story to the educated by telling stories.
Biological model explanation: Teachers and parents can use plants, animals or models to explain biological behaviors and physiological processes simply and vividly.
Case analysis: Teachers and parents can make full use of the cases about sexual crimes introduced in newspapers and magazines and the cases around them to educate students and children on sexual morality and prevention of sexual crimes.
Classroom teaching or special report method: invite relevant sexologists or doctors to hold classroom special lectures to systematically teach sexual physiology knowledge and sexual health knowledge.
Individual counseling method: hospitals and schools should set up psychological counseling rooms to provide targeted guidance to visitors with doubts, confusion and sexual dysfunction.
Reading popular science education books and periodicals: You can use popular science books and periodicals, pictures and videos to educate people of all ages in groups and individuals.
Hold exhibitions on sex education: exhibitions on human reproduction, prenatal and postnatal care, and sex education can be held to directly educate the social population.
Establish a wedding school: provide special education on eugenics, sexual intercourse, contraception and family planning for young men and women who come to register for marriage.
In China, the age range from 12 to 18 is generally considered as puberty. Adolescence is the second peak of human growth and development, with great changes in physiology, rapid growth in height and weight, increasingly mature functions of heart, lungs, liver and other organs, and various indicators reaching or approaching adult standards. Under normal circumstances, girls' puberty is about one year earlier than boys', and it takes about 2 ~ 3 years from the beginning of breast development to menarche, and then armpit hair and pubic hair grow out, the pelvis becomes bigger, and the subcutaneous fat of the whole body increases (especially in the chest and shoulders), forming a plump posture of women. The boy has a long beard, prominent Adam's apple, deep voice and solid musculoskeletal development, forming a burly physique of a man.
Adolescence is a period of rapid physical and mental development of teenagers, a period of transition from childhood to adulthood, and a critical period of gradual formation of outlook on life and world.
The menarche of girls is after 13 years old (some girls are earlier), but it is generally irregular. One or two years ago, the ovarian function was not perfect or mature enough to ovulate; At the same time or later than menarche, armpit hair grows, pubic hair is distributed in an inverted triangle unique to women, and the bottom is parallel to pubic symphysis; The glands in areola area develop, forming a second bulge on the plump and enlarged breast; 14- 15 years old, showing regular ovulation menstruation; The breast is mature, and the nipple protrudes from the well-defined breast; 16- 17 years old, the development is close to maturity, the bone scale heals, and the height growth basically stops.
The development of the above sexual characteristics has obvious timeliness and order. If there are time violations, such as breast development before the age of 8, or menstrual cramps before the age of 9, it is precocious puberty; /kloc-development begins after 0/6 years old, which is called puberty delay; /kloc-after the age of 0/8, he is still naive, which may be sexual hypoplasia. It is often idiopathic precocious puberty, or true precocious puberty caused by brain lesions, or false precocious puberty caused by taking estrogen-containing drugs, food and ovarian tumors by mistake, or congenital diseases and ovarian dysfunction caused by delayed gonadotropin. These must be diagnosed and treated in time.
More attention should be paid to the disorder of sexual development order, such as menstruation comes before breast development and pubic hair growth; Or the breast has not yet developed, and the armpit hair and pubic hair grow prematurely. It must be an abnormal performance. Go to see a doctor quickly.
The second is the "acceleration" of physical growth
Height growth begins earlier than breast development, and most of them reach the peak speed when breast tissue around areola expands. At this time, the average height increases by 8 cm every year, even reaching 10 ~ 13 cm; At the same time, the body weight also increased by 5 ~ 6 kg, most of which reached 10 kg. After that, the growth rate began to decline, and the potential to continue to grow taller after menarche was limited, generally only 3 ~ 5 cm per year. From sudden growth to stop growth, the average height of girls increased by about 25 cm. Therefore, in just a few years, the original delicate and childish girl has grown into a slim girl.
Sex organs are the latest organs in human body. Once the sexual organs are mature, it means that all organ systems in the body are mature.
The development of sexual characteristics, the growth of the body and the perfection and maturity of the functions of various organs are all dominated by the endocrine system. When girls enter puberty, gonadotropins (luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone) secreted by pituitary gland begin the prelude of sexual development, which promotes the development and growth of ovaries, the maturation of follicles, produces estrogen, ovulates once a month and directs one menstrual cycle after another. If gonadotropins are active too early, precocious puberty will occur; If you are lazy, your youth will come late.
Growth hormone secreted by pituitary gland, sex hormones secreted by adrenal gland and ovary, thyroid hormone secreted by thyroid gland, etc. All of them have a unique complementary effect on bone development and height growth. As a result of the comprehensive coordination of these endocrine hormones, girls are endowed with a symmetrical figure.
The development of the breast, uterus and pudendal region, the proliferation of pelvic chondrocytes, the widening of the entrance, the enlargement of the buttocks, the proliferation of fat cells in the body and the accumulation of subcutaneous fat are all the functions of female hormones.
There are also a small amount of male hormones in women, mainly from adrenal glands, and a small amount secreted by ovaries, which promote the growth of armpit hair and pubic hair and the development of pudendum. The activity of pituitary gland is also influenced by hypothalamus and target gland organs. Of course, the levels of pituitary hormones and target gland hormones also affect the secretion function of hypothalamus and pituitary gland in turn. Hypothalamus-pituitary-target gland (mainly ovary) constitutes the control axis of the "eighteen changes" in adolescence, which are interdependent and mutually restrictive, so that the hormone concentration in girls' blood remains relatively stable and meets the needs of the "eighteen changes" appropriately.
It is worth mentioning that higher nervous activity affects endocrine function and plays an important regulatory role in endocrine. For example, changing the environment and anxiety can cause amenorrhea and stimulate sensory organs (smell, vision, etc. ) can promote gonadal activity, and mechanical stimulation of reproductive tract can cause ovulation. In addition, genetic factors, climate and environment, culture and education, economic situation, adolescent health care and bodybuilding exercise also affect endocrine, which in turn affects adolescent development.
Knowing the "secret" of girls' puberty development will make girls' puberty "eighteen changes" more and more beautiful.
Female adolescence is often a "right and wrong period" or a "hazy period". Therefore, girls should pay special attention to physical and psychological health care and protect your sexual organs.
Protect vagina
The structure of female external genitalia is complicated, and the skin mucosa is wrinkled, including sweat glands, sebaceous glands, vestibular glands, secretions of cervix and vagina, menstrual cramps, urethral orifice in front and anus in the back. The barrier function of girls' perineum is not perfect, and they are prone to vaginitis. Therefore, attention should be paid to the following health care:
First, pay attention to pudendal hygiene. After adolescent girls enter puberty, with menstrual cramps and vaginal discharge secretion, girls are often at a loss for this and are prone to puberty vaginitis. Therefore, we should pay attention to menstrual hygiene, correctly use sterilized sanitary tissues, and expose underwear to the sun for ultraviolet disinfection; Take a bath frequently; Wash vulva with warm water before going to bed, especially basin washing; Wipe with toilet paper from front to back after defecation, and then wipe with toilet paper after urinating.
Second, to prevent suffering from "fashion vaginitis". With the enhancement of aesthetic concept, young girls pursue the beauty of figure, so all kinds of body pants are favored. These pants have short crotch, thick cloth, poor elasticity and poor air permeability, which makes the vagina with urethral orifice in front and anus in the back awkward and the vaginal secretions cannot be discharged. The perineum is in a warm and humid state, and all kinds of pathogenic bacteria are most likely to grow and reproduce in this environment, and it is easy to suffer from fashionable vaginitis. Therefore, it is necessary to wear less or no body pants, dress reasonably, and try to choose fashions that fit, have good fabric elasticity and good air permeability to prevent future troubles.
Third, lead an honest and clean life. Needless to say, in recent years, due to various reasons, individual girls have sex prematurely and suffer from sexually transmitted diseases and vaginitis. In this regard, girls should be self-reliant, self-respecting, self-loving, have a correct understanding of life values, be totally self-loving and avoid sexual promiscuity.
Fourth, rational use of antibiotics. A few young girls have been treated with antibiotics (broad spectrum) and hormones for a long time, which leads to imbalance of flora in the body and fungal vaginitis. Therefore, when young girls suffer from inflammatory diseases and choose broad-spectrum antibiotics for treatment, please follow the doctor's advice and try not to combine drugs with hormones.
Fifth, prevent indirect infection with sexually transmitted diseases. When girls take a bath in public baths, they should bring their own bathtubs and bath towels, and try to use showers instead of basin baths to prevent indirect infections such as trichomonas vaginalis, gonorrhea or other sexually transmitted diseases. At the same time, they should also master the corresponding knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases to prevent indirect contact with sexually transmitted diseases.
Protect the uterus
The uterus is located in the hinterland, protected by the body wall barrier and buffered by the vaginal opening, so it should not be harmed. However, in recent years, the infertility, placenta implantation, ectopic uterine mucosa and ectopic pregnancy of married women are increasing, and a considerable part of all these are the bane of premarital sex and spontaneous abortion after pregnancy.
Although the girl's uterus has developed, its wall is not thick and the uterine mucosa is thin. Abortion surgery, especially repeated abortion, is bound to make the uterine wall thinner. Therefore, uterine perforation will occur not only during abortion, but also after marital abortion, dystocia caused by uterine weakness during childbirth, postpartum hemorrhage or placenta implantation.
Once infected in abortion surgery, it is easy to cause cervical adhesion and adnexitis, which in turn leads to infertility; In addition, in the process of induced abortion, due to negative pressure, uterine mucosa will flow back into abdominal cavity, causing endometriosis of uterine mucosa. ...
Therefore, the best way for girls to protect their uterus is to put an end to premarital sex.
Protect your breasts.
Breast development is an important secondary sexual characteristic of adolescent girls. Breast is mainly composed of breast leaves, fat and connective tissue. The mammary gland consists of mammary ducts, lobules and acinus.
Physiologically and aesthetically, a girl's tall and straight breasts are a sign of her maturity, as well as her natural beauty, which doubles her innate charm and is the source of nurturing her offspring.
However, some girls regard beauty as ugliness, which leads to shyness, limits their development, tightens their breasts and injures them. This unfairness of breasts is a big misunderstanding of breast health care for girls. Clinically, it is found that small, flat breasts, sunken nipples and postpartum lack of milk are often caused by breast dysplasia. In fact, they are often closely related to girls' corsets.
Because girls wear tight underwear or bras for a long time, it will inevitably limit the development of breasts, affect their blood circulation and metabolism, block and block the mammary duct, and various breast symptoms will emerge as the times require. To this end, girls should pay attention to the following breast health care:
First of all, in order to protect the breasts from trauma and extrusion and keep them beautiful, you should wear a bra, and pay attention to the selection of fabrics or knitted bras with appropriate size, soft texture, good elasticity and strong sweat absorption.
Secondly, clean breasts frequently, change underwear and bras frequently to prevent mastitis caused by infection.
In addition, girls should not lose weight blindly, and those with breast dysplasia should pay attention to strengthening nutrition and breast massage to facilitate their development. If girls are obese, they should lose weight as soon as possible to prevent breast cancer.
Moreover, from puberty, girls should develop the habit of breast self-examination so as to find breast nodules and lumps as soon as possible, and once found, they should see a doctor as soon as possible.
Protect the ovary
Ovary dominates many physiological functions of women. When women enter puberty, whether the appearance of primary sexual characteristics or the exposure of secondary sexual characteristics are related to the maturity of ovaries.