Tang poetry is the brightest pearl in the history of China literature, which has shaped the character and aesthetic taste of the Chinese nation and has lasting artistic charm. This lesson selects five Tang poems with different feelings and styles. An autumn night in the mountains is empty and quiet; Entering the army is full of verve and heroism. Going up the mountain was entrusted with difficulties and frustrations, forming a depressed and frustrated style. "Stone City" expresses the feeling of depression in the old capital, and "Jinse" has a sad tone and blurred artistic conception.

The first is "an autumn night in the mountains"

Wang Wei (70 1-76 1), with the word Mo Mo, was a famous pastoral poet in the Tang Dynasty. His pastoral poems mainly describe his leisurely life and landscape scenery in seclusion in the south and Wangchuan. Wang Shi's artistic achievements are very high. Whether it is the magnificent scene of "the desert is lonely and the long river is setting the yen" or the exquisite natural state of "the moonlight in the pine forest and the crystal stone in the stream", he can grasp the colors, sounds and dynamics of nature, or sketch or depict it with ease and unique artistic conception. Su Shi summed up the artistic features of Wang's poems: there are paintings in poems and poems in paintings. The framing of his poems is quite clever, and the colors of the pictures are often set off by shades, which is reflected in his collection of Wangchuan. The language of Wang's poems is fresh and concise.

Autumn Night in the Mountain by Wang Wei is a famous landscape poem, which expresses the poet's noble feelings and ideal pursuit in poetry and painting. The first couplet is about the dusk scene in autumn. It is quiet and leisurely in Shan Yu for the first time, fresh and pleasant. Zhuan Xu wrote about the bright moon in the sky, pine trees shaded by green trees, cool mountain springs flowing on rocks, and quiet and bright scenery. It heard the noise of the bamboo forest, saw the unfolding of the lotus leaf, and found the girl Huan and the fishing boat. At the end of the couplet, this beautiful scene is a place to live a completely clean life. An important performance of this poem is to express the poet's personality beauty and an ideal social beauty with natural beauty. On the surface, only the technique of "Fu" is used to describe the landscape, but the meticulous and touching description of the scenery actually uses the technique of "Bixing". Therefore, the whole poem expresses its ambition through the description of mountains and rivers, which is rich in connotation and intriguing. "Moonlight in the pine forest, crystal stone in the stream" is an eternal proverb.

Second, "Join the Army" (Part IV)

Wang Changling: (698- about 756) was born in Chang 'an, Jingzhao (now Xi, Shaanxi). Early poverty, trapped in farming, near but not confused. The first secretary of the provincial school, Lang, also learned from the macro words, and awarded Si Shuiwei, who was relegated to Lingnan because of things. At the end of Kaiyuan, he returned to Chang 'an and awarded Jiangning Cheng. The slandered dragon captain. An Shi rebelled and was killed by Lu Qiu's secretariat. His poems are famous for their four wonders, especially the frontier poems written in northwest frontier fortress before he ascended the first place, which is known as "the poet king Jiangning". Its seven unique skills can express rich feelings in concise language, which is profound and meaningful. There is Wang Changling.

Joining the Army is one of his representative works. This poem describes the soldiers sticking to the frontier in an "isolated city" full of clouds and yellow sand, showing their heroism and strong will to kill the enemy and protect their families. Over the vast Qinghai Lake, the snow-capped mountains are covered by continuous clouds, standing on the isolated Yumen Pass and looking around. In the desert battlefield, the soldiers who participated in the war were exhausted in the battle. Even so, they won't go home until they have destroyed the enemy. However, there are also different understandings. Some critics, such as Shen Deqian, think that "not breaking Loulan and not returning it" means "one day without turning back", so they advocate that students have their own understanding.

Third, "climb the peak"

Du Fu: (712-770), with beautiful words, was born in Gongxian (now Henan) and his grandfather was Du. In his early years, he traveled south to wuyue and north to Zhao. Autumn mother is crazy, failed the exam, and failed to enter the Jinshi. After entering Chang 'an, after ten years of hardship, I won the small official who took care of weapons with three big gifts. An Shi uprising, captured by the rebels. After he escaped, he went to Lingwu. As soon as Ma Xie saw the son of heaven, he was appointed as the left gleaner, and was demoted as a state official to join the army. After abandoning his official position, he went west, visited Zhou Qin, lived in the same valley, and settled in Chengdu Huanhuacao Hall. Shu, Zhen, recommended and awarded Yuan Wailang Ministry of Industry. The following year, Yanwu died and moved to Kuizhou. Later, he took his family out of the gorge, drifted to Hubei and Hunan, and died on the boat. The poet has experienced ups and downs and hardships, and has written many poems that reflect the reality of worrying about the country and the people, which is called "the history of poetry"; He is a great realistic poet who combines the artistic achievements of poetry and connects the past with the future. Known as "Du Li" with Li Bai, it has a far-reaching influence on later generations.

Denggao was written in the second year of Dali (767), which was the poet's work in his later years. After the Anshi Rebellion, the poet stayed in Kuizhou. It was when Chongyang poet came to the stage to help the sick that he wrote this famous poem with complicated feelings. This poem was praised by people. Yang Lun called it "the first of Du Ji's seven-character quatrains" (Du Shi Jing Quan), and Hu Yinglin called it "the first of seven-character quatrains in ancient and modern times" (poetry secret), which is the most representative work of the poet.

The first four sentences of Ascending the Mountain describe the scenery, and the last four sentences are lyrical. The first couplet takes the scenery of Kuizhou as the object, and writes the magnificence and sadness of autumn scenery on the riverside in a highly generalized way. The poet selected six images of wind, sky, ape, Zhu, sand and bird, and described them with urgency, height, sadness, clearness, whiteness, flying and echo from the perspectives of feeling, vision, hearing, sound and color, which was extremely ingenious, vivid and rhythmic, and also rendered a sad atmosphere for the whole poem. Parallel couplets are closely linked to the first couplet, which expands the writing scene to a deeper space, which is extremely open and magnificent. The first sentence of this couplet reads "falling wood" and the next sentence reads "Yangtze River". Endless and inexhaustible is profound and open, and rustling is vivid and magnificent. This sentence is magnificent and reveals endless sadness, which embodies the poet's gloomy and sad artistic style. The neck couplet turned to express his wandering life experience and sad and lonely feelings when he was a guest in autumn and went on stage when he was ill. Sad Autumn is unbearable and "sickly"; "Frequent Guest" suffered from wandering, and "Going on Stage Alone" added loneliness, and wrote a deep sadness with even worse brushstrokes. The upper and lower sentences of the tail link are connected with the upper and lower sentences of the neck link respectively, and "autumn guest" brings "bitterness and bitterness"; "More than a hundred years of illness" led to "being down and out", which further expressed the poet's sadness of being down and out. At the end, "softness brings cold, and infinite sadness is beyond words" (Hu Yinglin's poem).

In terms of art, this poem combines autumn scenery, which is empty and desolate, with bitter and lonely feelings. It is vigorous and sad, and typically reflects the depressed and frustrated style of Du Fu's poems. First of all, the language of poetry is precise, concise and profound. For example, the first couplet contains six images in just two sentences, which are described from different angles, which is accurate. Another example is the profound meaning of the neck couplet. "There are eight meanings between fourteen characters" and "Wan Li is far away; Autumn, when sad; Be a guest and travel; Frequent visitors, long-distance travel; For a hundred years, teeth are dying; Sick; Decline disease also; Taiwan, high also; A person on the stage, no relatives and friends. " (Luo Dajing's Record of He Lin Yu) Therefore, both scenery writing and lyricism have reached a very high artistic level. Secondly, the composition of poetry is also quite distinctive: "The article is regular in every sentence, and every sentence is regular, but it runs through the whole meaning in one go." A poem by Hu Yinglin. The whole poem is antithetical from beginning to end, each sentence is in harmony with the law, and one meaning runs through it in one go, such as flowing, clever and natural, deliberately arranged without the feeling of axe and chisel.

Appreciation of Up the Mountain (Tao Daoshu)

This poem was written by Du Fu in Kuizhou in the second year of Dali (767). Kuizhou is on the bank of the Yangtze River. The whole poem tells the poet's complex mood of wandering, sick and lonely for many years, and is impassioned. Yang Lun praised this poem as "the first of Du Ji's seven-character poems" (Du Shi Jing Quan), and Hu Yinglin's "Poetry" is even more amazing, and it is the highest of seven-character poems in ancient and modern times.

The first four sentences are about climbing mountains. The first couplet is right. Focusing on the specific environment of Kuizhou, the poet used the word "wind rush" to drive the All-China Federation, and from the very beginning, he wrote a quatrain that was told for generations. Kuizhou is famous for its many apes, and the canyon is famous for its windy weather. It is cool in autumn, but it is windy here. When the poet climbs the mountain, the sound of "high apes whistling" comes from the gorge, which means "the empty valley echoes, and the sorrow turns to leisurely" ("Water Classics Notes Rivers"). The poet moved his eyes from the heights to the rivers and lakes, and on the background of clear water and white sand, he was dotted with birds dancing with the wind and never looking back. This is really a beautiful painting. Among them, the sky, wind, sand, Zhu, apes whistling and birds flying are all made in heaven and naturally paired. Not only the upper and lower sentences are correct, but also the sentences are self-correct. For example, the previous sentence is full of rhythm, such as "sky" versus "wind", "height" versus "urgency", and the next sentence is "sand" versus "Zhu" and "white" versus "green". After the artistic refinement of the poet, fourteen words, each of which is accurate and appropriate, are all in name only. In words, "thank you for your axe" has reached a wonderful and difficult state. More notably, the first sentence of the couple is usually pronounced in a flat voice at the end, but this poem rhymes in a flat voice. Shen Deqian praised "two sentences still rhyme, but the style has changed" ("Tang Poetry").

This couplet embodies the typical characteristics of Kuizhou in autumn. The poet looked up at the endless rustling leaves and looked down at the endless rolling river. While writing about the scenery, he expressed his feelings affectionately. Endless and inexhaustible, it makes the rustling roll more vivid, which reminds people of the rustling of fallen trees and the surging Yangtze River, and invisibly conveys the feeling that youth is fleeting and ambition is hard to pay. Through the gloomy and sad dialogue, it shows superb brushwork, and it does have the majestic momentum of "building a raft and taking a raft" and "paying attention to the East". It is reasonable for predecessors to call it "the absolute step of the past and the present" and "the transformation in the sentence"

The first two couplets describe autumn scenery, and it was not until the necklace that the word "autumn" was pointed out. "Alone on the stage" shows that the poet looks down from a height and closely connects his eyes with his heart. Frequent visitor points out the poet's wandering life. "One hundred years" means a limited life, here refers to the twilight. The word "sad autumn" is written very painfully. Autumn is not necessarily sad, but when the poet witnessed the desolate and magnificent autumn scenery, he couldn't help thinking of his own exile, the old, the weak and the sick, so he gave birth to infinite sadness. The poet summed up the feelings of a long-time guest who is most likely to be sad and sick in autumn and loves to go on stage alone, which makes people deeply feel his heavy emotional pulse. The "Wan Li" and "Centennial" of this couplet also echo the "Boundless" and "Endless" of the previous couplet: the poet's wandering worries and loneliness, like fallen leaves and rivers, are inexhaustible and can't be driven away, and the feelings and scenery blend together. At this point, the poem has given the general meaning of homesickness, increased the content of loneliness after a long separation, increased people's feelings of sadness and illness in autumn, increased the sigh of parting between Wan Li and people in the twilight, and made the poem more meaningful.

There are five or six sentences at the end. The poet suffers from hardship and poverty, worrying about the country and the people, and his hair is getting gray. In addition, because of illness and alcohol deprivation, it is even more difficult for them to let go. The poet's ambivalence is easy to understand, because he was eager to climb high and see far, but now he provokes hatred for no reason, adding to his sorrow. The first six sentences are "flying", and here "soft and cold, infinite sadness is beyond words" ("Poetry").

The first half of the poem describes the scenery, the second half is lyrical, and the writing style is different. The first couplet focuses on describing the specific scenery in front of us, just like the meticulous brushwork of a painter, showing the shape, sound, color and state one by one. The second couplet focuses on rendering the atmosphere of the whole autumn, just like the painter's freehand brushwork, which should only be vivid and vivid, so that readers can supplement it with imagination. Triple expression of feelings, from vertical (time) and horizontal (space) two aspects, from wandering to sick and disabled. Quadrupling the number of white hair, protecting illness and abstinence from alcohol can be summed up as the hardship of the times is the root of poverty. In this way, Du Fu's feelings when he was worried about the country and hurt the country jumped from the page.

(Excerpted from Appreciation Dictionary of Tang Poetry, Shanghai Dictionary Publishing House, 1983 edition, abridged)

Fourth, "stone city"

Liu Yuxi (772-842) was born in Luoyang and descended from Xiongnu. In his later years, he served as a guest of honor for the Prince, and was known as "Liu Ke" in the world. Together with Liu Zongyuan, he participated in the short-term political reform during the Yongzheng period of the Tang Dynasty, and as a result, he was banished to Yuan Jun and survived tenaciously. When I returned to Luoyang in my later years, I still had the heroic spirit of "Ma Si became careless". His poems are refined and subtle, and they can often express a deep understanding of life or history in fresh language, so they are highly praised by Bai Juyi and known as "poets". It is also called "Bai Liu" with Bai Juyi. His poems are calm, elegant and refreshing, with accurate meter.

Stone Town has always been the capital of the Six Dynasties and abandoned in the Tang Dynasty. Poetry about this ancient city conveys the author's ups and downs of the past and present. The mountains around the old country are still there, and the tide is beating against the empty city. The east of Qinhuai River is still the moon of the past. At night, the moonlight shines on the wall through the battlements as in the past. Every sentence in the poem describes the scenery, but the scenery written blends the deep sadness of the poet's hometown depression and bleak life.

Five, "Jinse"

Li Shangyin (8 13—858), born in Yuxi, was a poet in the late Tang Dynasty. He comes from a small bureaucratic family. I took the Jinshi exam many times, but I failed until I was recommended by Hu Ling and won the Jinshi. Later, influenced by the party struggle between Niu and Li, he was excluded and poor all his life. His poems have a wide range of themes, including political poems, love poems and epics. Shi Li absorbed the strengths of predecessors, inherited the depression and frustration of Du Fu's Seven Laws, integrated the magnificence and richness of Qi Liang's poems, and imitated the ghostly fantasy of Li He's poems, forming his affectionate, lingering, aesthetic and delicate style. Shi Li is also good at using allusions and appropriate historical analogies to express hidden and unspeakable meanings. Therefore, his poems have profound, heavy, elegant and exquisite artistic characteristics. There are poems by Li Yishan.

The first couplet was inspired by the golden harp, which led to the pain of wasting one's life; Compared with Jinse, it implicitly expresses the grief and indignation of embracing sharp weapons and being buried in the world. Four more allusions are used in the poem: "Saint Zhuangzi daydreaming was bewitched by butterflies"; Zhuang Zhoumeng butterfly: "Wang Chunxin cuckoo crow"; The king of ancient Shu sought for the emperor to become a cuckoo, and every spring he cried until his mouth bled: "Mermaid tears the green sea next month"; Jiao Ren tears into Haizhu: "Lantian spits jade at Japan"; Beautiful jade comes from Lantian. Repeatedly lamenting the sadness that can't be sent away in the poem is both true and virtual, which is puzzling. Therefore, these four allusions are intertwined with the unpredictable sadness of the lyric hero (some people think it is a love factor), thus forming a melancholy mood and a melancholy mood. Therefore, there is the melancholy of "a moment that should have lasted forever, and it has come and gone unconsciously".

Some Supplementary Notes on Jinse

1. Zhu Yizun: "This mourning poem is also. Dead people like to play with this, so they think of people when they see things, so they will cheer up when they hold things. Thuben has twenty-five strings, and the string is broken into fifty strings, so it is called' unprovoked', which means broken string. " One string and one column was followed by Sihua, who died at the age of 25. The words "butterfly" and "cuckoo" have disappeared. Beads have tears, they will cry; Jade gives birth to smoke', which has been buried, is still said to be buried in fragrant jade. Do you want to remember this situation today? It was the day of my existence at that time, and I was often worried and frustrated. It must be weak and sick, so it is also a cloud. "(from Li Yishan's poems)

2. He Chao: "This article is a self-mutilation word, which the poet calls' beauty is dying'. The sentence of' Zhuang Sheng' paid a dream, and the sentence of' Wang Di' waited for the afterlife. The' sea' and' blue sky' are buried and cannot be seen by themselves; What is particularly sad is' moonlight' and' warm sun'. (Excerpted from Li Yishan's Poems)

3. Wang Shihan: "Jinse is a 25-string instrument based on ancient musical instruments and used by the world. This is an ancient 50-string system. Not for fashion, but because of this article, I can't understand it. Therefore, it is' unprovoked' and it is meaningless to talk about it. Take care of yourself, eldest brother. It's been built for half a century. "Meng Xiao" is a metaphor for teenagers' current affairs. Yishan became famous in his early years and became an official at the beginning. It was like a dream. Those who are' pornographic' are also powerful inside. It has become a thing of the last life to rest like an imperial cuckoo. Pearls and jade are expensive goods, pearls are in the sea, there is a sigh of leaving pearls, but see the tears of the moon. Those' cigarettes' are the essence of jade. Although jade is not human, the essence of Japan and China is in Lantian. " (Excerpted from Poetics)

3. Interpretation of Shu Dao Nan

The difficulty of Shu Dao is an old title in Yuefu's Xiang He Ge Ci Tone Qu, which mainly talks about the difficulty of Shu Dao through the danger of mountains and rivers. With rich imagination, bold language and vigorous style, the poet vividly described the breathtaking scenery of mountains and rivers on the Shu Road of Qin people. Not only wrote about the hardships of Shu Dao, but also wrote about the hardships of life journey, and pinned his worries and worries about national affairs. The whole poem is magnificent, bold and unpredictable, and unpredictable in Wang Yang, which shows the poet's outstanding artistic talent and rich imagination.

The first four sentences of this poem are the general outline of the whole article. Later, according to the origin and history of Shu Dao, the high, gloomy, sinister and unstable social situation along Shu Dao. The lens is more thrilling than a group. "It's hard to get through the Shu Road, and it's hard to get to the sky" is repeatedly sung in the poem. The author creates a magical, thrilling, profound and open lofty realm with hearty pen and ink, which makes the whole poem's emotions always surging, swaying and lingering.

The first paragraph of the article shows the grandeur and preciseness of Shu Dao. It is embodied in five aspects: 1, myths and legends: five mountains and six dragons return to Japan-an insurmountable obstacle in the history of writing Shu Dao. 2, virtual writing foil: yellow cranes are not allowed to fly, apes climb-it is more difficult to foil people. 3. Describe your expressions and actions: touching the stars, breathing nervously, sighing on your chest, walking with difficulty, and looking scared-the shape of being trapped is like being in front of you. 4. Lyric by borrowing scenery: The ancient wood is desolate, and the birds are sad (the sad bird is ancient wood, and Zigui cries for jathyapple)-it makes people feel pale, exaggerates the sadness of travel and the lonely and desolate environmental atmosphere of Shu Road, and effectively sets off the difficulties of Shu Road. 5. The use of exaggeration: "Heaven barely one foot below the highest cliff" and "Dry pine hanging down, head down, from the face of the cliff"-the mountain is extremely high and the cliff is dangerous, rendering a thrilling atmosphere. It is with unpredictable brushwork that Li Bai vividly describes the dangers of Shu Road, artistically shows the winding, majestic, lofty and rough face of ancient Shu Road, and depicts a colorful landscape picture.

In the second paragraph, the poet first showed the high risk of the mountain, and then turned from static to static, and wrote a thrilling scene of water and stone stirring and valley roaring, like a series of focal planes: at first, the mountains fluctuated and the peaks were sky-high; Then gently push out the close-up of dead pine hanging upside down; Then, it was followed by a group of quick shots: rushing rapids, waterfalls, cliffs and turning stones. With the sound of thousands of valleys and thunder, they flashed before our eyes quickly, which was amazing and dizzying, thus causing overwhelming artistic effects and making the description of Shu Road difficult to reach its peak. If the high risk of the mountains above is daunting, then the mountains and rivers here are even more thrilling.

In the thrilling atmosphere of changeable and dangerous situations, I finally wrote Jiange, a fortress in central Sichuan. There is a 30-mile plank road between Dajianshan and Xiaojian Mountain. The peaks are like swords, the mountains are towering, and the walls are cut like doors, forming a natural fortress. Because of its dangerous terrain, it is easy to defend but difficult to attack. Historically, there were many people who claimed to be kings here. The poet described a political situation from the danger of Jiange. He borrowed the phrase "the victory lies in the shape, but the bandits don't live together" from Zhang Zai's Ming of Jiange in the Western Jin Dynasty, aiming to persuade people to take warning and be alert to the occurrence of war. Combining with the social background at that time, he revealed that "the tiger's teeth are sharp, and the wolf in Shu" was not only a pun on the beasts of Shu, but also an allusion to political darkness, expressing his worries and worries about national affairs.

Li Bai's description of such an indescribable thing as "the difficulty of Shu Dao" is so touching because of his romantic passion. The poet wanders in vain with his affection for mountains and rivers. He did not watch the natural scenery indifferently, but praised it enthusiastically to express his ideals and feelings. Surging water and dangerous peaks and valleys endow the poet with emotional temperament, thus showing a flying soul and a magnificent posture. Poets are good at combining imagination, exaggeration and myths and legends to write scenery and express feelings. When you say that the mountain is high and steep, you say "high, as on the Gao Qi, six dragons drive the sun"; The obstacles to the shape of the road are: "It was once broken by the earthquake, and some brave people lost it, and then the ladder was connected with the stone pile" ... The poet "galloped away from the storm and lashed the sea and the moon", from the creation of the silkworm cluster to the development of the wuding mountain, from the return of the six dragons to the night cry of Zigui, galloped wildly and imaginatively, creating a broad artistic realm, full of romanticism, and let us see the poet "crossing"

Before the Tang Dynasty, Shu Daonan's works were short and pithy, and Li Bai innovated and developed this ancient Yuefu theme. He used three words, four' words, five words and seven words, and the height was uneven until eleven words, which formed a very unrestrained language style. Rhyme is also constantly changing, suitable for expressing the spirit of freedom and unrestrained, describing the dangerous environment in Sichuan, changing rhymes three times in a row, and trying to change things. This also complements his rich and peculiar imagination and realistic romantic spirit.