Organic fertilizer: mainly refers to the fertilizer formed by the fermentation and decomposition of various animals and plants for a certain period of time (including processed rapeseed cake, which has no odor).
Organic fertilizer contains a lot of biomass, animal and plant residues, excreta, biological waste and other substances. The application of organic fertilizer can not only provide comprehensive nutrition for crops, but also has long-term fertilizer effect, which can increase and update soil organic matter, promote microbial reproduction, improve soil physical and chemical properties and biological activity, and is the main nutrient source for green food production.
Compost is an organic fertilizer made from all kinds of orange stalks, fallen leaves, grass, animal and plant residues and human and animal manure, and mixed with a small amount of soil.
Compost compost is made of the same raw materials as compost, but fermented under underwater conditions.
Manure refers to the manure of pigs, cows, horses, sheep, chickens, ducks and other livestock and poultry, which is made of manure and straw padding.
Biogas fertilizer in a sealed biogas digester, the by-products of organic matter decomposition produce biogas, including biogas slurry and biogas residue.
Green manure uses cultivated or wild green plants as fertilizer. Such as leguminous mung beans, broad beans, sweet clover, sesbania, alfalfa and vetch seeds. Non-leguminous green manure includes ryegrass, radish, sunflower seed, manjianghong, water hyacinth, water peanut and so on.
Crop straw Crop straw is one of the important organic fertilizers. Crop straw contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, sulfur and other essential nutrients for crops. Under suitable conditions, these elements are mineralized and then returned to the soil through the action of soil microorganisms, which are absorbed and utilized by crops.
Cake fertilizer rapeseed cake, cottonseed cake, bean cake, sesame cake, castor cake, tea seed cake, etc.
Mud fertilizer unpolluted river mud, pond mud, ditch mud, harbor mud, lake mud, etc.
With the continuous development of science and technology, a variety of bio-organic fertilizers can be produced through artificial pure culture technology and scientific refining of beneficial bacteria, which can improve soil quality, reduce environmental pollution and increase fertilizer efficiency. Bio-organic fertilizer will be the main development trend of fertilizer for agricultural production in the future.
Inorganic fertilizer:
Foreign developed countries advocate organic agriculture, generally oppose the application of chemical fertilizers and require the application of organic fertilizers. The reason is that applying chemical fertilizer will cause pollution, reduce soil fertility, aggravate soil erosion and increase energy consumption. But chemical fertilizer is necessary for permanent fruit trees, because the mineral nutrients absorbed by fruit trees must be in inorganic form before they can be used by fruit trees. Plants absorb these nutrients and form various organic substances through photosynthesis for use by animals and humans. The remaining organic matter must be decomposed into inorganic matter by saprophytes before it can be absorbed and utilized by fruit trees.
When the mineral elements formed by the decomposition of organic matter and the mineral elements in rock soil, air and rain can not meet the needs of improving the yield and quality of fruit trees per unit area, rational application of chemical fertilizers is a bionic cultivation measure that completely conforms to the natural law. Once the basis of this measure is lost, the growth of fruit trees will be out of balance, which will eventually lead to the reduction of production and quality of fruit trees. Soil hardening and soil erosion are not entirely caused by the application of chemical fertilizer, but mainly caused by the reduction or non-application of organic fertilizer after the application of chemical fertilizer and improper irrigation. On the premise that organic matter fully returns to soil, even if chemical fertilizer is applied for a long time, soil erosion will not be aggravated by destroying soil structure.
Regarding the problem of soil environmental pollution caused by chemical fertilizer application, one is that excessive application of certain elements, such as excessive application of nitrate nitrogen, will produce NO2-, which can be solved by reducing excessive application or improving soil structure. The second is to minimize toxic impurities in fertilizer production, such as cadmium and other toxic substances in fertilizer, which need to be eliminated in manufacturing. In the application of chemical fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer, energy consumption is high, which can be solved by using bacterial fertilizer to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizer.
complex fertilizer
Compound fertilizer has the advantages of high nutrient content, few by-products and good physical properties, which plays a very important role in balancing fertilization, improving fertilizer utilization rate and promoting high and stable yield of crops. However, it also has some shortcomings, such as its nutrient ratio is always fixed, while the types, quantities and proportions of nutrient elements needed by different soils and crops are diverse. Therefore, it is best to test the soil before use to understand the texture and nutritional status of the soil in the field, and at the same time, pay attention to the application with unit fertilizer, and the effect is better.
With the increase of grain output, the phenomenon of lack of soil elements has been shown, and now farmers are beginning to choose more compound fertilizers.
At present, there are three major trends in the development of compound fertilizer: the first is multi-variety specialization. Different crops have different special fertilizers, which are developed and produced according to the growth and development law of crops and the amount of absorbed fertilizers. When farmers choose compound fertilizer, they should choose the corresponding special fertilizer according to different crops. If it is not dedicated, it will violate the law of fertilizer absorption by crops, so that the yield-increasing potential of crops will not be brought into play, and at the same time, some nutrients will be wasted. The second is multifunctional medicine. Through the combination of pesticides and fertilizers, the seed dressing procedure is omitted, and one-time application can not only ensure the nutrients needed by crops, but also prevent and control underground pests and seedling diseases, which can be described as killing two birds with one stone. The third is the long-term effect of high concentration. With the development of agricultural production, high-concentration and long-acting compound fertilizer is increasingly welcomed by farmers. The application of this fertilizer reduces the amount of fertilization, facilitates farming, saves the link of topdressing, reduces the labor force, improves the utilization rate of fertilizer, and saves labor, time and quality.
It should be used in combination with various fertilizers.
Although most compound fertilizers must be diversified now, they still cannot completely replace organic fertilizers, and the application amount of decomposed organic fertilizers should be increased as much as possible when conditions permit. Combined application of compound fertilizer and organic fertilizer can improve fertilizer efficiency and nutrient utilization rate. Applying organic fertilizer can not only improve soil and activate beneficial microorganisms in soil, but also save energy and reduce environmental pollution. Using some bio-organic fertilizers can not only avoid the complicated process of traditional organic fertilizer production, but also provide a large number of beneficial microorganisms, activate soil nutrients and reduce continuous cropping obstacles.
Although some special compound fertilizers have determined the appropriate nutrient ratio according to the characteristics of crop fertilizer demand and soil fertilizer supply, it is difficult to fully meet the actual growth requirements of crops in soils with different fertility levels, so it is necessary to use some simple fertilizers according to the actual growth of crops. For example, nitrogen-deficient soil, leafy vegetables that need more nitrogen should use some nitrogen fertilizer, potassium-deficient soil, and watermelon that needs more potassium in the later stage should use some potassium fertilizer.
Master the characteristics of compound fertilizer application
Compound fertilizer has long-term effect and should be used as base fertilizer. A large number of experiments show that the basic application is the best whether it is binary composite or ternary composite. This is because compound fertilizer contains many nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, and crops are particularly sensitive to phosphorus and potassium in the early stage of growth, so phosphorus and potassium fertilizer need to be applied as base fertilizer early. In the production process, controlled-release compound fertilizer is coated and granulated, with slow and stable fertilizer efficiency, slower decomposition than simple chemical fertilizer, less nutrient leaching and high utilization rate, and is suitable for use as base fertilizer. Generally, the dosage per mu is 30 to 40 kilograms. Don't use compound fertilizer for seedling stage fertilizer and middle and late stage fertilizer to prevent greed and cheapness and waste time.
Compound fertilizer decomposes slowly. For the crops that use compound fertilizer as base fertilizer when sowing, the available nitrogen fertilizer should be supplemented in time according to the fertilizer demand law of different crops to meet the nutritional needs of crops.
The concentration of compound fertilizer varies greatly, so attention should be paid to choosing the appropriate concentration. At present, most compound fertilizers are formulated according to the excellent average nutrient ratio of soil types in a certain area and the fertilizer requirement of bulk crops. There are high, medium and low concentration series compound fertilizers on the market. Generally, the low concentration of total nutrients is between 25% and 30%, the medium concentration is between 30% and 40%, and the high concentration is above 40%. It is necessary to choose an economical and efficient compound fertilizer according to different regions, soils and crops. Cash crops generally use high-concentration compound fertilizer, which has excellent quality, less residue and high utilization rate.
The concentration of compound fertilizer is high, so it is necessary to avoid direct contact between seeds and fertilizer, which will affect seedling emergence and even burn seedlings and rot roots. When sowing, the distance between seeds and hole application and strip application of compound fertilizer should be about 5 ~ 10cm, and it is forbidden to apply directly with seeds in the same hole, which will cause fertilizer damage.
When the raw materials of compound fertilizer are different, we should pay attention to the application range of nutrients. Different brands and concentrations of compound fertilizers use different raw materials, so they should be selected according to soil types and crop types in production. Nitrate-containing compound fertilizer is not suitable for leafy vegetables and paddy fields, and it is not suitable for saline-alkali land; Compound fertilizer containing potassium chloride or chloride ion should not be used in chlorine-free crops or saline-alkali land; Compound fertilizer containing potassium sulfate is not suitable for paddy field and acidic soil. Otherwise, it will reduce fertilizer efficiency and even poison crops.
Compound fertilizer contains two or more kinds of macroelements, ammonia is easily lost due to surface application or rainwater loss, and phosphorus and potassium are easily fixed by soil, especially phosphorus is not easy to be absorbed and utilized by crop roots when applied to the surface, which is not conducive to root penetration. In the case of drought, fertilizer cannot be dissolved, and its fertilizer efficiency is even worse. Therefore, the application of compound fertilizer should avoid spreading on the surface as much as possible and cover the soil deeply.
Proper use of compound fertilizer will bring us good benefits. In addition, when choosing compound fertilizer, we should also pay attention to the nutritional components, packaging and manufacturers, and beware of being deceived.
Editor's Note: In recent years, various bio-fertilizers in China have developed rapidly, with an annual output of more than several hundred thousand tons. These biological fertilizers have the characteristics of high technology content, obvious yield-increasing effect and no pollution. Their production, popularization and application are of positive significance for improving soil fertility, increasing crop yield, improving crop quality and effectively promoting agricultural sustainable development.
In view of the problems existing in the production, product quality and use of bio-fertilizers, our reporter interviewed Professor Gao Yongsheng of Jiangxi Agricultural University, aiming at improving the rural people's understanding of such fertilizers, using these fertilizers more correctly and scientifically, and promoting the healthy development of bio-fertilizers in China.
Reporter: What is bio-fertilizer? How many kinds does it have?
Gao Yongsheng: Biological fertilizer refers to a special fertilizer containing a large number of living microorganisms. After this fertilizer is applied to the soil, a large number of living microorganisms can actively move under suitable conditions: some can reproduce around the roots of crops and play the role of spontaneous or combined nitrogen fixation; Some can also decompose phosphorus and potassium mineral elements for crops to absorb or secrete growth hormones and stimulate crop growth. It can be seen that bio-fertilizer does not directly supply the nutrients needed by crops, but provides the nutrients needed by crops through the active activities of a large number of living microorganisms in the soil or produces hormones to stimulate crop growth, which is essentially different from other organic fertilizers and chemical fertilizers.
There are many kinds of bio-fertilizers, and now the main ones are rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, phosphorus-and potassium-dissolving bacteria, antibiotic bacteria and fungi. Some of these bio-fertilizers contain single effective bacteria, and some are composite products made of nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorus-and potassium-dissolving bacteria.
At present, except for a few fertilizer products containing single effective bacteria such as rhizobia, most of them are compound biological fertilizers.
Reporter: What are the functions of bio-fertilizer?
Gao Yongsheng: Biological fertilizer can improve soil fertility, which is its main function. For example, various nitrogen-fixing bacterial fertilizers can increase the source of nitrogen in the soil, while phosphorus-dissolving and potassium-dissolving bacterial fertilizers can dissolve insoluble phosphorus and potassium in the soil and increase the source of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) in the soil. In addition, bio-fertilizer can also promote the growth of crops and improve the quality of agricultural products. Various biological fertilizers can produce different growth hormones and stimulate crop growth after being applied to soil. For example, "5406" actinomycetes biological fertilizer not only has the functions of antagonizing pathogenic bacteria, preventing diseases and strengthening bacteria, but also secretes cytokinins to promote crop growth. Fungal bio-fertilizer can not only help crops absorb mineral elements such as phosphorus, zinc and copper, but also enhance the water absorption and water retention of crops and improve the drought resistance of crops. Because biological fertilizer can make and assist crops to absorb and utilize a variety of nutrients, it can greatly improve the quality of agricultural products, and can change the current situation of "melon is not fragrant, fruit is not sweet, and tea is tasteless" caused by chemical fertilizer application, so that all indicators of agricultural products can meet the standards of green food.
Reporter: Can biological fertilizer replace chemical fertilizer?
Gao Yongsheng: From the mode of action of bio-fertilizer, we can know that bio-fertilizer can not directly provide nutrients absorbed by crops (including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and various mineral elements), but through the active activities of a large number of living microorganisms in the soil to make and assist crops to absorb nutrients or produce growth hormones to stimulate crop growth, which is essentially different from the mode of action of chemical fertilizers. The fertilizer efficiency provided by biological fertilizer can not meet the demand of crop growth for nutrients. Therefore, it is a misunderstanding to think that biological fertilizer can replace chemical fertilizer. It is wrong to mystify biological fertilizer and label it as a "high-tech" product, and it is also wrong to exaggerate its function indefinitely. The use of biological fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in agricultural production should complement each other. However, biological fertilizer has no environmental pollution, which is beneficial to protect the ecological environment. Some functions and ecological benefits of biological fertilizer are not available or irreplaceable by chemical fertilizer.
Reporter: What are the quality requirements of bio-fertilizer?
Gao Yongsheng: A good bio-fertilizer has strict requirements on the number of effective viable bacteria, water content, PH value, particle fineness of adsorbent, organic matter content, impurity rate and effective shelf life. According to China's NY 227-94 agricultural industry standard, liquid biological fertilizer should contain 500 million ~ 65.438+0.5 billion live effective bacteria per milliliter. Each gram of solid biological fertilizer contains 0/000 ~ 300 million viable bacteria/kloc-0, the suitable water content is 20% ~ 35%, and the fineness of adsorbent is about 0.18 mm. The finer the adsorbent, the more effective bacteria are adsorbed. The ph is 5.5 ~ 7.5, the rate of miscellaneous bacteria is lower than 15% ~ 20%, and it does not contain pathogenic bacteria and parasites, and the effective storage period is not less than 6 months.
At present, with the development of bio-fertilizer, there are some phenomena in the production of bio-fertilizer in a few places, such as no production license, backward production technology, the use of unqualified strains, low effective bacteria content and excessive miscellaneous bacteria. In addition, some manufacturers added an inappropriate amount of chemical fertilizer or other additives to the biological fertilizer, which made the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the fertilizer too high, leading to the death of effective bacteria and losing the function of the biological fertilizer. Therefore, attention should be paid to the product quality when selecting bio-fertilizer to prevent fake and shoddy products, so as not to cause undue losses to agricultural production.
Reporter: How to use bio-fertilizer correctly?
Gao Yongsheng: The correct and reasonable use method is an important guarantee to play the role of bio-fertilizer. Different bio-fertilizers should be selected according to different crops and local soil conditions. Biological fertilizer is often used for seed dressing, base fertilizer and topdressing. In the way of use, biological fertilizer can be sprayed on the leaves and applied on the roots. In a word, biological fertilizer is a special fertilizer developed in recent years. Farmers should constantly sum up experience and pay attention to methods in application, so that biological fertilizers can play their due role in agricultural production.