Solar Storm-the earliest sunspot discovered
Observation of a Star Entering the Beidou Comet
Eclipses at New Moon and Xinmao-Records of Solar Eclipses
Sun, Moon and Stars-Yin and Yang Calendar
The oldest catalog in the world-Stone catalog
Taichu calendar, the earliest and most complete calendar work in existence.
The soil gauge measures the sun's shadow.
Stars Falling Like Rain —— Observation of Meteor Swarm
Armature —— An Instrument for Demonstrating Apparent Motion of Celestial Bodies
The oldest timekeeping instrument in China-kettle leak
Geodesy. Determination of meridian
Calendar Revolution —— Shen Kuo's Twelve Calendars of Qi Dynasty
A Wonderful Flower of Science and Technology —— Astronomical Instruments Invented and Developed by Guo Shoujing
The Best Calendar in Ancient China —— Guo Shoujing's Chronological Calendar
The observation deck setting of Duke Zhou
China's earliest mathematical monograph-Zhouyi ·suan Jing
Precise Actuarial Deduction —— Nine Chapters of Arithmetic
Strategy-zero-sum calculation
decimal numeration/notation
China's Remainder Theorem —— Finding Skills by Large Winding Method
Zu Chongzhi and Pi.
Yang Hui Triangle-Binomial Array
One-dimensional high-power multiplication-celestial art
Zhu Shijie and his four-yuan jade mirror
Double Hypothesis Method —— Redundancy Technique
Application of series superposition technology
China-the hometown of abacus
The Magic of Magnets —— The Invention of Compass
Mo Jing and the first law of motion
Incense burner and constant frame in quilt
Magnetic declination and magnetic inclination
Measuring tool-vernier caliper
Projection slide
Mysterious reflex
Strange mirror-transparent mirror
The earliest periscope in the world
The earliest artificial magnetization method in the world-compass fish
Excellent machinery-south guide car
The invention of gunpowder
The invention of matches
Lacquer and lacquerware
China-a world-famous porcelain.
Oil and gas
Development and utilization of burning stone coal
Zhang Heng's seismograph
The earliest anemometer
Clouds Don't Till the West Down —— Cloud Observation and Cloud Images
Temperature observation instrument and precipitation observation instrument
weather forecast
Ancient phenological calendar
Dujiangyan, the earliest water conservancy project in China
Lead Jing to Luo-
Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, a water conservancy project connecting North and South.
The earliest water level station in China-Fuling Shiyu
The earliest tidal map in China-Dou's Shi Tao Map
A Classic of Ancient Geography —— Notes on Shuijing
Bronze Age-Copper Mining
Develop bittern by boiling sea.
The earliest flora-vegetation in the south
Plants, fish, insects, birds and beasts-classification of plants and animals
Until I raised my cup, I asked the moon and the sky about wine koji-making and brewing.
If there is jade in the mountains, the branches hang down beside the trees-plant for prospecting.
Jia Sixie and Qi Yaomin's Book
Unique "Wang Zhen Agricultural Books"
Intensive cultivation leads to a bumper harvest of crops.
Tea Planting and Tea Culture
Sericulture technology of Lufang Baifeng
Saving the Valley of the World —— Planting legumes and legumes.
Xu Guangqi's Encyclopedia of Agricultural Management
Make the best use of everything-the invention of the iron plow
Energy-saving seeder-triangular cymbals
A Field Lifting Tool-Fan Car
Water conservancy irrigation machinery. keel waterwheel
Mulberry Fish Pond —— A Ten-fold Benefit Crop
Inner Garden Uniform Temperature Soup has entered the melon in mid-February-cultivation techniques
Underground passage-karez
Looking at qi and waiting for color-diagnosis and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine
Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases
Shennong tasted a hundred herbs-Chinese herbal medicine to treat diseases.
Fuxi nine needles-acupuncture therapy
Huatuo anesthesia-Mafei powder
immunization
Health preservation and life extension-hormone extraction
Smelting technology of iron
Tempering into steel-various steelmaking technologies
Smelting of brass and zinc
China Silver-Nickel-Copper Smelting and Its Spread to the West
Hydrometallurgy-bile copper process
Three casting techniques
Tools for grain processing. Water hammer and water mill.
The earliest vehicle to record mileage-drum car in mind
Galloping —— The invention of horseshoe art and stirrup
Lu Ban and the Invention of Saw Umbrella
The Great Wall of Wan Li-Wolong crossed the bed
The Eighth Wonder of the World-Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses
Wonderful workmanship-a bridge with unique style
Hundreds of schools are like Twelve Streets of Weiqi Bureau, like vegetable beds-Sui Daxing City.
The Treasure of Palace Architecture-Forbidden City
The tallest and oldest heavy wooden pagoda-Yingxian Wooden Pagoda in Shanxi Province
Mystery of unsinkable ship-watertight cabin
Canal lock
When the wind blows, cars fly-sails and sail cars.
Parachute, the most precious thing for pilots.
Ling Bo's treasure rudder
An Effective Propulsion Tool —— Paddle
A feat in the history of navigation-Zheng He's voyage to the West
The Beginning of Aviation Model-Kite
Astronomy and geographic navigation technology
Horizontal rotor and propeller
Gunpowder and Gunpowder Weapons-Enemies of "Knight Class"
Sun Tzu's Art of War —— The Holy Book of Military Science
Chariots and warships
Colorful cold weapons
A milestone in the development of human civilization-the invention of papermaking
Engraving printing
The Highest Achievement of Block Printing —— Color Overprinting
Clay printing technology
Wooden movable type printing and retrieval disk
The world's earliest paper money-jiaozi
China's earliest architectural monograph —— Building French Style
Lei Zu and primitive textile technology
Manual pedal spinning wheel
Looms and jacquard machines
Dyes and dyeing
China's earliest collection of poems-The Book of Songs
The earliest chronological history book in China-Chunqiu
General History of China's First Biography-Historical Records
China's earliest monograph on literary theory-Wen Xin Diao Long
China's First Chronicle —— Chronicle as a Mirror
The largest encyclopedia in ancient China-Yongle Dadian
The Binding Form of Ancient Books in China
The oldest writing in China-Oracle Bone Inscriptions
Bronzes and bronze inscriptions
The standard font of Qin Dynasty-Xiao Zhuan
The Beginning of Modern Chinese Characters —— Lishu
Cursive script-pen movement, direct expression of spirit.
Dot painting is full of beautiful women-running script
A Font with Perfect Structure —— Regular Script
The Foundation Work of China's Literary Linguistics —— Shuowen Jiezi
The Treasure of National Culture —— Four Treasures of the Study
Grottoes Art and Dunhuang Murals
Outstanding Works of Art in Tang Dynasty —— Tang Sancai
Metric Harmony-Rhyme
Graceful and restrained theory of song ci
China ancient musical instruments have a long history.
Zhu Zaiyu and "Twelve Average Laws"
Zeng Houyi, who is famous at home and abroad, chimes
China's first monograph introducing the works of traditional Chinese opera writers-Ghost Record
Born Ugly —— China Traditional Opera
Yuanqu and Guan Hanqing
China Ancient Health Gymnastics —— Wuqinxi
China Kung Fu-Wushu
Cuju, an ancient football in China.
Ancient Chess-China Chess
Infinite black and white world-Go
Papermaking is one of the four great inventions in ancient China.
Built at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, it was presided over by Su Song, the official minister. It is a large astronomical instrument and a major scientific and technological achievement with world influence in ancient China.
The invention of mosquito-repellent incense may be related to the hygiene customs of the ancient Dragon Boat Festival and the custom of burning incense and offering sacrifices.
Black powder, compass, printing.
The Dawn of Human Civilization-Fire
The earliest long-range weapon of mankind-bow and arrow
The earliest tool of mankind-stone tools
The greatest contribution of Chinese medicine to the world is its practical prevention and treatment technology.
China is an ancient country of mathematics, and Nine Chapters of Arithmetic and Nine Chapters of Numerology are ancient mathematical masterpieces.
China is also an ancient country in astronomy, and China is the first country in the world to record astronomical phenomena such as sunspots, Halley's comet and supernovae in writing.
In addition to papermaking, compass, gunpowder, movable type printing and four new inventions of traditional Chinese medicine, 10 decimal system, equatorial coordinate system and block printing, there are many ancient inventions in China that affect the development of world science and technology, such as porcelain, silk, metal smelting and casting, and intensive farming.
Twenty-four solar terms are the fifth greatest invention in ancient China.
There are also many new advances in physics, chemistry and biology. Our ancestors created two golden ages for the prosperity and development of ancient science and technology in China.
China is a traditional agricultural country, and water conservancy is the lifeblood of agriculture. In ancient times, there were Dujiangyan, Zheng Guoqu, Lingqu, Longshou Canal and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal before the Tang Dynasty. The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal built in Sui Dynasty is the earliest and longest navigable canal in the world. These projects are incomparable to medieval Europe in terms of building scale, technical level, and the benefits of agricultural irrigation, navigation and transportation.
Mozi was a representative figure of Mohism in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In his book Mo Jing, he put forward geometric concepts such as point, line, square and circle. The Operation Method of Pythagorean Theorem in Zhouyi ·suan Jing. Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, written in Han Dynasty, contains solutions to 246 applied problems, which is very rich in content. It has made great achievements in arithmetic and algebra, especially in solving practical problems, far exceeding the mathematical system of ancient Greece. Zu Chongzhi's pi calculated by secant technique is very accurate and far ahead in the world.
What needs special mention is the outstanding contribution of ancient China to the development of world civilization-"Four Great Inventions", which embodies the wisdom and creation of working people in ancient China.
The compass was invented in the Warring States period more than two thousand years ago. At that time, people ground natural magnets into spoon shapes and put them on a smooth plane, pointing out the north-south direction. This navigation instrument is called "Sina". In the Northern Song Dynasty, the compass was made by artificial magnetization. Ceng Gongliang recorded the making method of "compass fish" in the book "General Classics of Martial Arts" edited by 1044. Shen Kuo, a great scientist, further explained the method of making compass with magnetized iron needle in Mengxi. The compass was used for navigation shortly after its invention, guiding China's ocean-going fleet to sail in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean, and was introduced to Arabia in the12nd century, and then to Europe.
The invention of papermaking was summed up by the working people in China from the experience of bleaching and retting hemp, which began in the Western Han Dynasty. Ancient paper of the Western Han Dynasty unearthed from the beacon tower site of Luobuzhuoer Khan in Xinjiang is all plant fiber paper, and its texture is rougher than others. Cai Lun, who was in charge of the Royal Handicraft Workshop in the Eastern Han Dynasty, relied on sufficient manpower and material resources, improved the papermaking technology with rags, bark and old hemp as raw materials, and produced a batch of practical paper with higher quality. Paper-making technology first spread to Korea and Vietnam, Japan in the seventh century, Arabia in the eighth century and Europe in the thirteenth century.
The invention of printing went through two stages, from block printing to movable type printing. About the Sui Dynasty, people invented block printing technology under the inspiration of seal cutting rubbing method. During the Northern Song Dynasty (about A.D. 104 1- 1049), Bi Sheng, a civilian inventor, invented the movable type printing technology, which made movable type from clay and then typesetting and printing. It was economical and convenient, greatly improved the efficiency, and was a great revolution in the history of printing. In the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen successfully invented wooden movable type and wheeled typesetting frame.
The invention of gunpowder began with alchemy. In the process of alchemy, the alchemist accidentally found that igniting the mixture with nitrate, sulfur and charcoal as the main raw materials would cause combustion and explosion. After the invention of gunpowder, it was used in the military, which changed the face of war and the course of history. As Marx said, "gunpowder blew the knight class to pieces." In the War of Resistance Against Gold in the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Jun used powerful gunpowder weapons such as "thunderbolt" and deafening sound. By the end of the Song Dynasty, gunpowder sand guns and gunpowder guns were invented. Gunpowder was introduced to India and Arabia by merchants from 1225 to 1248, and later to the west.
China's science and technology have been in the leading position in the world for a long historical period. The purpose of revealing and exploring the scientific creations and inventions of our ancestors is to better inspire young people's studious and pioneering hearts.
Today, history has entered the era of sound, light and electricity, and the dissemination of knowledge and information is vivid and intuitive. This book adopts the form of "illustrated pictures and texts", showing historical features and various images, and narrating historical facts with "words". Illustrated with pictures and texts, it shows readers the fruitful achievements of the development of civilization in the motherland for thousands of years.
Although this book is called Illustration of Ancient Inventions in China, some items in it are not in the strict sense.
Our inventions, such as some celestial phenomena, were first observed by our ancestors and belong to the content of discovery, but because they have played an important role in social production practice and people's daily life, they are of great significance and groundbreaking, and we also tell them in this book.
For another example, some academic works have made a true and complete record and description of inventions in a certain field. The achievements of scientific research in history are mainly summarized and circulated through works, such as Zhou Jing and Wang Zhennong's Book. We also received this book. For academic works with similar contents in the same subject, we only choose those written earlier to introduce and tell.
This book does not adopt the framework of chronicles, and is basically arranged in the order of astronomy, calendar, physics, chemistry and chemical engineering, geology, biology, agriculture, medicine, light industry, metallurgical machinery, architecture, navigation and aviation, military affairs, culture and art, but it is not strictly classified. Some items are different in content, such as gunpowder, one of the four great inventions, which is introduced in The Invention of Gunpowder. Another example is planting mulberry and raising silkworms, which is described in "Sangji Fish Pond" and further elaborated in the relevant items of "Textile". The purpose of this is not only to take care of the convenience of narration, but also to make readers see it more comprehensively.
Accurately grasp the relevant knowledge. Moreover, the contents of the items are different, but at the same time they are focused.
China's traditional culture is profound and colorful, and there are many documents and classics handed down. In the past, similar publications only introduced inventions and discoveries in scientific and technological fields. In fact, our ancestors also had unique inventions in the field of social sciences, such as Chinese characters, poems and songs, melodies, ancient musical instruments and so on. They are all important components of the development of human civilization and have played an important historical role in promoting social development.
To this end, we have added some related items in social science, which is the uniqueness of this book.
In the selection of drawings, in addition to displaying artifacts, we also pay attention to the modality of ancient scientists when they wrote and invented and the social life scenes at that time, showing readers the strange and interesting touching stories of indomitable scientific masters in the process of invention and creation, enhancing the sense of history and artistic appeal, and making readers further understand the hardships of inventors.