First, recite and write these four poems from memory.

The purpose of setting the topic is to form a good habit of reciting excellent ancient poems. Especially famous sentences should be remembered. Dictate in class and check the reciting effect.

Second, understand these four poems carefully and answer the following questions.

1. What exactly is the meaning of "wish" in Return to the Garden?

2. What did you write about "the mountain is flat and primitive, and the river winds in the wilderness"?

3. What are the two most popular sentences in A Tour of Shanxi Village? How to understand these two poems?

The purpose of setting the topic is to examine students' understanding of the idea and content of the poem. The first topic 1 focuses on the understanding of Tao Yuanming's thought, and the second topic is open topic. The purpose of the topic is to let students spread their imagination wings and describe the scenery described in the poem in a personalized way. The answers don't have to be consistent.

Reference answer:

1. The "wish" here can not only be understood according to the text notes, but also guide students to discuss extensively. The teacher might as well introduce the other four poems in "Returning to the Garden" to the students, especially "Picking chrysanthemums under the hedge and seeing Nanshan leisurely", which can better express the author's mood at that time. According to these contents, students can be guided to further understand this poem.

These two sentences describe the scenery that the ship saw when passing through Jingmen. Describe the changes of scenery from the perspective of swimming. The ship went from Shudi to Jingmen, and the terrain on both sides of the strait changed from mountains to plains. The mountains disappeared from the author's sight bit by bit, and the river rushed to the vast Yuan Ye along the mountain.

There is no road in the mountains and rivers, and there is another village. Writing the scene of Shanxi villages and mountains surrounded by water and flowers shows that there is still hope in the predicament.

3. In the forty-eighth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions, Xiang Ling said, "The smoke in the desert is straight, and the long river sets the yen." ? The sun is naturally round: the word' straight' seems unreasonable and the word' round' is too vulgar. When I closed the book and remembered it, I seemed to have seen this scene. "You said Xiangling appreciate these two poems makes sense? Why?

The purpose of this question is to let students deeply understand the characteristics of "painting in poetry" in these two poems.

See "Text Discussion" for the reference answer.

Try to choose one of these poems and describe your reading feelings with words or paintings according to your own understanding.

This topic is an open topic, which is intended to let students fully mobilize their association and imagination, so as to improve their understanding and appreciation of ancient poetry.

Teaching suggestion

First of all, students should be instructed to read these five poems aloud and recite and write them from memory correctly.

Second, the teaching of ancient poetry should focus on guiding students to understand the beauty of artistic conception and language of poetry, and be influenced and infected by beauty. Explain the meaning of the poem properly, rather than making complicated analysis.

Third, suggestions on the teaching of ancient poetry.

Temperament cultivation and imagination cultivation are important contents of education ... what must be relied on for self-cultivation and self-cultivation, and the best is poetry. ..... Let them (students) get in touch with the thoughts and feelings of the ancients (although those thoughts and feelings belong to the ancients, they are always new and still make future generations feel cordial), and the results of self-cultivation should be more.

……

Some words that are not easy to understand, of course, should be explained by the teacher first; The rest is best for students to experience by themselves. The meaning and interest of poetry are often beyond words; Literal explanation alone is just like chewing olives at random, which has no taste; Only by experiencing fun through words can taste be meaningful. Experience is not a mystery: first of all, it lies in a thorough understanding of words; The second is to introduce the poet's experience according to his own experience. These two levels of kung fu, of course, primary school students may not be able to get home; But they have to try. After the experience, after the teacher gives them an evaluation, they will have their own happiness; If the experience is not correct, their impression will be much deeper than that of teachers who attend classes at will after correction. There is a commentary at the back of each song for the teacher's reference. Let the students experience it first, and then the teacher will discuss with them and give them guidance. The method of discussion and guidance is roughly similar to that of explanation. We don't want the teacher to tell all the students according to the explanation. Of course, students don't have to talk. Although what they say is different from what they explain, their meanings are the same, and the teacher can not talk about it, so there is no need to stick to the explanation. Poetry teaching focuses on cultivating temperament and expanding imagination; Get to the point, one or two sentences may be enough, not necessarily complicated and lengthy.

After each lecture, it is best to familiarize the students. This is related to my own experience and the guidance of my teacher. When two people are at home, they will taste poetry and will naturally be willing to read it without being forced. Those familiar poems, which are recited repeatedly in their spare time, are of infinite benefit to their hearts, just like they often sing.

Second, the analysis of "making it reach the fortress" (Shi Zhecun)

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Tang Dynasty, barbarians have invaded continuously, and the Tang government has to strengthen its border defense to cope with the war. Sometimes, they drive north with victory, intending to expand their territory. During the years of Kaiyuan and Tianbao, many poets participated in the shogunate of senior generals guarding the frontier and served as their officials. These poets wrote down what they saw and heard in frontier fortress, so frontier fortress scenery and military life became the new theme of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. This kind of poetry is called "frontier poems" in the history of literature. There are not many such poems in Wang Wei's poetry collection, but contemporary poets Gao Shi, Cen Can and Wang Changling are all famous for writing frontier poems.

Wang Wei's poems are famous among many anthologies of Tang poetry. The poem describes the scenery that a man with imperial mission saw when he arrived at the frontier fortress. Some people think that this "messenger" is Wang Wei himself. Because Wang Wei once sent envoys to the fortress in the 25th year of Kaiyuan (AD 737) and served as a judge in the Cui shogunate in Liangzhou. If so, the title should be "sent to the fortress". Now there is no word "Feng", so the word "Shi" refers to the general messenger. Looking at the content of this poem again, it is completely objective and does not express the author's own tone. It can also be seen that this poem cannot be understood as Wang Wei's self-report.

"Bicycle" and "country" in the first couplet are pronouns of "messenger". Li Ling's Answer to Su Wushu said: "The first step is to use a bicycle to suit yourself." The original intention is that there are not many people with the courier, and one car is enough. Later poets simplified "bicycle messenger" to "bicycle" as a synonym for messenger. "Congguo" is the abbreviation of the official name "Jingguo" in Qin and Han Dynasties. This official is in charge of the surrendered and surrendered barbarian tribes. Therefore, "vassal state" has become synonymous with diplomats. Juyan is an ancient place name, which is located in Zhangye and Jiuquan in Gansu Province. In the Han dynasty, it was bordered by Xiongnu. After understanding these three nouns, this couplet is easy to understand. Two sentences and ten words only show that the emissary is going to the frontier fortress, and has passed Juyan and entered Alakazam. The upper and lower sentences are really repetitive. Both "bike" and "country" should be used, and "staying too long" means "asking questions" There is only one concept in two sentences. In poetics, this is a kind of "hands crossed" disease, just like two palms together. Poets in the Tang Dynasty paid little attention to this poetic disease, but they paid great attention to it after the Song Dynasty, so they did not make such couplets. In Du Fu's poem, he said, "Now I want to go to the sea in the east and Qin in the west." (Twenty-two rhymes are Wei Zuocheng) "Today's Desire" means "Come quickly" and "Go east to the sea" means "Go west to Qin". These two poems only say one thing. Bai Juyi said in a poem: "Sweet, they pressed on the ancient avenue and reached the crumbling gate." This is a poem about grass, and the next sentence is the last. Lang Shiyuan's poem: "Cicada can't smell, and fallen leaves can't smell." (Farewell to Qian Qi) "Don't listen" means "Don't smell". These are all examples of hands crossing cited by critics in the Song Dynasty.

Zhuan Xu refers to the delay of the emissary's residence, such as the dust rolling out of the Han family's frontier fortress, and the geese returning to the north flying into the Hu-day sky. "Zheng Peng" is dust and sand flying on the ground. Now Jiangnan people also call the dust that comes with the wind "Chen Peng". "Going out to the Han Dynasty" and "going into Hu Tian" also committed the disease of crossing their hands, so this right is also right.

The weather is very good. In a big desert, I saw the distant beacon smoke soaring into the sky, and there was a sunset glow on the river, which was particularly round and big, and there was no cloud. Desert, long river, solitary smoke and sunset have captured the characteristics of the northwest plateau. "Lonely smoke" and "Sunset Yuan" mean sunny weather, no wind and no clouds, which is also a climate feature of the desert.

Finally, a couplet said that the messenger arrived at Xiaoguan and was patrolled by cavalry. Ask, just know Du Hu's army is still in Yanran Mountain, which is far away from here. Xiaoguan, located in Guyuan County, Ningxia, was a military stronghold to defend Tubo in the Tang Dynasty. Mount Yanran, that is, Hangzhou Ai Shan, is within the territory of today's Mongols. Dou Xian, the general of the Han Dynasty, conquered Khan and was stationed in Yanran Mountain, where he carved the inscription of Jigong. Duhu was the official name of the Han Dynasty, and Duhu in the Western Regions was the highest official guarding the northern and southern foothills of Tianshan Mountain.

The theme of this poem by Wang Wei is to describe the vast territory of the western regions at that time. After Juyan, it was out of the frontier fortress of Han Dynasty, and now it is still the territory of Tang Dynasty. Further on, when we reached Xiaoguan, we realized that Duhu (then our time) was still far away. In this way, the frontier fortress in the Tang Dynasty expanded thousands of miles westward than that in the Han Dynasty. However, Wang Wei's concept of geography seems to be wrong. There is Xiao Guan in the east and Juyan in the west. If you have passed Juyan, you should have passed Xiao Guan. In addition, Wang Wei also wrote a poem entitled "Working on the Embankment", which said: "When it comes to supervision, work on the fortress." The first sentence of this poem says: "Hunt the arrogant and live outside the swallow." It is known that he has been to Juyan, but I don't know why he said Juyan was here before he left Xiao Guan. As for Yanran, it is not the place where our Western Regions era opened. Wang's address is probably just a compliment to our times at that time, and compared it to Dou Xian. This last couplet not only uses Ran Yanshan, which makes people puzzled, but also these two poems were not written by Wang Wei at all. He copied them from heather. Yu Shinan's poem "Drinking Horses in the Great Wall Cave" says: "Every ambassador is in Loulan." In Loulan, it is in line with geographical conditions. Wang Wei could have borrowed Yu Shinan's sentence in this poem, but in order to rhyme, he had to change "Loulan" to "Yanran", but this change was broken.

(Selected from Hundred Tang Poems, East China Normal University Press, 1996 edition)

Three. Appreciation of Seeing Friends Off at Jingmen Ferry (Wu Qiming)

Everyone loves his hometown. When you leave your hometown for the first time, of course, you will feel reluctant to go, while those who have lived in other places for a long time will have a strong homesickness. Li Bai's "Seeing Friends Off at Jingmen Ferry" expresses this universal and beautiful feeling of human beings.

Seeing friends off at Jingmen Ferry was written by Li Bai when he left Sichuan, which recorded his impressions and feelings when he left his hometown for the first time. The first couplet directly deducts the poem title, explaining the purpose of this trip. Following that sentence, Zhuan Xu wrote the magnificent scenery of crossing Jingmen into Chu: "The mountains are flat and primitive, and the river winds in the wilderness." Li Bai has just passed the Three Gorges, and there are mountains everywhere on both sides. When he crossed the Jingmen Mountain, the Yangtze River was suddenly enlightened and vast, with flat and spacious Yuan Ye on both sides. This made the poets who lived in Sichuan feel happy for a long time, and immediately wrote this feeling into their poems. The second word in the two sentences is well refined, and the mountain is gradually drifting away and disappearing. The eyes are endless. With the word "Sui", the position of mountains and rivers is gradually changed and moved, which is vividly displayed, giving people a sense of space and mobility. This impression is formed by the constant movement of the lyric hero's point of view (Li Bai's ship is moving forward). The Yangtze River rolls away with the word "Jin", as if the river flows into the blue sky, into the vast desert Yuan Ye and into the sea. ("Selected Works of Wu Du Fu" Liu Yuanlin Note: "Wild refers to overseas." ) The couplet is written with a long-term vision. In just ten words, it draws a magnificent picture of the Yangtze River, which really has the beauty of "Wan Li should talk about it", while the necklace depicts a close-up view of the Yangtze River from a different perspective: the phrase "The moon is as high as a mirror" is what you can see when you lower your head on a moonlit night. The bright moon is in the sky, but it is reflected in the slowly flowing Yangtze River (because the river is very wide), like a mirror falling from the sky. Li Bai once said in "The Ancient Waves Running to the Moon": "I suspect that Yaotai Beijing flies at the end of Qingyun Mountain." The image of this poem is just the opposite, that is, the moon in the sky flies into the water. The phrase "the sea cloud shines like a palace" is what you can see when you look at it during the day. Clouds in the sky, layer upon layer, constitute a mirage; There are many clouds, so the sky is high, which sets off the low peace and vast riverbank of vilen. The combination of chin and neck, the distant view and the close-up view describe in detail the scenery of the Yangtze River with open water surface and flat banks, and blend in the natural beauty with the poet's fresh and pleasant feelings and experiences when he first saw the plain. Finish the sentence and pat the topic. The water has brought you the feeling of home, dragging your boat for 300 miles. The Yangtze River water flows from the east of Sichuan, so the poet calls it "hometown water". When the poet first left his hometown, he was really attached to it, but he didn't tell the truth. He wrote from there, saying that his hometown was full of affection, not far from Wan Li, and he was reluctant to send me away from my hometown to Chu, which made me more and more affectionate. This poem named "Farewell" means to send me away from the Yangtze River. Commenting on this poem, Shen Deqian said: "There is no farewell in the poem, and the words in the title can be deleted." ("Tang Poetry") can't be too rigid. Or Wang Fuzhi's "Jiang Zhai Shi Hua" put it well: "Two sentences are like being outside the ring, and you can't stop thinking. That's all." The meaning is like the outside, the sound is like lingering, and the interest is full.

(Selected from China Literature Appreciation Treasures, Shaanxi People's Education Publishing House, 1995 edition, with changes).

Iv. Appreciation of A Trip to a Mountain Stream (Deng)

This is a lyric poem by Ji You.

The first couplet shows the quiet and joyful atmosphere in the countryside in the harvest year. Waxed wine refers to rice wine brewed in the twelfth lunar month last year. A dolphin is a pig. Full of chickens and dolphins means full of chickens and dolphins. These two sentences mean that although the taste of farm wine is thin, it has a deep way of hospitality. A word "foot" expresses all the hospitality of farmers. The word "don't laugh" expresses the poet's appreciation of the simple folk customs in rural areas.

The second couplet is about the scenery along the mountains and rivers, which contains philosophy and has been widely quoted for thousands of years. "There is no doubt about mountains and rivers, and there is another village." After reading such a fluent, beautiful, cheerful and lively poem, it seems that you can see the poet strolling among the green mountains, the clear mountain springs gurgling in the winding streams, the vegetation becoming more and more lush, and the winding mountain roads becoming more and more difficult to identify. When I was at a loss, I suddenly saw the flowers flickering in front of me, and several peasant cottages were looming among the flower trees, and the poet suddenly felt suddenly enlightened. The degree of excitement can be imagined. Of course, this realm has been described by predecessors, but these two sentences are particularly euphemistic and chic, so Qian Zhongshu said that "Lu You made it' there is nothing left'" ("Selected Notes on Song Poetry"). When people discuss knowledge and study problems, it often happens that the mountains turn to water, which is confusing. Where is the way out? So I suddenly felt a sense of emptiness. However, if you persevere and move on, suddenly a ray of dawn appears in front of you. Go on, and you will be suddenly enlightened and discover a new world that you have never seen before. This is the inspiration of this connection and the unique interest of Song poetry. After reading it, people will feel that in a certain situation in life, there is an amazing fit with what is written in the poem, so they feel more cordial. What is described here is that the poet walks on the shady road, confidently, wondering if there is no road, and suddenly becomes cheerful, which not only embodies the poet's hope for the future, but also tells the philosophy of ups and downs of the world. Therefore, these two poems transcend the description of natural scenery and have strong artistic vitality.

This couplet shows the beautiful scenery in spring; The second part describes the rural customs from nature to personnel in the early Southern Song Dynasty. It is not difficult for readers to understand the poet's deep affection for traditional culture. "Society" is the land god. Spring Festival club, the fifth day after beginning of spring. On this day, the agricultural sacrifice society prayed for the New Year, full of excitement, blows and blows, and full of expectations for a bumper harvest. The origin of this festival is very old, and it has been recorded in Zhou Li. Su Shi's "Die Hua Lian Zhou Mi Shang Yuan" also said: "Drumming and playing the flute is to enter the agricultural mulberry society." It was still very popular in the Song Dynasty. Lu You is full of praise for this ancient local custom, and shows his love for our country and people with his "simple clothes and ancient customs".

The first three books are about the outside world, with their own emotions. But it seems that the poet's intention is not enough, so he changed his pen: "From now on, if you ride on the moon leisurely, you will knock on the door all night with a cane." Anytime, anytime. The poet has been swimming all day. At this time, the bright moon hangs high, and the whole earth is shrouded in faint clarity, which also gives the village after the Spring Festival a layer of quiet color and has a special taste. So these two words naturally flowed out of my chest: I hope to ride the moon with crutches from time to time, gently fly and have a cordial conversation with the old farmer. What an honor! The image of a poet who loves his hometown and is close to farmers is vividly on the paper.

This poem was written on the road in the third year of Xiaozong (1 167). Prior to this, Lu You served as the chief judge of Longxing House. Because he tried his best to help Zhang Jun's Northern Expedition, he was disintegrated by the capitulators and returned to his hometown on charges of "apologizing, clamoring for right and wrong, and urging Zhang Jun to fight". Of course, the poet is indignant. Compared with the treacherous officialdom, the simple life in my hometown will naturally bring infinite comfort. In addition, although the poet seems to be leisurely, he failed to forget the state affairs. People who grasp the country are short-sighted and have no long-term plans. However, the poet did not lose heart and was sure that one day he would not be extremely successful. This state of mind coincides with the place where you want to go, so the two sides negotiated and produced a connection between "the weight of the mountain" and "the bright future".

Lu you's seven laws are the best. This seven-law has a rigorous structure and a prominent main line. There is no "you" in the eight sentences of the whole poem, but the word "you" is cut everywhere, which is full of fun and endless. There are also distinct levels. "The secluded land, the beauty of customs, is willing to make a regular appointment" (Fang's Zhao Wei). In particular, the two couplets in the middle are neat and good at writing difficult scenes, such as pearls falling on jade plates, which are fluent and reach a high artistic level.