Jiang

Emphasizing dietotherapy is a major feature of Sun Simiao. Paying attention to the selection and conditioning of diet, regarding it as strengthening nutrition, enhancing physical fitness, improving disease prevention ability, and even as a means to treat diseases, is a problem that Sun Shi has always attached importance to research. The contents of dietotherapy reflected in Sun Simiao's Qian Jin Fang Yao, Qian Jin Fang Yi, Taking Pillows to Nourish China and Sun Zhenren's On Taking Children are not only the symbol of dietotherapy as a special discipline, but also the masterpiece of dietotherapy experience and theory before the Tang Dynasty.

1 Historical and cultural origins of dietotherapy

Dietotherapy is the crystallization of the long-term struggle between the Chinese nation and diseases, and it is an important part of Chinese medicine. Dietotherapy is also a wonderful flower of China's food culture and an important heritage in the treasure house of China's traditional culture. Dietotherapy is rooted in the fertile soil of China traditional culture. It not only has a long history, rich contents and vivid forms, but also has a profound cultural background and theoretical origin, and shines everywhere with the wisdom of ancient philosophers in China.

The historical origin of 1 1 dietotherapy

Diet is an innate behavior of human beings. Since the emergence of human beings, there has been human eating activities. "Everything goes wrong, five flies" said: "In ancient times, people ate fruit clams, which made them stink, hurt their stomachs and made them sick." "Huai Nan Zi Xiu Wu Xun" also said: "In ancient times, people drank the water of grass, picked the fruit of trees, and ate the meat of clams, sometimes suffering from many diseases and injuries." In ancient times, people were undoubtedly always hurt and troubled by diseases caused by harmful diet.

The discovery and use of fire completely changed human eating behavior. With the development of cooked food, cooking technology not only makes people pursue sweetness in the process of civilization evolution, but also makes people gradually understand the influence of choosing food and adjusting diet behavior on health, thus inventing simple dietotherapy methods.

According to ancient records, at least in the Xia and Shang dynasties, there was the embryonic form of dietotherapy and medicated diet. In the Zhou Dynasty, people were very particular about their diet. In the ruling class, there are not only specialized institutions that manage diet, but also strict hierarchy. According to Zhou Li Tianguan Zhu Zaixiang, there are as many as 4,000 officials serving emperors and nobles, including more than 2,200 officials in charge of catering. Especially with the establishment of "food doctor", the earliest nutrition doctor appeared, whose duty is to "take care of six foods, six drinks, six meals, one hundred vegetables, one hundred sauces and eight treasures into one". It can be seen that at that time, not only the close relationship between diet and health was clearly recognized, but also the dietary nutrition distribution and four-season taste were brought into the scope of government management, indicating that dietotherapy had been highly valued at that time.

The development of dietotherapy in Han Dynasty not only accumulated rich experience, but also had a preliminary theoretical summary. There are more than twenty monographs on dietotherapy recorded in Han Shu Yi Wen Zhi, such as Shennong Huangdi Food Class and Huangdi Miscellaneous Fungi. In particular, Huangdi Neijing, written in the middle page of the Western Han Dynasty, not only put forward systematic medical theory, but also put forward systematic dietotherapy theory, which is the theoretical source of dietotherapy development in later generations.

After Wei and Jin Dynasties, dietotherapy developed further, and dozens of dietotherapy books appeared between Sui and Tang Dynasties. There are more than ten kinds of records in the Annals of Sui Shu, such as Lao Zi's Fast Sutra, Cui Shi's Diet Sutra, the Second Law of Diet, Four Seasons Imperial Diet Sutra, Huainan Wang's Diet Sutra and Diet Nourishing Method. Unfortunately, most of these dietotherapy monographs have disappeared and can't be found anymore. There are dozens of bait drugs such as plants, minerals and fungi. In the inner chapter of Bao Puzi, there is a record about food hygiene in Ji Yan. There is an article on "Dietary Discipline" in Tao Hongjing's Record of Nourishing Sex and Prolonging Life, from which we can get a glimpse of the food hygiene and taboos at that time.

In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Simiao, on the basis of inheriting predecessors' achievements, wrote a special volume on dietotherapy and a special article on dietotherapy for the elderly in two books: Thousand Women and Thousand Women's Wings. He first put forward the concepts of "dietotherapy" and "dietotherapy", which marked that dietotherapy had become an independent science. After the Tang Dynasty, dietotherapy achieved unprecedented development, and various dietotherapy herbs, recipes and monographs emerged constantly, which became an important part of the Chinese medical treasure house.

The theoretical origin of 1 2 diet therapy

As mentioned earlier, Huangdi Neijing is the theoretical source of dietotherapy. The theories or viewpoints reflected in Huangdi Neijing, such as essence and nutrition, diet structure, harmony of five flavors, diet hygiene, four-season taboo and homology of medicine and food, have become the embryonic basis for the development of dietotherapy in later generations.

1.2. 1 essence nutrition theory "Food is the most important thing for the people", and dietary activities are one of the most basic manifestations of human life activities. The valley of peace will lead to prosperity, and the valley of despair will lead to danger. It is an indispensable condition to maintain normal life activities and ensure life survival by constantly providing nutrients to the body through dietary activities.

Lingshu Wuwei first put forward the importance of diet to human health: the valley begins in the stomach, and the five internal organs are irrigated subtly from the second jiao of the stomach, thus creating a two-way road to protect health. "Lingshu Nutrition Society" also said: people receive qi from the valley, the valley enters the stomach, and it spreads to the lungs, and all the internal organs receive qi. It is these subtle substances obtained through eating activities that make life activities develop normally. Su Wen's Theory of Meridian Differentiation says: "Eating qi enters the stomach, dispersing essence in the liver, and yin qi in the tendons;" Eating gas enters the stomach, turbid gas returns to the heart, and Yin Qi is good at pulse. " It is clearly pointed out that after food enters the human body, it nourishes viscera, qi and blood, meridians, limbs, muscles and even bones, fur and nine orifices. Diet enters the stomach, digested and absorbed by the stomach, transported by the spleen, and then distributed throughout the body. Can spread the essence in the liver, and then soak and nourish the muscles; Eating qi returns to the heart, and the essence floats on the pulse, nourishing the heart and blood vessels. As a nutrient of human body, it must be supplemented continuously through diet.

Because the taste of food is different, it has different effects on viscera. Su Wen Zhi Zhen Da Lun pointed out: "Five flavors enter the stomach, each of which belongs to pleasure, so it is common that acid enters the liver first, bitterness enters the heart first, sweetness enters the spleen first, pungent enters the lung first, salty enters the kidney first, and gas increases after a long time." It can be seen that the five flavors of food are not only important condiments in human diet, but also indispensable nutrients for human body. On the other hand, if eating activities are not normal, it may affect people's health and even endanger their lives. Therefore, the valley does not enter, half the weather falls, and the weather is less. (Lingshu Wuwei) People are based on Shui Gu, so they will die if they refuse Shui Gu. (Su Wenping's Theory of Meteorology) In addition, Lingshu Ping Ren Jue Gu also specifically pointed out the time when he died without eating or drinking, that is, "Ping Ren died without eating or drinking for seven days".

In a word, Neijing put forward a whole set of dietary nutrition theory. Its basic content is that diet (taste) is closely related to body shape, vitality, subtlety or subtlety. If you eat normally and are nutritious, you will be well-nourished and strong.

1.2.2 diet structure theory According to their diet structure, the races in the world can be divided into three categories, namely, the carnivorous group whose staple food is meat, the dairy group whose staple food is cheese, and the cereal group whose staple food is whole grains. According to the characteristics of the Han nationality, Neijing points out that the dietary structure of China people should be "five grains for nourishment, five fruits for help, five livestock for benefit and five dishes for use".

The combination of filling and smell makes up for the lack of gas. "(Su Wen Dirty Qi Law) is to make use of all kinds of foods to complement each other, so as to achieve the positive effect of diet on the human body and ensure a variety of nutrients needed by the human body. The so-called whole grains refer to whole grains and legumes, which are the most important food necessary for human health and longevity, and the staple food of human beings, that is, the most important nutrients necessary for human body are mainly provided by both grains and legumes. Five animals generally refer to meat, milk, eggs and other meat foods. Moderate consumption is beneficial to human body, while excessive consumption is harmful. Five dishes refer to all kinds of vegetables. Five dishes and one supplement means choosing all kinds of vegetables, which can make all kinds of nutrients needed by the body fully perfect. Five fruits refer to whole fruit food. People can supplement vitamins, trace elements and a variety of fructose, cellulose, pectin and so on. By eating fruit properly outside the staple food, it is of great benefit to human health. The so-called smell combination is to integrate various nutrients and make the body develop in a balanced way.

1.2.3 Five flavors of harmony theory Food has five flavors: sour, bitter, sweet, pungent and salty, which have different effects on human body. Harmony of five flavors is beneficial to health, and more flavors cause disease. Chinese medicine attaches great importance to the harmony of five flavors. "Su Wen Tong Qi Tian Lun" said: "Sincerity is based on five flavors, the bones and muscles are soft, the qi and blood flow smoothly, and the collaterals are dense. If so, then the bones are fine, the Tao is like the law, and there is a destiny. " Explain the benefits of five flavors to the human body. Traditional Chinese medicine is against the bias of five flavors. Although human nutrition comes from five flavors in diet, it is too biased and easy to hurt people. "Su Wentong's Theory of Strange Heaven" says: "The taste is too sour, the liver qi produces fluid, and the temper is absolutely; The taste is too salty, the bones are exhausted, the muscles are short and the heart is depressed; The taste is too sweet, the heart is full of asthma, the color is black, and the kidney is unbalanced; The taste is too bitter, the temper is not strong, and the stomach is strong; The taste is too spicy, relaxing and activating, and the spiritual center. " Su Wen's Theory on the Formation of Five Organs also said: "Eat more salty food, and the pulse will be whimpering and white; If you eat too much, your skin will wrinkle and your hair will pull out; If you eat more spicy food, your muscles will be anxious and your claws will dry up; If you eat too much acid, the meat will be tender and your lips will be exposed. If you eat too many sweets, your bones will hurt and you will lose your hair. This is also the injury of five flavors. " Emphasize that the five flavors of diet should be appropriate, not partial eclipse, otherwise it will hurt the five internal organs and be harmful to health. Even when you are healthy, you should pay attention to adjusting the five flavors, not too biased or too much.

1.2.4 food hygiene theory ancient times attached great importance to food hygiene. Confucius said, "Eat without getting tired of essence, and eat without getting tired of essence. When eating, the fish is hungry and the meat can't be eaten. The color is not bad and I don't eat it. " ("The Analects of Confucius and the hard-working townships"), pointing out that food should be refined, cooking should be appropriate, and meals should be timed. In addition to the cleanliness of food, we should also develop good eating habits, not overeating, but being hungry; Pay attention to the time of eating and eat regularly; Pay attention to the temperature of food, neither too hot nor too cold. At the same time, it is necessary to create a good diet mood and environment, maintain a correct diet posture, and adjust the diet behavior to the best state, thus producing a good diet effect and promoting the body's absorption of dietary nutrients. Huangdi Neijing holds that proper diet can support people's five internal organs, while infidelity will hurt them. Therefore, there is a destiny. "

1.2.5 Four Seasons Avoidance Theory The ancients attached great importance to the coordination of diet, time and season, and thought it was a principle that must be followed in food supplement and drug therapy. "On Su Wen and Zheng Wuchang" says: "You must be old first, and you can't cut the sky." "Su Wen's Four Qi Tunes the Spirit" says: "Sages nourish Yang in spring and summer, and Yin in autumn and winter follow their roots ... Therefore, the four seasons of Yin and Yang are also the beginning of the people's network, and the origin of life and death is also the opposite, which is disastrous, and from it, they can't stand harsh criticism." In terms of diet and nutrition, we must also follow these principles of treating diseases and preserving health. According to Neijing, the taste is sour in spring, bitter in summer, pungent in autumn, salty in winter and sweet in summer. Zhou Li Tianguan put forward the viewpoint that spring divergence should be sour, summer relaxation should be bitter and hard, autumn convergence should be spicy and divergent, and winter firmness should be salty and soft. Because the purchase of grain is often affected by the seasonal climate, and the ancient storage methods are backward, many grains cannot be kept fresh and their quality cannot be guaranteed. Therefore, choosing different tastes according to different seasons is not only popular in ancient times, but also applicable until now. For example, people like to eat spicy condiments in winter to stimulate appetite and body temperature and feel warm. In summer, I like to eat some cool products to make people feel cool and delicious, so as to increase their appetite.

The ancients also attached great importance to the temperature of diet and advocated neither eating too hot nor eating too cold. It also emphasizes the adaptation to natural temperature (weather). "Biography of Master Lingshu" puts forward: "Those who eat and drink have no heat and no surging cold. The cold temperature is moderate, so the qi will be strong, but it will not be evil. " It shows that too cold or too hot diet will affect the transport function of spleen and stomach, lead to the loss of conduction of six fu organs and have other adverse effects on human body.

1.2.6 On the combination of medicine and food, ancient doctors fully emphasized the importance of diet therapy and food supplement on the basis of affirming medical treatment.

Su Wen's "On the Five Permanent Political Leaders" said: "Big poison cures all diseases, ten to six, common poison cures all diseases, ten to seven, small poison cures all diseases, ten to eight, non-toxic cures all diseases, ten to nine, and all grains, meat and vegetables are exhausted, which also harms them." "Deficiency supplements it, medicine disperses it, and food follows". "You must improve peace and wait for it to come back." For the treatment of diseases, Chinese medicine has always advocated not relying solely on drugs, believing that the use of drugs is only a means to defeat diseases when pathogens are flourishing, and once pathogens have declined, enough is enough. In particular, drugs with violent effects and side effects should be stopped as soon as possible, because "Su Wenliu and Jacky's Collection" puts forward: "If you accumulate more, you can commit crimes, and if you lose, you will die." Neijing also pays attention to the problem of diet care during the recovery period of fever. For example, in Su Wen's Treatise on Fever, it is said: "Fever is less, meat returns, and overeating is forbidden."

Combining drug therapy with food therapy can not only cure diseases, but also enable patients to get the food they need, which is also one of the unique medical prevention methods in China. When discussing the application of "five movements and six qi" in medical treatment, Liu's "On the Great Collection" mentioned dietotherapy. For example, "the same is more but less, cold is far from cold, cold is far from cold, warm is far from warm, and hot is far from hot, and the eating method should be the same", "salty and cold, bitter and hot in the middle, sour and hot below, so-called medicine and food are homologous" and so on. Therefore, the exposition of "attacking evil with poison" and "nourishing essence" in Neijing has become a very scientific and comprehensive treatment theory combining medical treatment with diet and nutrition in later generations.