When Sun Simiao was studying at the age of seven, he could recite thousands of words every day. I can recite thousands of words every day. At the age of 20, I can talk about the theories of Lao Zi and Zhuangzi in Kan Kan, and I am very proficient in Buddhist classics, so I am called a "holy boy". However, he thinks that taking a career and being a senior official is too sophisticated to casually refuse to grant the imperial seal many times. Emperor Wendi asked him to be a doctor in Guo Zi, but he also refused. After Emperor Taizong ascended the throne, he was called to Beijing. When he saw a man in his fifties who looked, looked and walked like a teenager, he said with great sigh, "So, people who have the means are really worthy of respect! Immortal figures such as Xianmen and Guangchengzi already exist in the world. How can it be empty talk? " The emperor also wanted to make him a title, but Sun Simiao refused. After the emperor ascended the throne, he was asked to be an admonition officer, and it was not allowed. When Sun Simiao retired, Emperor Gaozong gave him a good horse and the residence of the late Princess Poyang. Even the celebrities at that time, such as Song, Meng E and Lu, respected him very much and served him with the skills of teachers in governing the country.
On one occasion, Lu asked the teacher a question: "A famous doctor can cure a intractable disease. What is the reason? " Sun Simiao's answer is wonderful, which shows his profound medical attainments. He replied: "People who know the changes of heaven like the back of their hands can of course participate in the discussion of state affairs;" People who have a thorough understanding of human diseases must also be rooted in the changing law of heaven. The weather has four seasons and five elements, which alternate with each other, just like rotation. So how does it work? Good weather; Anger turned into wind; Condense into frost and fog; Propaganda and disagreement are rainbows. This is heaven, and people also correspond to the four limbs and five internal organs, walking day and sleeping at night, breathing essence, getting rid of the old and getting new. The airflow of human body is injected into the whole body, forming Qi Ying and Stephy; Expressed in ambition, manifested in spirit as color; It is the sound that comes out, which is the natural law of the human body. The way of yin and yang is the correspondence between man and nature, and the yin and yang of human body are no different from nature. When the yin and yang of the human body lose their normal state, the qi and blood of the human body will heat up; Cold is caused by deficiency of qi and blood; The accumulation of qi and blood produces tumors and vegetation; Heavy qi and blood; The crazier the qi and blood, the more breathless and weak; Qi and blood failure can lead to mental failure. All kinds of symptoms are manifested, and the changes of qi and blood are also manifested in the form. Isn't heaven and earth the same? "
Sun Simiao also summed up the diagnosis method of a good doctor: "Great desire for courage, small desire for heart, and round desire for wisdom." "Courage" is to be as confident and temperament as a soldier; "Small" means being as careful as walking on thin ice and landing on the edge of a cliff. "Zhiyuan" means that when things change, we must not stick to it and have the ability to defeat enemy planes first; "Doing business" means not being greedy for fame and fortune, but having an open mind. This is Sun Simiao's request for a good doctor. In fact, from the perspective of being a man, being a tolerant and responsible person may not violate this road.
Sun Simiao is a first-class master of medical ethics in ancient and modern times, especially his attention to medical ethics, which is a much-told story for later doctors and practitioners. In his famous book Qian Jin Fang, he also put the medical ethics standard of "great doctors are sincere" in an extremely important position, making a special topic and focusing on it. And he himself is one of the representatives of moral cultivation, moral cultivation and both ability and political integrity, and has become a great figure respected by doctors and people in past dynasties.
Li Shizhen (15 18-1593)
East wall, whose name is near the lake, is about1.63m high. He is a native of qi zhou, Hubei Province (now qi zhou Town, Qichun County, Hubei Province), Han nationality. Born in the 13th year of Zheng De (A.D. 15 18), he died in the 22nd year of Wanli (A.D. 6565438). His father Li Yanwen is a famous local doctor. Li Shizhen inherited family studies, attached importance to materia medica, was full of practical learning spirit, and was willing to learn from working people. At the age of 38, Li Shizhen was called by the King of Chu to Wang Fu as a "temple official" in Wuchang to take charge of the affairs of the good doctor's office. Three years later, he was recommended by his wife's hospital to go to Beijing for sentencing. Thai Hospital is a medical institution specially serving the imperial court. It was messed up by some quacks at that time. Li Shizhen only worked here for a year, then resigned and went back to his hometown. Li Shizhen consulted more than 800 books on medicine and its academic research in past dynasties, and combined with his own experience and investigation, compiled a book "Compendium of Materia Medica", which lasted for 27 years and was a summary masterpiece of pharmacology before the Ming Dynasty in China. It has been highly praised at home and abroad, and translated or abridged versions have appeared in several languages. In addition, there are books such as "Lakeside Pulse" and "Strange Classics and Eight Veins".
The Li family has been doctors for generations, and grandpa is "Dr. Bell". The father of Li Yanwen, the first person in yuechi county, is a local famous doctor. At that time, the status of folk doctors was very low. The Li family is often bullied by officials and gentry. Therefore, the father decided to let his second son, Li Shizhen, go to school and take exams, so that he could succeed once and get ahead. Li Shizhen was sickly since childhood, but his personality was straightforward and pure, and he disdained learning boring eight-part essay. In the nine years since 14 was admitted to the Jinshi, he went to Wuchang three times, with an average name of Sun Shan. So, he gave up his plan to be an official in the imperial examination and concentrated on studying medicine, so he asked his father for instructions and showed his determination: "Sailing against the current, my heart is stronger than stone. I hope that my father will aim high and not be afraid of difficulties until he dies. " Li Yuechi finally woke up in front of the cold facts, agreed to his son's request and taught him carefully. In a few years, Li Shizhen really became a famous doctor.
Compendium of Materia Medica consists of 52 volumes, divided into 16 parts and 60 categories. Written in the twenty-seventh year (1578). * * * contains 1892 kinds of drugs contained in herbal medicines of past dynasties, including 1094 kinds of plant drugs. There are 798 kinds of minerals, animals and other drugs, of which 374 kinds were added by Li Xin. First, every kind of medicine takes correcting the name as the key link and aims at explaining the name; Secondly, collect solutions, distinguish doubts, right and wrong, and elaborate on what happened; Smell, indications and side effects once again explain the use of the body. The content is extremely rich, which is a precious legacy of China's pharmacology and has made great contributions to the development of pharmacology in later generations.
The story of Compendium of Materia Medica Li Shizhen read a large number of ancient medical books during his ten years of practicing medicine. Through clinical practice, he found that there were a large number of ancient herbal books with various names. Or one thing is divided into two or three products, or two things are mixed with one product "(Biography of Foreign History in Ming Dynasty). In particular, many toxic drugs are considered to be "long-lasting" and have endless harm. So he decided to rewrite a herbal book. Starting from the age of thirty-one, Li Shizhen read a lot of reference books in order to "search the poor and learn the rich". After reading the books collected at home, I took the opportunity of practicing medicine and borrowed some from rich and powerful families in my hometown. Later, he entered the Chu Palace in Wuchang and the Beijing Imperial Hospital. He read many books and became a "book fan". He described himself as "a long-time lover of classics and fond of chewing sugar cane" (the original preface of Compendium of Materia Medica). Gu Jingxing also praised him for "studying for ten years, staying at home, and learning without worry" in Biography of Li Shizhen. He not only read more than 800 kinds of medical books and more than 10,000 volumes, but also read many historical, geographical and literary classics and Dunhuang classics, and even carefully studied the complete works of several great poets of the previous generation.
He also extracted many poems about medicine. And these poems did give him a lot of real and useful medical knowledge, which helped him correct many medical fallacies of his predecessors. For example, "Fuxi" often appeared in ancient medical books. What do they mean? What's the difference? Pharmacologists in past dynasties have different opinions and debates. Li Shizhen quoted two sentences from Qu Yuan's Lisao, namely, "I will compete with a chicken for food" and "I will be like a duck to water", pointing out that the poet's juxtaposition of "I" and "I" proves that they are not a kind of bird. According to the description of their different living environments in the poem, he proved that "Fu" is a domestic duck and "Fu" is a wild duck with different medicinal properties. Qu Yuan's poetry and prose fu became the eloquent basis for Li Shizhen to research the name and reality of drugs. In the process of compiling Compendium of Materia Medica, the biggest headache for Li Shizhen is that the shape and growth of drugs are very unknown because of the mixed names of drugs. Although the cursive script in the past has been repeatedly explained, some authors copied it from books instead of in-depth investigation and study, so the more they explained, the more confused they became, and the contradictions multiplied, which made people unable to agree. For example, Tao Hongjing, a famous medical scientist in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, said it was grass, like ephedra, but it was blue in color and had white flowers. In Song Dynasty, Ma Su thought it was like Qing Dynasty and accused Tao Hongjing of not knowing it at all. Another example is a medicine for treating the dog's spine. Some people say it is like a weed, some people say it is like a weed, and some people say it is like a flower, which is extremely inconsistent. There are many similar situations, and Li Shizhen has to put down his pen again and again. How to solve these problems?
Inspired by his father, Li Shizhen realized that it was necessary to "read thousands of books", but it was more necessary to "take the Wan Li road". Therefore, he not only "accepted" but also "visited the four sides" to conduct in-depth investigations. Li Shizhen put on straw sandals, took up his medicine basket, and accompanied by his apprentice Pang Xian and his son Jian Yuan, walked a long way in Shan Ye, visiting famous doctors and scholars, looking for folk prescriptions, observing and collecting medicinal specimens.
He first interviewed in his hometown of qi zhou. Later, he went out for interviews many times. Besides Huguang, I have been to many places in Jiangxi, Jiangsu and Anhui. Taihe Mountain in Zhou Jun has also been there. Lushan Mountain in Jiangxi, which is rich in medicinal materials, Sheshan Mountain, Maoshan Mountain and Niushou Mountain in Nanjing are also estimated to have his footprints. Later generations wrote a poem for this purpose, "A secluded place, exploring the flowers at the foot of the mountain", which reflected his life of trekking and interviewing everywhere. Everywhere Li Shizhen went, he humbly asked all kinds of people for advice. Among them are herb gatherers, farmers, fishermen, wood cutters and hunters. Enthusiastically help him understand all kinds of drugs. For example, Brassica is a commonly used medicine to treat diseases. But what is this? Shennong's herbal classics are unclear, and the annotations are also unclear. Li Shizhen asked an old man who grew vegetables. Under his guidance, he inspected the real thing and realized that Brassica was actually rape. This kind of plant, planted in the first year, blooms in the second year, and its seeds can be used to extract oil. So his Compendium of Materia Medica clearly notes this medicine.
Li Shizhen paid great attention to observing the morphology and growth of drugs, both in interviews and in his own medicine nursery.
Agkistrodon acutus, a white snake from qi zhou. The medicine has the effects of treating wind arthralgia, convulsion and tinea. Li Shizhen studied it for a long time. But at first, I just observed it from the snakehead. The insider reminded him that it was caught from the mountains of Xingguo House in the south of the Yangtze River, and it was not a real viper. So what does a real viper look like? He consulted the snake catcher. The man told him that the fangs of Agkistrodon acutus were highly toxic. People who have been bitten should amputate their limbs immediately, otherwise they will die of poisoning. It is very valuable because it has special effects on the treatment of the above diseases. State officials forced the masses to risk their lives to catch them in order to pay tribute to the emperor. Qi zhou is so big, in fact, only Longfeng Mountain in the north of the city has real vipers. Li Shizhen got to the bottom of it. He wanted to observe the viper with his own eyes, so he asked the snake catcher to take him to Longfeng Mountain. There is a cave, surrounded by rocks and shrubs. Heather, wrapped around shrubs, can be seen everywhere. Agkistrodon likes to eat heather leaves, so it lives in this area. Li Shizhen looked everywhere regardless of the danger. With the help of the snake catcher, I finally saw the viper with my own eyes and saw the whole process of catching and making snakes. Because of this in-depth practical investigation, he later wrote a discussion about Agkistrodon halys in Compendium of Materia Medica, which was handy, concise and accurate. It is said that the shape of the Agkistrodon is: "The dragon's head is in the tiger's mouth, with black and white flowers on the side, twenty-four Fang Shengwen, rosary spots on the abdomen, four fangs on the mouth, a Buddha's armor on the tail, one or two points long, and the intestines are like beads"; It is said that the process of catching and making Agkistrodon acutus is: "People eat its flowers and leaves on heather, so that people can find it." Sprinkle a handful of sand first, then hold it flat with a fork. If you hang it with a rope and use a knife to break the abdomen to get intestinal material, you can wash the abdomen with the back end, cover the wound, support it with a bamboo pole, bend it and tie it up. "At the same time, the difference between Agkistrodon halys and Agkistrodon halys in other places is clarified:" Those who leave the ground will not be trapped by dry eyes, and those who are elsewhere will not be trapped. "This clear description of various situations of the Viper is of course due to careful field investigation. Li Shizhen's understanding of drugs is not satisfied with a cursory investigation, but one by one, and compared with the real thing. This clarifies many specious and ambiguous drugs. In his words, it is "one by one, which is quite true" and "list all the products and look at them again and again".
At that time, the "Langmei" produced by Wulong Palace in Taihe Mountain was described by Taoist as eating "immortal fruit". They pick them back every year and pay tribute to the emperor. The government forbids others to pick them. Li Shizhen doesn't believe the story of Taoist priest, so he should try it himself and see how the attack works. So, regardless of the opposition of the Taoist priests, he took the risk of picking one. It is found that it has the same efficacy as ordinary peaches and apricots, and can produce fluid to quench thirst. It is a deformed elm fruit, which has no special attack effect. Koi fish, or pangolin today, was a commonly used Chinese medicine in the past. Tao Hongjing said that it can be amphibious, climb rocks during the day, open its scales to play dead, lure ants into the armor, then close the scales, dive into the water, and then open the armor to let ants float out and swallow. In order to know whether Tao Hongjing's statement is correct, Li Shizhen personally went up the mountain to observe. With the help of woodcutter and hunter, he caught a pangolin. About a liter of ants was dissected from its stomach, which proved that pangolin animals ate ants. Tao Hongjing was right. However, he found from his observation that when pangolins eat ants, they scratch and lick their nests instead of luring ants into their armor and swallowing them in the water. Li Shizhen affirmed Tao Hongjing's right side and corrected his mistakes.
In this way, after a long-term on-the-spot investigation, Li Shizhen found out many difficult problems of drugs, and completed the compilation of Compendium of Materia Medica in the fifth year of Wanli (A.D. 1578). The book contains about 2 million words and 52 volumes, including 1892 kinds of drugs, 374 kinds of new drugs, more than 10000 kinds of carriers and more than 1000 pictures. It is an unprecedented pharmacological masterpiece in China. Among them, many mistakes have been corrected, and outstanding achievements have been made in many aspects such as animal and plant taxonomy, and contributions have also been made to other related disciplines (biology, chemistry, mineralogy, geology, astronomy, etc.). Darwin praised it as "an encyclopedia of ancient China".
So the medical god is Li Shizhen.
Sun Simiao is the king of medicine.