Osmanthus fragrans-fragrance of nine miles
Scientific name: osmanthus fragrans
English name: osmanthus fragrans
Alias: Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans, Murraya murraya.
Family name: Oleaceae
Origin and Habit: It is found in southwest China, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hubei and other provinces, and also distributed in India, Nepal and Cambodia. For evergreen shrubs or small trees. I like light, but I need some shade at the seedling stage. Like warm and ventilated environment, not cold-resistant. Suitable for acidic sandy loam with deep soil layer, good drainage and rich humus, avoid alkaline soil and stagnant water. Usually, it can bloom twice in a row, with an interval of about 15 days. Flowering: September -65438+ 10.
Morphological characteristics: plant height is about 15m, bark is rough, taupe or grayish white leaves are opposite, ovoid, ovoid to lanceolate, and the whole or upper part is sparsely serrated. Flowers cluster in leaf axils to form cymes. The flowers are small, yellow and white, and very fragrant.
Propagation and cultivation: sowing, layering, grafting and cutting propagation. When 65438+ 10 is sown in autumn in the same year or in spring in the next year, the initial flowering period of seedlings is late, so it is difficult to maintain the original characteristics of varieties. Layered propagation is used to propagate improved varieties. Grafting propagation is a common method. Ligustrum lucidum, Ligustrum lucidum, small wax, water wax, tassel and ash tree are used as rootstocks for grafting or cutting. Cutting propagation is mostly carried out from mid-June to late August. Transplanting is often carried out after flowering in autumn or spring, and it can also be transplanted in rainy season. Large seedlings need soil balls, and more base fertilizer should be applied to planting holes. Potted osmanthus can be placed in the courtyard sunshine in summer without shading, and it can be safely wintered indoors in winter. Pests and diseases include Fusarium wilt, dead branch disease, Osmanthus fragrans, citrus whitefly, grasshopper and so on.
Application: Osmanthus fragrans is evergreen all year round, and its flowering period is in the Mid-Autumn Festival. It has the reputation of "monopolizing Sanqiu and overriding everything". It is usually planted alone, opposite or clustered in the garden. Good material for potted plants.
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(1) name
Scientific name: Osmanthus fragrans, English name: Osmanthus fragrans, alias: Osmanthus fragrans has many aliases: it is called "Gui" because of its leaves; Its texture is like rhinoceros, also known as osmanthus; It is called "Xianyou" because of its elegance and purity, and its fragrance is overflowing; Osmanthus fragrans is also called "fairy tree" and "in the old flower of the moon". Osmanthus fragrans generally grows on rock ridges, also known as "rock osmanthus"; Osmanthus fragrans has a far-reaching fragrance when it blooms, and its fragrance is clear and rich, and it can be washed far-reaching, so it has the reputation of "nine-mile scent"; Yellow flowers are as thin as millet, so they are also called "golden millet"; Osmanthus fragrans is a "Xianke"; Bloom was born in autumn. According to legend, the autumn god belongs to the west, so it is also called "Xixiang" or "Chou-heung". Although the osmanthus flower is small, it has a strong aroma and is called "golden autumn pride"; If you look closely, you will find that the flower of osmanthus fragrans is tubular and consists of five small petals, which is called "corolla tube"; After the Han and Jin Dynasties, people began to associate osmanthus with the moon, weaving many beautiful legends such as the Moon Palace and the land where Wu Gang cut laurel, so it was also called "Gui". Therefore, the moon is also called "Ghost Palace" and "Ghost Woman".
(2) Origin and distribution:
Osmanthus fragrans is native to the eastern Himalayas in southwest China, and also distributed in India, Nepal and Cambodia. Now there are wild plants in Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hubei provinces. They are widely planted in the Huaihe River basin south of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and many potted plants are also planted in the north. Relatively concentrated producing areas are Guangfu in Suzhou, Jiangsu, Bai Dun in Xianning, Hubei, Manjue in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Yangshuo in Guilin, Guangxi, Guishuo in Xinxiang, Sichuan and other places. In addition, Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing, Changsha and other cities have also been planted in large quantities recently. Osmanthus fragrans is cultivated in Japan and India. From 65438 to 70s, it was introduced to Britain from Guangzhou, China, and 1789 cultivated the Royal Kew Garden. Later, it was introduced to some European countries. However, only some countries along the Mediterranean coast can successfully introduce them and cultivate them in the open field.
(3) Morphological characteristics:
Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen broad-leaved tree, which is wild or planted underground up to 15 meters and has a crown of 400 square meters. The height of potted adult osmanthus fragrans is 2-3 meters, and the crown can reach 2-3 meters. Bark is rough, grayish brown or grayish white, sometimes showing lenticels. It is often a stout shrub, which can become an obvious trunk after close planting or pruning. Hanging flowers have strong branching and low technical points, especially in the early stage, and often appear shrub-like for a long time.
(4) Ecological habits:
Osmanthus fragrans likes warm environment, and should grow in acid sandy loam with deep soil layer, good drainage, fertility and rich humus. Not drought-tolerant and barren, it grows very slowly in shallow, hardened and barren soil, with few branches and leaves, thin leaves, yellow leaves, no flowers or few flowers, and even periodic dead tops. In severe cases, the whole plant of osmanthus fragrans died; It likes sunshine, but it has a certain shade tolerance. Small trees need some shade, and adult trees need relatively sufficient light to ensure the normal growth of osmanthus fragrans. It is observed that one side of the crown of osmanthus fragrans clings to the wall, or when the crowns of two osmanthus fragrans plants overlap with each other, the crown close to the wall or the overlapping part will soon become sparse, which will affect the shape and beauty of the whole crown. It can be seen that osmanthus fragrans is suitable for planting in ventilated and light-transmitting places; Osmanthus fragrans likes clean and ventilated environment, is not resistant to the harm of smoke and dust, and often cannot blossom after being victimized; Afraid of waterlogging, if waterlogging damages, the root system will be black and rotten, the leaves will be scorched at the tip first, and then the whole leaves will wither and fall off, leading to the death of the whole plant; Not very cold-tolerant, but compared with other evergreen broad-leaved trees, it is still a relatively cold-tolerant tree species, which provides the possibility for potted osmanthus fragrans in the north.
(5) Diversity
After long-term planting, natural hybridization and artificial breeding, osmanthus fragrans has produced many cultivated varieties. Through further investigation and arrangement, 32 osmanthus fragrans varieties were preliminarily identified. As far as color is concerned, there are Jingui, Yin Gui and Dangui. From the leaf type, there are willow leaf laurel, golden leaf laurel, dripping yellow, sunflower leaf and firewood handle yellow; As far as the flowering period is concerned, eight laurels, four seasons of laurel and beautiful months are concerned. At present, there is no unified variety classification in China. It is customary to divide osmanthus fragrans into the following four varieties: Jingui, Yin Gui, Dangui and Sijigui. Four Osmanthus fragrans varieties groups were formed: Sijigui varieties group: shorter plants, more buds, less fragrant flowers than Yin Gui, Jingui and Dangui, with lemon yellow or light yellow flowers. There are four varieties of Cinnamomum cassia and Cinnamomum cassia. Flowering in all seasons, there are varieties such as "Gui Yue", "Nissin Osmanthus fragrans", "Big-leaf Buddha Dingzhu" and "Four-season Osmanthus fragrans". Yin Gui Variety Group: It blooms in autumn, and its color is pure white, milky white, yellow white or light yellow. The varieties are broad-leaved seed Yin Gui, willow Yin Gui, hard leaf Yin Gui, seed Yin Gui, Jiulong Yin Gui, early Yin Gui, late Yin Gui, Baijie Yin Gui and Qingshan Yingui. Jingui Variety Group: Flowering in autumn, with lemon yellow to golden yellow flowers. The varieties are Dahua Jingui, Dayehuang, Huangchuan Jingui, Late Jingui, Round Leaf Jingui, Xianning Late Jingui, Qiugui, Bianyuan Jingui, Willow Sugui, Jinshigui, and Boye Jingui. Osmanthus fragrans variety group: it blooms in autumn, and its color is dark, orange yellow, orange yellow, orange red to vermilion. The varieties are "cinnabar Dangui", "big leaf Dangui", "small leaf Dangui" and "tooth Dangui".
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Alias: Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans and Murraya murraya.
It comes from osmanthus fragrans. Oleaceae, flowers, fruits and roots are used as medicine. Picking flowers in autumn; Picking fruits in winter; The roots are collected in four seasons and dried separately.
Sexual taste orientation
Flowers: Xin, Wen.
Fruit: pungent, sweet and warm.
Root: sweet, slightly astringent and flat.
Functional indication
Flowers: dispel cold and break knots, resolve phlegm and relieve cough. Used for toothache, cough, asthma, excessive phlegm, amenorrhea and abdominal pain.
Fruit: Warming the stomach, calming the liver and dispelling cold. Used for deficiency-cold stomachache.
Root: dispel wind and dampness, dispel cold. Used for rheumatism, muscle and bone pain, lumbago, toothache due to kidney deficiency.
Usage, dosage and cost 1 ~ 4 yuan. Fruit costs 2 ~ 4 yuan. Roots 2 ~ 3.
Note (1) There are two other varieties of osmanthus fragrans. var。 Fructus Aurantii and osmanthus fragrans. var。 Sage, both of which are also used as medicine.
Excerpted from the National Collection of Chinese Herbal Medicine
Occurrence and control of common leaf diseases of osmanthus fragrans
Osmanthus fragrans brown spot, Osmanthus fragrans wilt and Osmanthus fragrans anthracnose are common leaf diseases, which can lead to premature defoliation of Osmanthus fragrans, weaken plant growth potential and reduce flower yield and ornamental value.
Brown spot of osmanthus fragrans
At the initial stage of the disease, there are yellow macules on the leaves, which gradually expand into a nearly round lesion with a diameter of 2 ~ 10mm, or become irregular lesions due to the expansion of the lesion restricted by the veins. The focus is yellowish brown to grayish brown with yellow halo around it. Brown spot disease generally occurs from April to 10, and older leaves are more susceptible to disease than younger leaves. The pathogen overwinters on the diseased leaves with mycelium, and conidia are produced in the following spring for primary infection, and the conidia are spread by airflow and raindrops.
Osmanthus wilt
The pathogen of the disease mostly invades from the leaf margin and tip, and occurs at the leaf margin and tip. At the initial stage of the disease, light brown spots are produced on the leaves, which gradually expand into round or irregular lesions, and then expand into nearly round or irregular taupe spots with dark brown edges. Fusarium wilt occurred from July to 165438+ 10, which can occur all year round in the greenhouse with poor environmental conditions. Pathogens are spread and infected by conidia through wind and water. High temperature, high humidity and poor ventilation are conducive to the onset. Old leaves and leaves at the lower part of the plant are seriously ill when the plant grows weak and overwinters.
Anthracnose of osmanthus fragrans
This disease infects the leaves of osmanthus fragrans. At the early stage of the disease, small chlorosis spots appeared on the leaves, which gradually expanded to form round, semi-circular or oval lesions. The lesion is light brown to grayish white with reddish-brown ring at the edge. Under wet conditions, pink myxospore discs appear on the lesion. Anthrax occurs from April to June. Pathogenic bacteria overwinter in the diseased leaves of maple trees and spread through wind and rain.
Preventive and control measures
First of all, reduce the source of infection. Thoroughly remove diseased leaves in autumn. Potted sweet-scented osmanthus should remove the diseased leaves in time.
Secondly, strengthen cultivation management. Choose fertile and well-drained soil or substrate to plant osmanthus fragrans; Increase the application of organic fertilizer and potassium fertilizer; Planting density should be suitable for ventilation and light transmission, reduce leaf humidity and reduce diseases.
Scientific use of chemicals for prevention and control. At the initial stage of the disease, the Bordeaux mixture can be sprayed at a ratio of 1: 2: 200, and then 50% carbendazim wettable powder at a ratio of 1000 or 50% benomyl wettable powder at a ratio of 1000 to 1500 can be sprayed. Seedlings in seriously ill areas should be soaked and disinfected with 1000 times potassium permanganate solution when they leave the nursery.
Respondent: the legendary swordsman killed himself-gatekeeper II11-511:42.
Osmanthus fragrans, also known as Osmanthus fragrans, Osmanthus fragrans, is an evergreen shrub or tree of Oleaceae, and its height can reach 10 meter. The crown is spherical. The trunk is rough and gray. The leaves are leathery, opposite, oval or oblong, and the edges of young leaves are serrated. Flowers are clustered, with 3-5 flowers in the axils of leaves, mostly in the spring shoots of that year, and there are also flowers on the biennial branches. The corolla splits into milky white, yellow, orange red and other colors, and the aroma is very rich. There are many varieties of osmanthus fragrans, among which Jingui, Yin Gui, Dangui and Sijigui are common. The fruit is purple-black drupe, commonly known as cinnamon. Osmanthus fragrans is native to southwest and central China, and now it is widely planted in the Yangtze River basin and southern regions. Like warm and humid climate, it belongs to temperate tree species, which is resistant to high temperature but not cold. Osmanthus fragrans leaves are lush and evergreen, and the trees are long in age. They bloom in autumn and are full of fragrance. It is a unique ornamental flower and aromatic tree species in China. Xianning, Hubei Province is the hometown of osmanthus fragrans. Chengdu, Hangzhou and Guilin are also Tan Guilin, which are spectacular. Cinnamon wood is delicate and tough, and has a wide range of uses. Osmanthus fragrans is pungent and non-toxic, and has the effects of resolving phlegm and relieving cough, promoting fluid production and stopping toothache. Picking fresh osmanthus can make Osmanthus Jelly, sweet osmanthus candy and sweet osmanthus wine.
morphological character
Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen broad-leaved tree with a tree height of15m and a crown covering 400 square meters. Osmanthus fragrans seedlings have obvious taproots, developed and deep roots. Young roots are yellow-brown, and old roots are yellow-brown. The root system of grafted seedlings varies with rootstock; When cuttings are buried in the soil, adventitious roots grow everywhere, but there is no obvious main root. Hanging flowers have strong branching and low technical points, especially in the early stage, and often appear shrub-like for a long time. After close planting or pruning, it can become an obvious trunk. Bark is rough, grayish brown or grayish white, sometimes showing lenticels. The leaf surface is smooth, leathery, dark and bright green near the axis, and the far axis surface is more talked about; Oval, oblong, oval, obovate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.
Origin and habit
It is native to southwest China, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Guangdong, Hubei and other provinces, and also distributed in India, Nepal and Cambodia. For evergreen shrubs or small trees. I like light, but I need some shade at the seedling stage. Like warm and ventilated environment, not cold-resistant. Suitable for acidic sandy loam with deep soil layer, good drainage and rich humus, avoid alkaline soil and stagnant water. Usually, it can bloom twice in a row, with an interval of about 15 days. Flowering: September -65438+ 10.
Propagation and cultivation
Seeding, layering, grafting and cutting propagation. When 65438+ 10 is sown in autumn in the same year or in spring in the next year, the initial flowering period of seedlings is late, so it is difficult to maintain the original characteristics of varieties. Layered propagation is used to propagate improved varieties. Grafting propagation is a common method. Ligustrum lucidum, Ligustrum lucidum, small wax, water wax, tassel and ash tree are used as rootstocks for grafting or cutting. Cutting propagation is mostly carried out from mid-June to late August. Transplanting is often carried out after flowering in autumn or spring, and it can also be transplanted in rainy season. Large seedlings need soil balls, and more base fertilizer should be applied to planting holes. Potted osmanthus can be placed in the courtyard sunshine in summer without shading, and it can be safely wintered indoors in winter. Pests and diseases include Fusarium wilt, dead branch disease, Osmanthus fragrans, citrus whitefly, grasshopper and so on.
Osmanthus fragrans is native to the eastern Himalayas in southwest China, and also distributed in India, Nepal and Cambodia. Now Sichuan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hubei and other provinces have wild; Huaihe river basin is widely planted in the south of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and many rows of potted plants are planted in the north. Relatively concentrated producing areas are Guangfu in Suzhou, Jiangsu, Bai Dun in Xianning, Hubei, Manjue in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Yangshuo in Guilin, Guangxi, Guishuo in Xinxiang, Sichuan, etc. In addition, Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing, Changsha and other cities have also been planted in large quantities recently. Osmanthus fragrans is cultivated in Japan and India. 18 was introduced to Britain from Guangzhou, China in 1970s. The British Royal Botanical Garden began to be cultivated in 1789, and was later introduced to some European countries. However, only some countries along the Mediterranean coast can successfully introduce them and cultivate them in the open field.
Osmanthus fragrans is an evergreen broad-leaved tree with a height of15m and a crown of 400 square meters. Osmanthus fragrans seedlings have obvious taproots, developed and deep roots. Young roots are yellow-brown, and old roots are yellow-brown. The root system of grafted seedlings varies with rootstock; Cuttings buried in soil are easy to produce adventitious roots, but there is no obvious main root. Hanging flowers have strong branching and low technical points, especially in the early stage, and often appear shrub-like for a long time. After close planting or pruning, it can become an obvious trunk. Bark is rough, grayish brown or grayish white, sometimes showing lenticels. The leaf surface is smooth, leathery, dark and bright green near the axis, and the far axis surface is more talked about; Oval, oblong, oval, obovate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, oblanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.
Osmanthus fragrans is a light-loving tree species, but it needs some shade at seedling stage. Adults are required to have plenty of sunshine. Only under sunny conditions can branches and leaves flourish, trees be beautiful and flowers be dense. Suitable for living in warm subtropical areas, not too cold-resistant, but relatively cold-resistant compared with other evergreen broad-leaved trees. For example, in Xuzhou, Zhengzhou, Xi 'an and other places, the extreme minimum temperature in winter is close to -20℃, but as long as the microclimate is good, the ground-planted flowers can still survive and bloom. Further north, far from the north bank of the Yellow River, only potted osmanthus can be developed.
Osmanthus fragrans has low requirements on soil and water. The soil should not be too wet, especially to avoid water accumulation. In case of waterlogging, the roots rot and leaves fall off, resulting in the death of the whole plant. There are certain requirements for air humidity. The poem of China's ancient celebrities, "The mountain is beautiful before the fog is thick" and "The mountain clouds are lonely and osmanthus is wet", vividly shows that osmanthus flowers need a foggy and wet condition with sunny days, cool nights and moist rain and dew.
Osmanthus fragrans leaves are dense and need to consume a lot of nutrients. It is suitable for growing on sandy loam with deep soil layer and rich humus, and can also grow normally on cohesive soil. But it is not tolerant to dry and barren soil, otherwise the growth will be particularly slow, the leaves will be generally yellow, and even periodic top wilting will occur. It is suitable for growth in slightly acidic soil with pH 5.5 ~ 6.5, and alkaline soil will lead to physiological iron deficiency in osmanthus fragrans. Although the leathery leaves of osmanthus fragrans have a certain ability to resist smoke and dust pollution, after being polluted, there will often be a phenomenon that only leaves grow without flowering.
Growth and development law of osmanthus fragrans: In the Yangtze River basin, from late February to early March every year, osmanthus fragrans begins to shoot new shoots. Generally, new buds are 5~25 cm long, and some are as long as 40 cm or more. The investigation shows that all branches with flowering length less than 50 cm can form flower buds, which are easy to bloom, especially the branches with 5- 15 cm have the most flowers. Most of the hanging flowers of flower buds are located at the top node and its nearby nodes, and there are few flowers below the top bud to 6 nodes. The survival of flower buds is related to the age of branches. Generally, branches less than 8 years old can blossom, but the branches in the same year bloom the most. There are few branches and flowers for more than 3 years, and the production value is not great. Usually flowers bloom twice before and after the National Day, with an interval of about 2 weeks. The flowering period is often affected by air temperature and humidity: when autumn is humid and the temperature is low, the flowering period is earlier; On the contrary, in case of high temperature and dry weather, the flowering period will be delayed accordingly. According to the experience accumulated in Guangfu producing area of Suzhou for hundreds of years, the phenology of osmanthus fragrans can be divided into 10 stages: germination stage, pearl stage, top shell stage, boll stalk stage, fragrant eye stage, initial flowering stage, initial flowering stage, full flowering stage, late flowering stage and full flowering stage. The whole flowering process lasts about half a month from the pearl stage when the buds are obviously enlarged to the withering flowering stage. The best viewing period with ornamental value is about 5-6 days, while the best harvesting period of flowers is only 2-4 days.
Osmanthus fragrans has a long economic life. Take the main variety "Russian Yinjia" in Suzhou Guangfu production area as an example: it begins to blossom after 5 years of planting, and it will be put into production after 10 years, with 0.5 kg of flowers per plant; Can receive 4-5 kilograms of flowers at the age of 20; 50-year-old flowers can receive 15-20 Jin; An 80-year-old man can collect 20-25 kilograms of flowers. As long as it is properly managed, it can still maintain a certain output until 200-300 years. This further shows that osmanthus fragrans is a garden tree species with high biological, social and economic benefits.
Osmanthus fragrans fruits generally mature in April-May, and can be harvested when the peel gradually changes from green to purple-blue. After harvesting, water is sprayed for composting, pulp is removed, seeds are dried in the shade, and mixed with sand for storage. Hanging flower seeds have the function of post-ripening, and should be stored in sand for at least half a year until June 65438+1October of that year for autumn sowing or spring sowing the following year. According to the experience of Guilin, Guangxi, it is required that the sand layer is not wet at the initial stage of sand storage, and the water holding capacity of sand is 10%. In the middle and late stage of sand storage, the water holding capacity of sand can be gradually increased to 50% to ensure that most seeds in sand storage can germinate smoothly. During sand storage, attention should also be paid to prevent lightning strike and rodent damage to seeds. Sowing is usually carried out by drilling holes.
When sowing, the umbilical cord should be placed sideways to avoid the radicle and young stem bending, which will affect the growth of seedlings in the future. After sowing, cover straw thinly and build a shade shed. Generally, the sowing amount per mu is 20 kg, which can produce 25-30 thousand seedlings. The height of the seedlings in that year was about 15-20cm. Stay in bed for 2 years and transplant in the spring of the third year. Hanging flowers in Guilin, Guangxi bear fruit every year, and this method is often used to cultivate large seedlings for landscaping. Seeding seedlings begin to bloom later, generally after 10 age; And it is not easy to keep that original characteristic of the variety. But it has strong adaptability and can be used as an excellent variety of grafted flowers.
Spread of layering: generally divided into two types: ground layering and air layering. Osmanthus fragrans is a small shrub-like tree, so it is necessary to choose low-tech or clustered mother plants for layering. In the Guangfu area of Suzhou, in order not to affect the production of flower picking, flower farmers adopted the local layering method. The specific method is to select a relatively strong low-stem mother tree from March to June, press the lower branches of l-2 years old into a ditch 3-5 cm deep, cut soil to cover the ditch, and fix the pressed branches with wooden stakes or bamboo chips, leaving only the tips and leaves outside the soil. Usually, each parent tree can reproduce about 10 seedlings. In Hangzhou Huayuangang Nursery, flower farmers use full layering method. That is to say, in the large seedling area in the nursery, the female parent osmanthus fragrans (lO- 15) is selected, and all its new buds are sown in the soil, so that about 100 seedlings with uniform specifications can be obtained. These seedlings were separated from their mother after two years. After l-2 years of recovery and recuperation, the original mother tree can be used to raise seedlings again. Osmanthus fragrans can also be propagated by high pressure method. However, there are too many artificial flowers, the number of reproduction is limited, and sometimes it will hurt the mother tree. Therefore, it is generally only suitable for the breeding of osmanthus fragrans.
Grafting propagation: Grafting is the most commonly used method to propagate osmanthus seedlings. Specifically, it can be divided into two methods: docking and cutting. Grafting rootstocks mainly include Ligustrum lucidum, Ligustrum lucidum, water wax, Liu Su Chimonanthus praecox, ash and so on. Practice shows that the grafting survival rate of Ligustrum lucidum rootstock is high, and the initial growth is also fast, but the compatibility is poor, the interface healing is not good, and it is easy to be broken by the wind. Rootstocks such as Ligustrum lucidum, small wax and water wax have high survival rate and good affinity in the initial stage, but they are not coordinated enough in the later stage, which will form the phenomenon of "small feet" in the upper position; Rootstocks such as willow and Fraxinus mandshurica also showed good affinity in the early stage, but they were still not coordinated enough in the later stage, often forming a "big foot" phenomenon of renting at the top and renting at the bottom. 4. Cuttage propagation: Since 1970s, the survival rate of osmanthus fragrans cuttings has been steadily increased to over 90% after the introduction of the new technology of high and low double shade shed and closed cuttage seedling raising, so cuttage propagation has been widely used in production. The conventional cutting of hanging flowers is mostly twig cutting, which is carried out from mid-June to late August. Generally speaking, it is appropriate to take the 20-30-year-old flowering mother tree with excellent varieties and strong plants as cuttings and cut off the semi-mature branches in the middle and upper part of the crown.
Osmanthus fragrans branches have the habit of producing l-5 roots at the same time (3 branches are mostly). Generally, the terminal central branch should be chosen because such branches take root quickly and have high survival rate. The length of cuttings is generally 8~ 10 cm and the thickness is 0.3 ~ 0.5 cm. If the cutting has three nodes, it is better to put two nodes in the soil and 1 node outside when cutting, so as to win more roots. Cutting density: row spacing 10-20cm, plant spacing of 3cm, and about 65,438+10,000 cuttings per mu. After cutting, shade in time. Nowadays, various places often design and use double shade sheds to shade the sun. That is, build a shade shed with a height of 2 meters (people can walk under it), and cover or hang curtains on and around it; Then under the high shade shed, according to the specifications of each bed, build a low shade shed with a height of 0.7 meters and cover it with curtains. Practice has proved that the survival rate of cutting in double shade shed is much higher than that in single shade shed. The temperature in the double shade shed should be kept at 25-28℃ and the relative humidity should be kept at 84-89%. After shading for 2 months, the cuttings produced callus and grew new roots one after another. In June 5438+ 10, the low shade shed was demolished, and in June 165438+ 10, the high shade shed was demolished, and the shed was rebuilt to prepare for winter. Under the condition of double shade shed facilities, several groups of closed plastic film annular sheds can be added. Under the protection of the triple shed, the best temperature and humidity can be obtained and the ideal seedling raising effect can be achieved. At present, nine provinces and cities including Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Guizhou, Anhui, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Henan and Shanghai have applied it in production, which is called "closed cutting method".
Planting hanging flowers in the most suitable environmental conditions for their growth; At the same time, arrange and improve the planting environment to make it more suitable for the growth of hanging flowers. This is the principle and direction of cultivating hanging flowers. Before developing hanging flowers, it is necessary to carefully consider the requirements of hanging flowers on geographical climate zone and altitude, as well as the soil conditions of specific planting sites and the allowable range of air pollution. Generally speaking, the north of Nanling Mountain and the south of Qinling Mountain are suitable areas for the cultivation and distribution of osmanthus fragrans. The elevation of the basin should be below 500 meters; The south-central region requires an altitude below 1500m; The southwest plateau is required to be between1500-2500m. The pollution in the planting area should be light, the content of sulfur dioxide in the air should be less than 0. 1 mg/L, and the amount of dustfall should be less than 20 tons /km2/ month. The soil layer is deep, the groundwater should be below L, O- 1.5m, the drainage is good, and there should be no accumulated water and sticky disk under the topsoil. The ground should be unpaved; If it is really necessary to pave, it should be outside the crown of adult trees. The bulk density of garden soil should be less than 1.4g/cm3 in order to close management and keep soil sulfur loose. If the above conditions can be met, it will flourish and bloom well, and there will be no phenomena of scorched tip withering and flowering failure. Osmanthus fragrans planting holes should be dug deep and wide, and more manure should be applied as base fertilizer. When planting, carefully plant large seedlings with soil balls.
Planting should not be too deep. If necessary, pile soil on the flat ground for planting. If the planting is tall, it needs to be fixed with wooden stakes, and a large number of Ryukyu branches should be trimmed at the same time. Osmanthus fragrans transplantation is often carried out from mid-March to late April or after flowering in autumn, and can also be transplanted in rainy season if necessary. Transplanting is forbidden in winter to avoid poor growth and delay flowering for 1-3 years. Osmanthus fragrans is fertilized twice a year. Apply base fertilizer in winter, and LL-65438+sufficient fertilizer in February to promote flourishing branches and leaves and flower bud differentiation in the coming year; Top dressing in summer in July promotes the prosperity of autumn flowers. Pay attention to irrigation for flower sulfur and osmanthus; However, watering should be controlled when flowering, otherwise it is easy to drop flowers. After plastic surgery, sweet-scented osmanthus should not be pruned intensively, but only the branches of pests and diseases, thin and weak correction, incomplete skills, endogenous branches and virtual branches. In the annual flowering period, it is forbidden to break the branches of osmanthus fragrans to prevent the tree from declining. It is necessary to prevent and control all kinds of pests and diseases in time in combination with garden cleaning.
The main pests and diseases that harm bloom flowers are red spider, whitefly, scale insect, cobia and Fusarium. In recent years, more and more people cut osmanthus in family pots. Especially in the northern areas where it is difficult to overwinter in the open air, pot scissors and hanging flowers are more popular. Hanging flowers and potted plants are well managed, and they are placed in the courtyard sunshine in summer without shading. It is safe to overwinter indoors in winter. The proportion of soil for hanging flowers in potted plants is not strict, and it can usually be composed of garden soil, manure pile and river sand, each accounting for 1/3. If the acidity is too high (such as latosol in Lingnan area), some lime powder or plant ash can be added; If the alkalinity is too heavy (such as brown soil in North China), some aluminum sulfate or ferrous sulfate can be added. In spring, after potted osmanthus fragrans, it should be watered enough to make it permeable, and then moved to the shade for about 10 days to make it "on the pot". During the period of holding the basin, you can not water it, let alone fertilize it. Water and fertilizer can only be applied after the growth has resumed and new leaves have grown.
The specific requirements for watering are: generally water every corner for 3-4 days in spring and autumn, every l-2 days in summer, every 7- 10 days in winter, and water every time. When using fertilizers, organic fertilizers, such as compost manure, must be completely decomposed and fermented before they can be used (marked by black manure juice). When using chemical fertilizer, it is necessary to make clear the composition and content of the fertilizer and use it reasonably according to the different growth and development stages of osmanthus fragrans. The safe concentration of urea is 0.5- 1.0%, and that of calcium superphosphate is 2%.
Pruning of potted osmanthus fragrans should be done after autumn flowers. For plants with high trunk, hollow lower branches and bad tree shape, all the top branches can be cut off at 2/3-3/4 of the trunk height to stimulate new branches to grow at the lower part of the trunk. For plants with too large crown and "top-heavy" shape, you can cut off the branches that are too thick above and keep the branches below to balance the tree. Plants with too dense branches can be thinned to make the remaining branches flourish. Practice has proved that overall pruning, especially heavy pruning combined with comprehensive management of water and fertilizer, has a good effect on improving the growth of osmanthus fragrans.
After the first frost in the north of China (Huanghuai Valley is behind beginning of winter), potted osmanthus should be kept in a cold room for the winter. Room temperature should be kept at 0-5℃ and relative humidity at 50-80%. Indoor light is better in winter, especially in early spring before the buds begin to sprout, so more sunshine is needed. The following spring, after Grain Rain in North China (before and after the shock), potted osmanthus was arranged to leave the room. After leaving the room, put it in the outdoor leeward and sunny place, and then put it in rows to gradually adapt to the external environment. Potted osmanthus has a certain development prospect. It can expand the cultivation range of osmanthus fragrans and effectively control the flowering period of osmanthus fragrans. According to reports, Beijing moved osmanthus fragrans into the greenhouse 1 month before it bloomed, maintained a proper high temperature, and often called the leaves to water them. Take it out of the greenhouse two weeks before flowering, cool it, and keep the low temperature of 18℃, then it can bloom on National Day.
Some osmanthus varieties can bear fruit after flowering, while others can't. Flower anatomy proves that the fruiting of osmanthus fragrans varieties is mainly related to the structure of flower organs.
Take the analysis of cultivated osmanthus fragrans varieties in East China as an example: the stamens and pistils of' Zaohuang' and' Zaoyinjia' are extremely delayed and cannot bear fruit. The stamens of varieties such as' Late Yinjia' and' Jinhua' developed normally or a few abnormally, while the pistils degenerated and could not bear fruit. The pistils of' Zigui' and' Yueluo' developed normally and could bear fruit after flowering. In addition, there are also factors such as terroir conditions and plant heritability that can affect the seed setting rate. To do a good job in the breeding of osmanthus fragrans, we must first understand the mechanism and principle of variety sterility.
Osmanthus fragrans is evergreen all year round, with lush foliage, crisp autumn air and overflowing fragrance, which can be described as "monopolizing Sanqiu over others". It is widely used in gardens, often used as landscape trees, including single planting, opposite planting and cluster planting. In the classical gardens of China, hanging flowers are often collocated with buildings and rocks, and clustered shrubs are located near pavilions, terraces, buildings and pavilions. Old-style gardens are often used for happiness, which is called "double hanging court" or "double laurel leaves fragrance" Planting hanging trees around the house or behind the house can get the effect of "golden wind delivering fragrance". Osmanthus fragrans is resistant to harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen nitride, and it is also a good greening flower in industrial and mining areas. Osmanthus fragrans is also a raw material for food processing, which can be used to soak wine, harm tea and make various cakes and sweets. Its flowers, fruits and roots can be used as medicine.