Basic introduction of Chinese scientific name: sandalwood Latin scientific name: Thunb. )Miq。 Nickname: Dalbergia: Symplocos: Plant Kingdom: Angiosperms: Dicotyledonous Subclass: Schizophyllaceae. Genus of Liliaceae: Subgenus of Lilium: Subgenus of Lilium: Distribution of Lilium: China, Korea, Japan, India, North America and Australia, morphological characteristics, distribution range, identification methods, classification of sandalwood, handicrafts, efficacy, species, flavor, cultural value, medicinal value, cultivation techniques, history and morphological characteristics. Sandalwood is divided into Dalbergia odorifera, Dalbergia odorifera and Dalbergia odorifera. "The yellow skin is scented, the clean white skin is scented, and the purple skin is rosewood, which is rich in fragrance and has excellent scent." "Red sandalwood" means "red sandalwood". When rosewood is just cut down, its heartwood is bright red or orange red, and it turns purple after long exposure, so rosewood is also called rosewood. Sandalwood is a semi-parasitic evergreen tree, with a height of more than 10 m and a trunk diameter of 15~22 cm. The bark is rough or longitudinally split and brown. Branches are cylindrical, grayish brown, striped and multi-branched. Leaves opposite, oval. Panicle axillary or terminal, pale yellow at first, then dark rust purple. The drupe is 1~ 1.2 cm long and about 1 cm in diameter. Exocarp fleshy, purple-red to purple-black when mature. The flowering period is May-June and the fruiting period is July-September. Distribution: China, Korea, Japan, India, North America and Australia. Identification method Sandalwood is the core material of Sandalwood, excluding sapwood (white fragrance). Sandalwood is a semi-parasitic small tree, with a height of 8 to15m, a DBH of 20 to 30cm and a small one of 3 to 5cm. The history of sandalwood utilization in China should be about 1500 years. Sandalwood is generally used for carving Buddha statues and making other handicrafts, for medicine or extracting sandalwood oil. When collecting or appreciating sandalwood and sandalwood carving works of art, we should grasp the following basic characteristics: First, sandalwood is generally yellowish brown or dark brown. After a long time, it has a slightly darker color and good luster, and the patina is not as obvious as rosewood or Huang Huali. The texture is hard, delicate, smooth and feels good. The air-dried density is 0.87 ~ 0.97g/cm3, the texture is flat or slightly wavy, and the growth rings are obvious or not. Indian sandalwood is the second, and its fragrance is mellow and lasting, but it is not obvious for a long time. However, it is still fragrant when scraped with a blade, which is slightly light and natural compared with the pungent aroma of camphor and nanmu. Some people pretend to be sandalwood by soaking or spraying wood with artificial essence. The fragrance generally has obvious medicinal taste and is not lasting. Third, wood pretends to be sandalwood. Sandalwood has wood that cannot be compared with sandalwood produced in India and Indonesia. The best quality sandalwood is produced in India, followed by Indonesia. Sandalwood is generally used as sandalwood in the international market, or other wood belonging to different families and genera, but with similar appearance and fragrant smell. Some manufacturers in China mostly use white basswood, cypress, birch and Lu Junsong as raw materials, and after decoloring, dyeing, soaking and spraying artificial essence to pretend to be sandalwood, they produce a large number of carvings such as fans, Buddha statues and beads. Classification of Sandalwood According to historical tradition, merchants and craftsmen are generally divided into the following four categories: 1. Laoshan Xiang, also known as white-skinned Laoshan Xiang or Indian Xiang, is produced in India. It has a large and straight rope, a smooth and dense wooden surface and a mellow aroma. It is a good sandalwood. 2. New mountain incense, generally produced in Australia, has a thin cord and a light aroma. 3. Dimenxiang, produced in Indonesia and East Timor. Dimenxiang, a transliteration of "Timor", is curved and has branches. 4. Sydney fragrance, sandalwood from Australia or neighboring South Pacific island countries, of which Fiji sandalwood is the best. Sydney fragrance is generally transferred from Hong Kong to the mainland. The so-called sandalwood incense refers to incense and burning incense made of sandalwood, a valuable incense material, or a handicraft used for tasting, collecting and playing. Sandalwood products are widely respected by Buddhists because of their quiet, holy and restrained smells, such as Buddha statues, incense sticks and beads. Sandalwood played a very important role in the life of ancient citizens, and was often used as incense or health preservation at home, or made into furniture, pendants and other appliances. With the development of social economy, the variety and application range of sandalwood have been greatly developed. The requirements for choosing sandalwood products are different according to their own uses. For example, if you smoke and burn incense, you must pay attention to the aroma, and you must make the smell it produces fragrant and pure, which has the effect of nourishing the heart and keeping in good health. Of course, due to the influence of price, incense and burning incense are divided into two grades, one is Xinshantang and the other is Laoshan altar. The fragrance of old sandalwood is a little stronger than that of new sandalwood. When sandalwood is made into handicrafts, it pays more attention to "internal and external repair", not only to the "old" quality, but also to the "alcohol" taste, taking into account the appearance and technology of materials, so that the whole handicraft looks exquisite, beautiful and harmonious, and has certain collection value. Sandalwood has good efficacy and good quality, and can be used as a medicinal material, usually made into sandalwood tablets or sandalwood powder. Burning in an incense burner, the aroma can calm people down, eliminate distractions and get rid of desires. It is an essential product for the elderly to cultivate self-cultivation and health care. Sandalwood also has a good therapeutic effect on tracheitis and lung diseases, and can also help the human immune system resist the invasion of external germs by improving human immunity. Sandalwood is also effective in treating diarrhea. Sandalwood can treat inflammation, remove fire and toxic materials, relieve swelling and pain, and effectively improve diseases related to urogenital system. At the same time, sandalwood also has a unique aphrodisiac effect, which removes inner anxiety and increases the romantic atmosphere. Sandalwood can also prolong sexual intercourse time and make people relax. Sandalwood also has an excellent effect in preventing skin aging, which can make the skin smooth and delicate. In daily life, people can also protect themselves by wearing sandalwood bracelets. Ladies who love beauty can also make sandalwood mask to repair their skin. Common sandalwood mask needs sandalwood essential oil, eggs, milk and mask paper. Open the eggs, pour only the egg whites into the bowl, then pour the prepared essential oil and milk into the bowl to make a paste, and then pour the batter on the mask paper to use. From the form and use of sandalwood incense, it can be divided into the following categories: First, it is linear incense. Common linear incense can be subdivided into vertical incense, horizontal incense and bamboo stick incense. Second, coil incense. Spiral incense, also known as "ring incense", can be hung or smoked with a bracket, and some small coils of incense can also be used directly in the incense burner. Sandalwood oil III. Powder. Also known as the "last incense", it is a powdery incense, and some incense utensils should be used when using it. Fourth, Buddha beads. Formerly known as "rosary", it originated from the name of the three treasures of Buddhist monks and was used to eliminate disasters and report obstacles. Usually it can be divided into three types: holding beads, threading beads and hanging beads. The number of beads represents different meanings. 5. Pendants, accessories, ornaments, etc. Sandalwood is a rare material. Making it into a work of art can not only be played at any time, but also has a good art collection value. The fragrance of sandalwood has always been the highest in Laoshan sandalwood in India. However, due to the excessive logging of Sandalwood in Laoshan, India, the resources are extremely scarce, so that India has restricted the export of Sandalwood. So let the new sandalwood occupy most of the market, but in addition to the new sandalwood, there are a few Dong Jiatan with very good quality on the market. Let's briefly introduce the difference between sandalwood and sandalwood. The new sandalwood in the market mainly refers to Australian sandalwood produced in Australia. Compared with the old sandalwood, the new sandalwood is lighter in wood color and fragrance, not as mellow as the old sandalwood, but slightly sweeter in fragrance. Dongjia Sandalwood is produced in Dongjiaguo, and its wood color is very close to Laoshan Sandalwood, with deep color and rich fragrance. In the rare place of Laoshan Sandalwood in India, Dongjia Sandalwood is called Dongjia Laoshan Sandalwood, which gradually replaces Laoshan Sandalwood in India. Cultural value 1. Become a Buddha. Sandalwood is the top grade for worshipping Buddha and one of the main spices for bathing Buddha. In Buddhism, sandalwood powder and sandalwood tablets are used for meditation, or for smoking, sprinkling and burning altars in chanting ceremonies, or bathing the Buddha in fragrant soup, or carving them into beads to wear or wearing them on the body. Sandalwood will give off fragrance due to body temperature heating, which can invigorate qi and soothe the nerves. Second, incense, sandalwood is a first-class incense, comparable to ordinary incense. When sandalwood burns, its fragrance is elegant, quiet, sweet and refreshing. It can calm people, enter a peaceful and calm state, regulate the operation of qi and blood, and dredge the qi of human body. It is a natural product for treating and preventing diseases. Therefore, agarwood was also loved by scholars and nobles in ancient times. Sandalwood is often used to relax, purify the air and recuperate the body and mind in contemporary life. From the point of fumigation, incense is suitable for the following occasions: 1. Home fragrance can effectively improve the home environment and make every corner of the room full of fragrance. Living in such an environment is not only beneficial to our health, but also helps to set off the warmth and harmony of the family. 2. Office incense can refresh your mind, eliminate inner tension and irritability, and let you devote yourself to your work with a fuller spirit. In addition, incense helps to inspire people, make your work more efficient, and easily live every day. Of course, if you can share this fragrance with your colleagues, a harmonious working environment is really perfect. 3. "Xiang Xiang" and "Tea Ceremony" in the teahouse are like twin brothers, both of which are activities with profound cultural significance. Ancient literati often combined incense fighting, tea tasting and illustration to create colorful artistic activities. Incense helps to create an elegant environment, add artistic flavor, and let people get spiritual purification and emotional sublimation between breathing. Therefore, the use of incense in teahouses will bring people a more cultural emotional experience. 4. The incense club used in the club is a comprehensive advanced leisure and entertainment service facility with the owner as the main service object. Incense on this occasion will give people an elegant and classy feeling. In the fragrant atmosphere, all kinds of good feelings in people's hearts will be aroused, their mood will become quiet and their thoughts will be sublimated. So as to leave a beautiful and deep impression on people. Medicinal value Sandalwood is also an important Chinese herbal medicine, which has always been valued by doctors and is called "Xin Wen; Spleen, stomach, heart and lung meridians; Warming the heart, appetizing and relieving pain. " External use can diminish inflammation, reduce swelling and moisturize skin; Fumigation and incineration can sterilize, drive away epidemics and prevent epidemics. Can be used for treating sore throat, acne, anti-infection and asthma. It has the effect of conditioning sensitive skin and preventing skin aging. Eliminate evil, dry, sterilize, prevent mold, insect and moth. It has the effects of calming the nerves, assisting meditation and refreshing the brain. Sandalwood oil extracted from sandalwood is also widely used in medicine. It has multiple effects of cooling, astringing, strengthening heart, nourishing and lubricating skin. Can be used for treating diseases such as biliary tract diseases, cystitis, gonorrhea, abdominal pain, fever, vomiting, etc., and is especially suitable for diseases such as chapped hands, dark spots and mosquito bites. It has been an important drug for treating skin diseases since ancient times. The root system of sandalwood is sensitive to stagnant water, and even a short period of stagnant water will lead to root rot. If water accumulates during the growth process, the leaves of sandalwood will turn yellow, the growth and development will stagnate, and even sandalwood will die. In high temperature and high humidity areas, there are usually many pests and diseases, and the growth is poor. When planting, the spacing between plants should not be too close. Ventilation, drainage system, ditch drainage and other measures should be taken to prevent roots from rotting in places with heavy soil and less sand and gravel. In case of continuous rainy days, ditch and drain in time to prevent root water from rotting. However, water shortage will also affect the growth of sandalwood, so the newly planted seedlings should be watered 1 time every two days to prevent drought. The second is fertilization management, which requires higher soil fertility in the early stage, showing that it grows faster in the first five years and slower later. Therefore, in order to grasp this characteristic, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied in the first five years after planting to promote its rapid growth and early maturity, and then the amount of topdressing can be gradually reduced. Plots with poor soil and poor growth of host plants can be properly fertilized, generally applying water and fertilizer in dry season and applying chemical fertilizer in shallow ditch after rain in rainy season; On plots with fertile soil and lush host plants, no fertilization or a small amount of fertilization can be applied. Fertilization methods include foliar spraying and topsoil topdressing. In particular, it is necessary to apply proper topdressing to the host to ensure its good growth and development. Sandalwood has a shallow root system, which has the characteristics of high seedling height, thin stem and poor wind resistance at seedling stage. Therefore, when planting sandalwood in windy places, it should be supported by bamboo poles in time after planting to avoid its frequent swaying due to wind and affecting the survival of seedlings. You can firmly insert the seedlings with bamboo poles with the length of about 0/.5 times of the plant/kloc-0, and be careful not to tie them too tightly, so as not to affect the growth and development of the seedlings. 4. After planting sandalwood, weed and loosen the soil, and weed and loosen the soil 2-3 times a year. Weeding and loosening can be done at the same time. Weeds have very strong growth and reproduction ability, which not only compete for nutrients and water in sandalwood woodland, but also are places where pests often lurk. Therefore, it is necessary to weed in time to promote the healthy growth of sandalwood. Loosening can not only prevent soil hardening, increase soil permeability and strengthen root respiration, but also remove pollutants on soil surface and control moisture. Sandalwood is a shallow-rooted plant, and the loose soil should be shallow, generally 2~3 cm is appropriate. 5. The ability of pruning sandalwood branches is strong, which is easy to cause darkness in the forest and increase the occurrence of pests and diseases. It is necessary to prune the host plants in time to ensure ventilation and light transmission in the forest. In the growing period, if there are too many side branches of sandalwood, the side branches can be trimmed appropriately and the obvious trunk can be kept, so as to increase the trunk yield, make the trunk thicker and straighter, increase the economic benefit of sandalwood, increase the heartwood yield and enhance its wind resistance. Generally, when sandalwood grows to about 4 m, the high growth of sandalwood is artificially controlled to promote the thickening of sandalwood trunk and increase its economic value. Six host management sandalwood is a semi-parasitic tree species. When planting sandalwood, it is best to plant medium-term and lifelong companion trees, and it is best to choose rough, developed, adaptable, shallow-rooted, budding and rhizobium-bearing trees as hosts. The host plants of shrubs can be Eupatorium odoratum and Tephrosia vogelii. Tree hosts mainly include tall and fast-growing trees, such as Catalpa bungeana, Casuarina equisetifolia, Catechu and Acacia. Generally, it is appropriate to transplant seeds after 18 months. Seven common diseases and insect pests in sandalwood growth control are mainly butterflies, scarabs, stem borers, seedling blight, root rot and leaf spot. Historical sandalwood is a kind of precious wood, which belongs to ancient international trade commodities. After the great geographical discovery, the era of global commodity circulation came, and sandalwood was an important commodity to start this era. /kloc-at the end of 0/6, the international trade of sandalwood was gradually changed to be mainly operated by westerners. First, the Portuguese, then the Dutch, the British, and then the Americans shipped a lot of sandalwood from all over the world to China. After the mid-Qing Dynasty, destructive logging led to the decline of sandalwood trade.