First, the development of infectious disease diagnosis and treatment technology and theory. Zhang Zhongjing's theory about typhoid fever in Treatise on Febrile Diseases was tested by practice for 400 to 500 years in the Tang Dynasty, and was highly valued by scholars of past dynasties. Sun Shi didn't see its fragments until he wrote Qian Jin Fang Yao, and he got the book Zhongjing (Treatise on Febrile Diseases) in his later years. Combining his practical experience and theoretical understanding in treating infectious diseases and epidemics, he creatively put forward that there are only three meanings. Three parties, all cure the cold. ". Sun Shi boldly innovated, summed up new theoretical experience from medical practice, improved medical level, reduced the difficulty of learning and mastering, and used these three principles to create his own new theory of treating infectious diseases, which had a great influence on the development of Zhongjing's theory and the research of Zhongjing's theory by doctors in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
Second, improve the level of diagnosis and treatment of miscellaneous diseases and surgical diseases. Clinical research in Sun Shi attaches great importance to the observation and research of one disease after another. Therefore, the understanding of internal, external, gynecological and pediatric diseases has broken through the rigid thinking of predecessors who pay attention to the causes and symptoms, which has significantly improved the understanding level and diagnosis and treatment effect of many diseases, some of which have reached a more scientific level, and even produced some achievements in the treatment of causes. For example, his understanding of the relationship between diabetes and suppurative infection has always been correct. He suggested that doctors and patients should never give acupuncture to diabetic patients to prevent them from becoming incurable diseases, and stressed that family members and patients should be alert to harm their bodies to prevent the disease from festering, and suggested that patients should keep drugs for preventing and treating purulent infections, which was a very remarkable achievement in the Tang Dynasty. Sun Shi's understanding of the cause of acute gastroenteritis-cholera scientifically emphasized that "it is all about eating and drinking, not ghosts and gods". Note: Guizhi refers to Guizhi Decoction, Ephedra refers to Mahuang Decoction, and Qinglong refers to Qinglong Decoction, which is the most important representative of treating epidemic diseases in Treatise on Febrile Diseases by Zhongjing.
In fact, we have the most correct understanding of the etiology, onset season, epidemic area, symptoms and prognosis of modern schistosomiasis, and many conclusions are no different from today's understanding. What is commendable is that he clearly emphasized the idea and method of eliminating the source of disease to prevent it. It is pointed out that "this insect is afraid of geese, and geese can eat it" and "Yuexia always leaves raspberry root crumbs. If it enters the water bath, it will be thrown upstream with a square knife and start shooting. Throw a little bath water into the basin and there will be no poison. " For another example, his classification and treatment of dysentery reached a high level, emphasizing that "hot dysentery (acute dysentery) should be supplemented by coptis chinensis", which is still an effective drug commonly used in clinical treatment of dysentery. Sun Shi described leprosy in detail and reported the experience and results of more than 600 cases he treated.
Sun Shi believed that leprosy could be cured at110, so he was called the ancestor of modern leprosy experts.
Third, emphasize the characteristics of women and children and lay an academic foundation for the separation of women and children. Sun Shi used 1/6 to discuss the characteristics of gynecological diseases, children's diseases and physical development. Sun Shi correctly discussed the development process of women's pregnancy and the shape of the fetus' development in the mother's body month by month, and brilliantly emphasized the nursing and feeding of newborn babies and the selection conditions of wet nurses and nurses, which should be said to meet the scientific requirements. For example, the procedure of natural delivery, the handling of dystocia, the handling of children not crying, bathing, umbilical cord rupture and the prevention of tetanus (umbilical wind) have all reached a high level. Special emphasis is placed on the prevention and treatment of frequently-occurring diseases in newborns, children aged 20 days, 30 days, 100 days or even children aged 3 to 10 years. Even today, some methods and requirements still have reference and learning value for obstetricians, wet nurses and mothers.
Fourth, summarize the drugs that have therapeutic effect on the etiology, and the treatment aimed at the etiology of the disease is the most effective treatment. Although Sun Shi lived in a time when it was not possible to know the real causes of some diseases, the drugs he used to treat these diseases in Fang Yaozhong were very consistent with the understanding of the causes confirmed by modern science. For example, he emphasized that scabies (endemic goiter) was caused by living in mountainous areas for a long time and eating dock water (iodine deficiency). In treatment, he used iodine-rich seaweed, kelp and animal thyroid gland, and the curative effect was naturally very ideal. Another example is passerine (night blindness), which is caused by lack of vitamin A. Although Sun Shi doesn't know the cause, he emphasizes cooking with pig liver and sheep liver in many places. As we all know, the liver is rich in nutrients such as vitamin A. Another example is the prevention and treatment of beriberi. Sun Shi advocated boiling water with Cooper skin to remove slag, so as to "prevent it when cooking porridge" and "prevent it from getting sick". Modern scientific research has proved that this kind of Cooper peel is rich in B vitamins, and the cause of beriberi is the long-term lack of B vitamins in diet. Wait, this shows that Sun Shi's achievements in etiological treatment are admirable, even though he is still in a coma.
Fifth, it enriches the theory and technology of acupuncture therapy. Regarding acupuncture therapy, we must first master the theory and technology of meridians and acupoints. Sun Shi pointed out that meridians circulate in the abdomen and back, and they are ubiquitous and difficult to measure. So he emphasized "non-Tumoko". On the basis of previous drawings, he made textual research and revision, creatively used five colors of blue, yellow, red, white and black to distinguish the direction of the twelve meridians and the position of acupoints, and drew eight strange classics in green. The figure is divided into front, side and back, which is half the size of ordinary people, making the drawing of acupuncture meridians and points in China reach a quite high level, laying the foundation for casting bronze statues of acupuncture and moxibustion and carving stone tablets of acupuncture and moxibustion points in Song Dynasty. Sun Shi's paintings not only play an important role in standardizing meridians and acupoints and improving teaching level, but also have a far-reaching impact on improving the clinical efficacy of acupuncture. In addition, regarding acupuncture clinic, he correctly pointed out that acupuncture points should be selected less but more accurately, and advocated acupuncture syndrome differentiation and comprehensive treatment. Therefore, when discussing a qualified acupuncturist, it is emphasized that "acupuncture without moxibustion and moxibustion without acupuncture are not good doctors;" Acupuncture is not medicine, medicine is not acupuncture, especially not a good doctor; Knowing medicine and needles is a good doctor. "His theory has long been proved by the practice of thousands of famous acupuncturists to be an incisive conclusion completely in line with scientific principles." Ashi point is an effective point commonly used by doctors in past dynasties and even modern acupuncturists in clinical treatment. It takes pain as a point and has no fixed position, which is Sun Shi's creative discovery in acupuncture therapeutics.
Sixth, improve the technical level of disease diagnosis and treatment. Sun Shi's "Diaphragm Test" is a scientific method to diagnose whether purulent infection in the chest and back penetrates the pleura and leads to empyema. It should be said that it is a high-level diagnostic technology developed by human medicine at that time. The method is to stick a piece of tissue paper or bamboo lining on the abscess surface of the chest, back or side abdomen, and observe whether the bamboo lining invades with the patient's breathing in a bright place, and the bamboo lining protrudes rhythmically. If yes, it can be diagnosed that the abscess has penetrated the pleura and become empyema, otherwise it has not penetrated the pleura, which is extremely important for determining effective treatment methods. Another example is that Sun Shi actually created a medical technology with the nature of serum therapy. The method is to treat patients who are difficult to eradicate boils. He creatively proposed to puncture around the boils with a needle or a knife to make bleeding, and then draw blood or ooze serum and drug-induced boils with a knife. He also described using the blood and blood juice of the patient's father to inoculate the patient with boils, and stressed that the effect was very good. This creation is very valuable and the concept is very advanced. Whether this is directly related to the invention of human pox inoculation technology is worth investigating and studying.
In addition, Sun Shi creatively invented many effective medical technologies. For example, his improved manual reduction of mandibular dislocation is still in clinical use; The operation of testicular prolapse caused by scrotal laceration described by him, including suture, urethral catheterization with onion tube, cauterization to stop bleeding, removal of foreign bodies (needles, nails, bone spurs) in throat, retention enema and pressure enema, has reached the highest level in history. Although these medical technologies have made great progress in instruments, their principles still follow Sun Shi's thought.
Seventh, develop health care theory. "Two Thousand Golden Formulas" embodies Sun Simiao's thought and practical experience on prolonging life. Looking at the two books comprehensively, there are three remarkable characteristics on this issue: First, combining the "static work" under the guidance of Laozi and Zhuangzi's thought of "expelling the old and absorbing the new" with the "dynamic work" under the guidance of Hua Tuo and others' thought of "running water does not rot, and home does not rot"; The second is to combine the theory and technology of general population health care with the prevention and treatment of common diseases in middle-aged and elderly people; The third is to severely criticize the idea of taking five stone fat in an attempt to live forever, and emphasize the necessity of taking plant nutrition and disease prevention prescriptions. These thoughts and specific technical methods have pushed China's theory of health preservation and longevity to the height of the times.
Eighth, develop drugs and prescriptions to improve the effect of clinical prevention and treatment of diseases. Fang has made outstanding contributions to the standardization of authentic Chinese medicine. At the same time, it has also made important contributions to the wild varieties of medicinal plants and the harvest season, processing, storage and processing of plant medicinal materials. Its theoretical and methodological requirements are mostly followed by modern times or become the basis of clinical application. Under the guidance of these TCM theories, the book contains a large number of medical prescriptions before the Tang Dynasty.
Qianjin Fang Yao has more than 4,500 medical prescriptions, and Qianjin Fang Yi has more than 2,000 medical prescriptions. Hundreds of diseases such as clinical internal medicine, infectious diseases, surgery, orthopedics, obstetrics and gynecology, pediatrics, otolaryngology, etc. To provide reference for clinical prescription treatment. Among them, there are many predecessors' prescriptions and Sun Shi's own prescriptions, which still have a wide influence.
The foreword of "Save a thousand dollars for a rainy day" discusses "sincerity of great doctors" and "practice of great doctors" in a prominent position, emphasizing that as an excellent doctor, you must have noble medical ethics and incisive medical theory and technology. To this end, the book has made strict requirements on medical ethics and medical skills one by one, which has become the cultivation criterion of clinicians in past dynasties.