Personal data:
Li Shizhen (1565438+July 3, 2008-1593), born in Qihou, Hubei Province (now qi zhou Town, Qichun County, Hubei Province), was a famous physician in Ming Dynasty. As a "medical sage", Wan Mizhai had the ancient saying that "Wan Mizhai's prescription is Li Shizhen's medicine". Later, he was sentenced by Chu Palace and Royal Hospital. After his death, the Ming court named him "Wen Linlang".
Since the forty-fourth year of Jiajing (1565), Li Shizhen has visited Wudang Mountain, Lushan Mountain, Maoshan Mountain, Niushou Mountain, Huguang, Nanzhili, Henan, Beizhili and other places to collect drug specimens and prescriptions, and consulted 925 kinds of medical books in previous dynasties with fishermen, woodcutters, farmers, coachmen, pharmacists and snake catchers as teachers. In addition, he has also studied pulse science and eight strange meridians, and his works include Study on Eight Strange Meridians and Pulse Science on the Lake. He was honored as a "medicine saint" by later generations.
1982, its cemetery Li Shizhen Cemetery (Li Shizhen Tomb) was listed as the second batch of "national key cultural relics protection units" by the State Council.
Major achievements:
Li Shizhen attaches great importance to clinic, respects Zhang, re-distinguishes diseases and syndromes, strictly legislates and uses drugs rationally. In the treatment, it is more effective to modify the ancient prescription, or formulate a new prescription, or use a folk prescription. Li Shizhen's academic thoughts and research methods are very distinctive. Under the new historical conditions, according to his practical experience, he improved the ancient scientific methods and accumulated new scientific research experience. Li Shizhen successfully used the methods of observation and experiment, comparison and classification, analysis and synthesis, critical inheritance and historical textual research.
1, observation and experiment are the basic methods of herbal research. Li Shizhen's method of personally collecting and carefully observing drugs to get the truth was very successful. Classification is an important task of scientific research, and the key to systematization of drug research is how to establish classification standards. Li Shizhen broke the long-standing classification of Materia Medica, established the classification of three realms and sixteen parts, and made the classification system more scientific. In addition, on the basis of Tao Hongjing's classification of main drugs, he established a more perfect classification of main drugs for all diseases, and established the classification of drugs for entering menstruation.
2. In order to find out each medicine, Li Shizhen put forward eight tasks: naming and releasing, collecting and releasing, distinguishing doubt, right and wrong, treating, smelling, attending, inventing and prescribing. These eight tasks are not available for every medicine, and some are five or six. In fact, it is a systematic analysis and comprehensive synthesis of each drug, and it is highly summarized and comprehensive on the basis of analysis.
3. Critical inheritance and investigation are important methods of Li Shizhen's research. When he studies every medicine, he always looks up all kinds of herbs first, evaluates their similarities and differences, and observes the test results himself for reference: Materia Medica only contains the name of Lycium barbarum, but does not specify the medicinal parts; Famous doctors don't record that the root is cold and the child is slightly cold; According to the theory of medicinal properties, Lycium barbarum tastes sweet and flat, and its seeds and leaves are the same. Herbal Yi Yan said that Lycium barbarum is stem bark. Li Shizhen said: "Stealing medlar: the seedlings and leaves taste bitter and cool; Roots, light taste, cold gas; Son, the taste is sweet, the smell is different, and the function is different. Since then, people have never been to places they have never been before. " After research, Li Shizhen, on the basis of critical inheritance, brought forth the old and brought forth the new, and "developed in places where no one has been before". This spirit runs through all his research activities.
4, Li Shizhen hands-on practice, widely learn from the working people, pay attention to the investigation and study, is another important research method. There are many opinions about a medicine, some are like sour pulp, some are Xanthium sibiricum, and some are called ground. After extensive consultation, Li Shizhen collected all kinds of herbs to see the truth, and came to the conclusion that fat meat is the mother of pig cream. When he came back from Beijing, he saw that the driver used Inula flowers to treat traumatic injuries, which affirmed his contribution to invigorating qi, strengthening tendons and supplementing labor. The children next door ate food, occasionally from sheep, but they all spit it out, so Li Shizhen first introduced this variety into herbal medicine. He knows from the account of hunting that tiger bones have the function of strengthening the body; From the vegetable farmers, it is clear that rape is rape, and from the workers, he learned how to prevent mining poisoning. Mountain people, fishermen, farmers, shoemakers and hunters are all his teachers, which makes him benefit a lot from the investigation and research.
5. Historical textual research is a common scientific method in Li Shizhen. Compendium of Materia Medica records medical knowledge from Tianzhu, Dashi, Nanyang, Hu Ren, Fanren, Sanskrit and Buddhist scriptures through literature review. After historical research, it is pointed out that "according to the classics, flax is also a great victory, and the cloud of" Bao Puzi "is also a great victory. It is wrong and wrong to regard jute and quinoa as flax. "
Li Shizhen advocated that man can conquer nature, and the results obtained by the above research methods strengthened his belief that the medicinal properties are not fixed, and its natural properties can be modified by artificial methods. When the medicinal property sinks, it is induced to rise with wine; Those who rise and fall are lured by salty and cold drugs. Li Shizhen showed the fallacy of superstitious immortals and criticized the fallacy of taking food as the sky and gold and silver as food, which Lai's flesh and blood could not bear. "It is foolish to seek immortality and die." Living in water and walking on water is heresy; Taking food to become immortal "the crime of eating by mistake is universal", and drugs "can cure diseases, but taking food can't".
Anecdotal allusions:
1, skillfully distinguish the authenticity of medicinal properties:
When Li Shizhen was 20 years old, there was a serious flood in qi zhou. After the flood, the plague began to spread.
One day, Li Shizhen was seeing a doctor. Suddenly, a group of people rushed into the clinic with a quack. The young man, led by him, told Li Shizhen angrily that his father had taken the medicine prescribed by a quack, but his condition did not improve, but worsened. He went to settle accounts with him, and the doctor insisted that the prescription was correct. Let Li Shizhen have a look. Say that finish, he handed the pan of decocting medicine. Li Shizhen grabbed the residue, sniffed it carefully, chewed it in his mouth, and told him that it was a mistake in ancient medical books. The records of Japanese materia medica confuse the leaky basket with Tiger Claw. They lamented for a while and had to let the charlatan go.
Soon, another doctor prescribed medicine for a mental patient and blindly used a medicine called anti-sunflower. The patient died soon after taking the medicine. There is also a weak person who took a tonic called Polygonatum prescribed by the doctor and died inexplicably. It turns out that in several ancient medical books, Fang Kui and Stellera chamaejasme, Polygonatum sibiricum and Gelsemium elegans are all described as the same medicine, while Stellera chamaejasme and Gelsemium elegans are very toxic. There is no doubt that ancient medical books contain rich knowledge and valuable experience, but there are also omissions. If it is not revised as soon as possible, the medical profession will spread the truth based on them, delay treatment and endanger people's lives.
2. Taste all the herbs:
In the thirty-first year of Jiajing, 34-year-old Li Shizhen of Ming Shizong set out to rebuild materia medica as planned. Due to full preparation, the beginning was smooth, but after writing here, the problem came: the so-called materia medica is synonymous with ancient pharmacology. It includes many plants, animals and mineral medicines, such as flowers, fruits and trees, birds, animals, fish and insects, lead, tin, sulfur and mercury. Because most of them are plants, which can be said to be botanical, people directly call drugs "materia medica". Shennong Herbal Classic was written in the Eastern Han Dynasty. During the 400 years before Li Shizhen's birth, many monographs were published by physicians in past dynasties, but there was never a summary book that could summarize the new progress of pharmacology in this period. Li Shizhen realized its weight, but he still didn't expect that drugs were so diverse that it was difficult to know their personalities, habits and growth like the back of his hand. For example, Agkistrodon, together with bamboo leaves and mugwort leaves, is one of the three specialties in qi zhou, which can be used to treat diseases such as wind arthralgia, convulsion and tinea, and is a valuable medicinal material. Li Shizhen once followed the snake catcher up the mountain and caught a white snake. Take a closer look and it's exactly the same as what the book says.