In the field of poetry, he and Huang Tingjian are both called "Su Huang";
In the field of Song Ci, he and Xin Qiji are called "Su Xin";
In the field of prose, he and Ouyang Xiu are both called "Ou Su" and have the reputation of "Owen is like a tide, Su Wen is like a sea";
In the field of calligraphy, he is the first of "Song Sijia" (Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei, Cai Xiang);
In the field of painting, he became a representative of Huzhou Bamboo School because he was good at painting strange stones and ink bamboo.
In the field of philosophy, he is the representative of the Shu School among the three major schools of philosophy in the Song Dynasty (Guan Xue, Luoxue and Shuxue).
In his 65-year life, he created more than 2,700 poems, more than 300 words, more than 4,800 essays and countless calligraphy and painting.
He can be called an all-rounder in the field of literature and art, as well as a politician, a gourmet and a health-preserving person. ...
His family occupied three seats of eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties, namely, Lao Su (father Su Xun), Da Su (brother Su Shi) and Xiao Su (brother Su Zhe). As one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties, he was a well-deserved national idol in the Northern Song Dynasty. The slash male god is not enough to describe him, only to describe him.
(1) From "misjudgment" to the second time to the entrance examination.
Su Shi was born in Meishan, Sichuan, and he was gifted. Under the careful instruction of Mom's program, at the age of 10, he wrote fantastic poems that made teachers feel ashamed. At the age of1/kloc-0, he began to accept the "imperial examination education". 19-year-old father and son went to Beijing for an exam. While waiting for the entrance examination, they met Ouyang Xiu, the literary leader at that time, and some other academic celebrities. When he was in the court exam, his article "On Forgiveness and Simple Administration" was praised by the examiner Ouyang Xiu. However, Ouyang Xiu mistakenly thought that it was written by his friend Ceng Gong. In order to avoid suspicion, he reluctantly put the article in the second place. Su Shi was admitted as a scholar at the age of 20, ranking almost first among 388 people.
A generation of talented people came forth in large numbers, but just as they were preparing to enter the official career, their mother died. Ai Mo, aged 25, was appointed as a judge in Dali by the court, signed a book as Judge Fengxiang, and went to Shaanxi to take office. During this period, he disagreed with Chen Taishou's political views, but eventually became close friends with Yao Chen, the son of Chen Taishou. At the same time, I met Zhang Dun, who became the bane of his career for the rest of his life. At the age of 28, I worked in the history museum and took the opportunity to read rare books, celebrity manuscripts and famous calligraphy and painting.
② From Wang Anshi's political reform to Wutai Poetry Case
Su Shi's father died at the age of 30, ended his funeral at the age of 32, and returned to work in Beijing at the age of 33. In the same year, the political storm slowly kicked off. Wang Anshi was appointed as the deputy prime minister by Zongshen and began a vigorous political reform (Wang Anshi's political reform). Two years later, the imperial court was divided into reformists represented by Zong Shen and Wang Anshi, and conservatives dominated by old ministers such as Sima Guang and Han Qi. Su Shi, an official in the imperial court, experienced many twists and turns because his thoughts were different from those of Zong Shen and Wang Anshi. However, during his tenure as the magistrate of Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou, he achieved remarkable results. In order to cope with the flood in Xuzhou, he wrote to the court, asking for funds to build stronger fortifications, and built a building 100 feet high, which was named "Huangzhai" according to the five elements to save water and soil.
1079, when Su Shi was well-known in Huzhou, he published a book "Qiantang Collection of Yuan Feng Jia Su Zizhan". Thus, "Wutai Poetry Case" kicked off. The official's son of Yushitai is all over cypress trees, and crows often inhabit and nest on cypress trees, so they are called Wutai. After four months of painstaking research, Li Ding, Xu Shu and others will record the realistic poems of the people's hard life ("Did you forget to rhyme, there is no salt in the grain in March?" The stick wrapped in rice hurried away, and soon the money changed hands. ""Reading thousands of books instead of studying law makes you know nothing. " ) touch up for the irony of the new law, contempt for the monarch, chaos. On July 28th, Su Shi was officially arrested, and in August 18, he was sent to Yushitai Royal Prison. Many old friends were involved in prison and Su Zhe was demoted. During the trial, Su Shi frankly admitted his opinions on the new law and firmly believed that the sufferings of the people he stated were all facts. This angered those who encouraged the fire, and they suggested that Zongshen sentence Su Shi to death. Persuaded by a group of honest officials such as Wang Anshi,165438+on June 29th, Su Shi was demoted to be the deputy history of Huangzhou Yingyong. 1080 On New Year's Eve, 44-year-old Su Shi was released from prison, leaving behind "Minister Huang Wailang of the School Water Department": "I have been tired of writing all my life, and I have never lost my reputation. The horse went to another day, and there was no war in the east of the city. "
③ From Huangzhou to Huizhou and then to Danzhou.
When I first arrived in Huangzhou, the discomfort gradually subsided and Su Shi became more and more mature. When he wrote to his friend Yao Chen, his words were still fierce. He told the other party burn after reading; When writing a letter to Zhang Dun, I only use words in consideration of the other person's personality. In view of the barbaric custom of drowning newborn babies, he wrote to the local magistrate to denounce the evil of infanticide, set up a rescue society and asked the rich to donate money, and asked the monks in the temple to take charge of the accounts and help the poor feed the babies.
Four years later, Zhezong succeeded to the throne, and the Empress Dowager listened to politics. Empress Dowager Gao appreciated Su Shi's character and talent, and transferred him back to the imperial court, entrusting him with the important task of Hanlin. However, after Sima Guang's death, Su Shi, who held a high position, once again became the target of attack by ministers. Political factions such as Shuozhou School, Luoyang School and Shu School gradually formed, and Su Shi was regarded as the leader of Shu Party without knowing it. Su Shi fought alone and was deeply disappointed in the foul field. After the death of Empress Dowager Gao, Emperor Zhezong ruled the country. Zhang Dun was appointed Prime Minister because of his high trust in the New Party. Su Shi, 5 8, became a political victim again and was exiled to Huizhou, a remote city in Guangdong. Once a bachelor of Hanlin and a candidate for prime minister, they were demoted to a smoky place in Lingnan, and the gap was deplorable.
After all this tossing, Su Shi still did not change his original intention. He cared about people's livelihood, cooperated with the prefect and county magistrate to build bridges and release ponds, wrote letters complaining about the imbalance of food prices, helped farmers transplant rice with "floating horses", and constantly promoted Huizhou's innovation. However, Su Shi's self-consolation in suffering completely angered Zhang Dun. Su Shi, 6 1 year-old, was demoted to Danzhou, Hainan Island again. Danzhou is humid and sultry in summer and rainy in winter, which leads to frequent attacks of new diseases and old diseases of Su Shi. However, Danzhou residents believe in "the skill of witch doctors", and when they are sick, they will only ask magicians to kill cows and burn incense to treat diseases. Su Shi had to start to study Chinese medicine personally, go to the countryside to collect medicines and treat the people. During this period, with the efforts of Su Shi, the never-discordant relationship between Han rulers and ethnic minorities was eased.
Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou were relegated three times, which ran through Su Shi's middle and old age. Prior to this, despite his poor official career, Su Shi made great achievements and was deeply loved by the people. This is also the reason why he still exudes romantic and chic "boyishness" even though he was over 40 before he was relegated. However, after Su Shi was demoted, he experienced a disheartened situation and a wandering life. He began to reflect deeply and gradually changed. After searching hard, he finally became a revered "Dongpo layman".
Su Shi's ups and downs of life are not only above the temple, but also far away from the rivers and lakes. He is kind, contented, cheerful, bold and easy, broad-minded, compassionate, indifferent and lofty, which have become the footnotes of his life and his unique aesthetic temperament in adversity.
1. indulge in life
Su Shi regards Hangzhou as his second hometown. In order to control the silt jam in the West Lake, he ordered people to dig silt, build dams and plant flowers and trees everywhere, leaving the "Su Causeway", one of the ten scenic spots in the West Lake, for future generations. He wrote "Drinking two rains on the lake" and left a famous sentence "The water is bright and sunny, and the mountains are rainy". If you want to compare the West Lake to the West Lake, light makeup is always appropriate. "
When he first arrived in Huangzhou, he lived alone in a temple called Dinghuiyuan. He was sad and couldn't sleep all night, so he had to borrow "to pick up all the cold branches and refused to live." Lonely sandbar is cold. " ("operator, hanging the moon tree") express emotions. The local Xu Taishou had already heard about Su Shi's reputation and helped him move. From then on, Lin Haoting became "Tang Xue" and the wasteland in the east became "Dongpo". Su Shi changed his gown into a short coat and began to live in seclusion as a farmer. "Dongpo planted three hundred feet of rubble in Huang Sang last year. This year, mow the grass to cover the Xuetang, and the sun blows ink. " It vividly shows his self-enjoyment. During this period, he read a lot of Buddhist scriptures and combined them with Confucian classics to realize the sublimation of his works. Whether it is "a river that never returns, a romantic figure through the ages" in Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia. Bold and unconstrained, or "Lingang fairy night returns to Lingao", "I hate this body for a long time, when did I forget to camp? Midnight is calm and the grain is abundant. When the ship dies, Jiang Hai will spend the rest of his life. " Open-minded, or "looking back at the bleak place, gone forever, rain or shine." Free and easy, all from the holographic perspective constitute a three-dimensional, vivid and moving Su Shi. In Huangzhou, Su Shi became a real Su Shi. In "Red Cliff Fu", "The deceased is like this, but it has never happened; If you are full of emptiness, the dead will not ebb and flow. Gai must view it from its changers, then heaven and earth can't be in an instant; If you look at it from its unchangeable point of view, then things are infinite to me, so why envy them! Besides, between heaven and earth, everything has its own owner, not mine, so I will take it for nothing. However, the breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains are empty to the ear and beautiful when they meet. They are inexhaustible and inexhaustible treasures of the creator. My son and I are suitable. " One sentence tells the true meaning of life. In "Night Tour of Chengtian Temple", "On the night of October 12, Yuanfeng six years, he undressed and wanted to sleep, and the moonlight entered the house. Those who set out happily, who thought that there was no happiness, went to Chengtian Temple to look for Zhang Huaimin, walked in the atrium without sleeping. Under the court, if the water is empty, the algae in the water are intertwined and the bamboo and cypress are hidden. There is no moon or bamboo or cypress at night, but there are few idle people like me. " Push our imagination of night and bamboo shadow to the extreme. Huangzhou is the birthplace of Dongpo meat, and Su Shi, a "gourmet", showed his love and praise for pork in Ode to Pork. "Wash the pot, less water, firewood can't afford to smoke. Don't hurry when it is ripe, it will look good when the fire is enough. Huangzhou good pork, the price is as cheap as dirt. Noble people refuse to eat, and poor people don't know how to cook. I got up in the morning and played two bowls, so I was too full to care. "
According to historical records, Su Shi was the first official to be demoted to Lingnan. At the age of 58, he is still curious about everything, tasting sandalwood, tasting wine, sitting quietly, writing articles and developing recipes (such as roast lamb tenderloin and eel). "As usual", he was fascinated by the subtropical beauty, leaving a famous sentence "300 lychees a day, do not hesitate to be a Lingnan person."
6 1 year-old, accompanied by his youngest son, embarked on a road farther from his old country and came to Danzhou, which is completely unsuitable for the elderly to live in. Interesting souls overshadow aging and disease. He burns ink for his own use and barbecues oysters to get close to life.
In any case, in the eyes of optimistic and open-minded Su Shi, all circumstances are just components of life. Only by careful study can we know the taste and put it down. Being exiled three times, lucky or not, it doesn't matter. Most importantly, it made Su Shi, and even more made China culture.
(2) deep brotherhood
Compared with Su Shi, Su Zhe is calm, steady and pragmatic. Su Shi is close to his political views, and he is also a teacher and friend, and he is deeply brotherly. Su Shi once praised Su Zhe as the only person who could compete with himself in the literary world of Song Dynasty. No matter how ups and downs of Su Shi's life, Su Zhe is the source of inspiration for his creation.
Su Shi went to Shaanxi to be an official and experienced the first separation of brothers. Su Zhe gave his brother a gift: "Farewell to Jacky, afraid of snow and mud after a long journey." Su Shi responded: "What is life like everywhere? It should be like Hong Fei stepping on snow mud. " .
In Mizhou, Shandong Province, Su Shi missed his younger brother whom he hadn't seen for seven years and wrote, "When will there be a bright moon?" On the Mid-Autumn Festival.
"C Chen Mid-Autumn Festival, Huan Dan, wasted, for this article, and pregnant.
When did the moon begin to appear? I take my glass from a distance. I don't know about palaces in the sky. What year is tonight? I'm willing to ride the wind to the sky, I'm afraid I can't stand the cold for nine days in a pavilion of fine jade. Dance and enjoy the shadow of the moon, which is in the world.
The moon turned into a scarlet pavilion, hanging low on the carved window, shining on the sleepy self. The moon should not have any resentment against people. Why is it round when people are gone? People are sad and happy, and they are separated and reunited. The moon will darken or shine, and it will become round or round. Nothing is perfect, even in the past. I hope people will live for a long time and have a good scenery thousands of miles away. "
Before being demoted to Danzhou to cross the sea, Su Shi and his brother Su Zhe, who lived in Leizhou, met for the last time in this life. After Su Shi's death, Su Zhe wrote an epitaph for his brother: "I started my career in public, and I learned a lesson from it. You caress me, you are my brother, and you teach me, you are my teacher. "
③ conjugal love.
18 years old, Su Shi married Wang Fu, who is three years younger than him. Making your wife "sensitive and quiet" can not only accompany you, but also remind you from the side. Su Shi's enthusiasm and boldness complement Wang Fu's wisdom and calmness, and their marriage is happy and harmonious. At the age of 29, his wife died of illness, leaving a minor son. Su Shi was heartbroken and wrote in the epitaph of the late wife Wang: "You want to learn from your first wife in Jiuquan, but I can't. Alas! Yu Yong has nothing to rely on. " Since he never returned to Meishan after burying his wife, after the tenth anniversary of her death, he wrote a eulogy "Recalling Dreams on the 20th of the First Month of Jiang": Ten Years of Life and Death. Never think, never forget. A lonely grave thousands of miles away, desolate and nowhere to talk about. Even if we don't know each other, our faces are dusty and our temples are frosty. When night came, my dream suddenly came home. Xiao Xuan window, get dressed. Care for each other without words, only tears thousands of lines are expected to break the heart, and the moon and night are short and loose.
At the age of 32, he married Wang Runzhi, who was 1 1 year younger than him. Leap is not as knowledgeable as my cousin Wang Fu, but she is also gentle and meticulous. In the ups and downs of her career, she always shares joys and sorrows with Su Shi and takes care of her cousin's orphans wholeheartedly. Su Shi died in leap at the age of 58, was demoted to Huangzhou, and suffered a fatal blow.
At the age of 38, she met Chaoyun, a singer from Hangzhou, and later became a concubine. Chao Yun is intelligent and humorous, which is most congenial to Su Shi's temper. Su Shi once commented that "the only person who knows me is Chao Yun." When Su Shi was in Huangzhou, he wrote a poem for their children: "Everyone raises children and hopes to be smart, but I was delayed by intelligence all my life. I only hope that my son is stupid and honest, there is no disaster and there is no difficulty in reaching the public. " And the child died unfortunately. When Chaoyun passed away, Su Shi wrote: "It is out of place, only Chaoyun can know me; A person plays the old tune and misses you every time it rains. "
(4) Heroism lasts forever.
11kloc-0/year, Hui Zong succeeded to the throne and granted amnesty to the world. At the age of 65, Su Shi finally ended his exile. On the way back to the north, I passed the Longyou Temple with my early portrait. Su Shi wrote a poem: "My heart is like a piece of gray wood, and my body is like a ship that is not tied. Ask about your life achievements, Huangzhou Huizhou Danzhou. " /kloc-in July of 0/8, Su Shi said to his three sons before his hospital bed, "I have never done evil in my life, and I am confident that I will not go to hell." He asked his son to bury him and his wife at the foot of Songshan Mountain near his brother's house. On July 28th, he passed away forever. "The integrity of the gas, not with the shape, not by force, not alive, not with death. So the sky is a star, the underground is a river prison, the secluded place is a ghost, and the light is a person. This is normal and nothing strange. " A generation of literary giants has fallen.
He is a prose writer and a new painter.
He is a Buddhist and a scholar-bureaucrat;
He was the secretary of the emperor, and also a wise teacher who trained "Four Bachelor of Su" (Qin Guan, Huang Tingjian, Chao).
No language or writing can outline his whole picture.
Maybe,
All his works are his magnificent life;
His life is his eternal work.
All his life, he just,
Do your best to get what you want.