4. The geographical significance of the earth's rotation: ① Day and night alternate: the dividing line between the day hemisphere and the night hemisphere-the ending line (circle)-the time of crossing the equator is 6 o'clock and 18 hour respectively-the height of the sun is 0 degrees-the plane where the twilight aperture is located is perpendicular to the sunlight; ② Local time difference: it is early in the east and late in the west, and the longitude changes every 15 degrees 1 hour. (3) Deviation of objects moving horizontally along the surface: not biased on the equator, right biased in the northern hemisphere and left biased in the southern hemisphere.
The deflection force increases with the latitude. 5. Geographical significance of the earth's revolution: (1) Changes in the length of day and night: ① In the summer half of the northern hemisphere, the sun shines directly on the northern hemisphere, and the days are long and the nights are short in all latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The higher the latitude, the longer the day and the shorter the night.
Summer Solstice-The day length at all latitudes in the northern hemisphere reaches the maximum in a year, and extreme days appear in the Arctic Circle and its northern region. (2) In the northern hemisphere winter, the sun shines directly in the southern hemisphere, and the nights are long and the days are short in all latitudes of the northern hemisphere. The higher the latitude, the longer the night and the shorter the day.
Winter solstice-the length of each latitude in the northern hemisphere reaches the minimum in a year, and the Arctic Circle and its northern region are extremely night. ③ At the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, the sun shines directly on the equator, and the length of day and night is the same all over the world, each being 12 hour.
④ The equator is equally divided day and night throughout the year. The situation in the southern hemisphere is opposite to that in the northern hemisphere.
(2) Variation of noon sun height: At the same time, the noon sun height decreases from the direct point of the sun to the north and south sides, from summer to the sun, the sun directly hits the Tropic of Cancer, and the noon sun height decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south sides. At this time, the latitude of the Tropic of Cancer and its north reaches the maximum and the latitude of the southern hemisphere reaches the minimum in a year. On the solstice of winter, the sun shines directly on the tropic of Capricorn, and the height of the sun decreases from the tropic of Capricorn to the north and south at noon. At this time, the tropic of Capricorn and its south latitude reach the maximum in a year, and the latitude in the northern hemisphere reaches the minimum.
At the vernal equinox and autumnal equinox, the sun shines directly at the equator, and the height of the sun decreases from the equator to the poles at noon. (3) the change of four seasons (the length of day and night and the height of the sun at noon change with the seasons, so that the solar radiation has the law of seasonal change, forming four seasons). In the northern hemisphere, the seasons are divided into spring in March, April and May, summer in June, July and August, autumn in September, 10 and 1 1.
6. The spherical structure of the earth is divided into inner sphere and outer sphere by the boundary of the surface. (1) According to the characteristics of seismic waves (P wave and S wave), the lithosphere inside the earth is divided into three lithospheres: crust, mantle and core.
The crustal materials are mainly composed of rocks (magmatic rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks), the upper mantle asthenosphere is the source of magma, and the core is mainly composed of iron and nickel. (2) Outer space: atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
1. rocks can be divided into three categories: ① magmatic rocks (formed by magma rising and cooling); ② Sedimentary rocks (formed by external weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation and consolidation); ③ Metamorphic rocks (metamorphism). From magma to the formation of various rocks, three kinds of rocks can be transformed into each other, and then to the formation of new magma. This movement and change process constitutes the material cycle of the earth's crust.
2. Internal and external force factors (geological process) of surface morphology change: (1) internal force-energy comes from the earth itself, mainly the heat energy inside the earth, which is manifested as crustal movement, magmatic activity and metamorphism. Resulting in uneven surface.
The types of geological structures are fold (anticline and syncline) and fault (horst and graben). (2) External force-energy comes from outside the earth, mainly solar energy and gravity.
Make uneven surfaces tend to be flat. It is characterized by weathering, erosion, transportation, accumulation and consolidation diagenesis.
Flowing water erosion landform (V-shaped valley) and accumulation landform (alluvial fan, alluvial plain and delta); Wind erosion landform (wind erosion depression, mushrooms), aeolian landform (sand dunes). 3. Names of six plates: Asia-Europe plate, Africa plate, Indian Ocean plate, Pacific plate, America plate and Antarctica plate.
Generally speaking, the crust inside the plate is relatively stable, and the junction of the two plates is a relatively active zone of the crust, and volcanoes and earthquakes are also concentrated at the junction of the plates. Growth boundary-where plates crack, rifts and oceans often form.
Extinction boundary-where plates collide, mountains and trenches often form. 4. Atmospheric heating process: solar radiation (short wave), atmospheric attenuation, ground warming, ground radiation (long wave), atmospheric warming, atmospheric radiation (long wave), atmospheric reverse radiation (adiabatic) (1) Atmospheric attenuation of solar radiation: ① absorption: selectivity, ozone absorbs ultraviolet rays, and water vapor and carbon dioxide absorb infrared rays.
Very little absorption of visible light. ② Reflection: Clouds and dust with larger particles.
The reflection of clouds is the most important. (3) Scattering: Air molecules or tiny dust prevent some solar radiation from reaching the ground.
(2) Heat insulation effect of the atmosphere on the ground: the atmosphere absorbs ground radiation and produces atmospheric inverse radiation (atmospheric radiation points to the ground), which returns some heat to the ground. The thicker the clouds, the stronger the atmospheric inverse radiation. 5. There are 7 pressure zones (alternating high and low pressure distribution) and 6 wind zones near the earth's surface.
(1) low latitude circulation: ① equatorial low pressure zone: due to the formation of thermal action, the airflow converges and rises, which is easy to form clouds and cause rainfall, forming rain zones. Tropical Rainforest Climate (Amazon Plain, Congo Basin, Malay Archipelago in Southeast Asia) ② Subtropical high pressure zone: Due to the dynamic action, the airflow accumulates and sinks above 30 degrees latitude, forming a rainless zone (except the East Asian monsoon zone), and the tropical desert climate (Sahara Water Desert in North Africa, West Asia Desert, South America Desert, South America Chile Desert, Western Peru Desert, Australia Desert) is formed all the year round in the areas under its control.
2. Hurriedly auxiliary words 1 Case: ① People close to the frontier have good skills.
-"A blessing in disguise is a blessing in disguise" (2) Who is king for this? -"The Hongmen Banquet" (3) was left unattended after that. -"Peach Blossom Spring" 4 Those who look at it are deep and beautiful.
-"The Drunken Pavilion" (5) If there is a complicated statement about being a hostage, the old woman will definitely spit it out! -"touching the dragon and telling the queen of Zhao" 2. Used after nouns, it is equivalent to ".
This man "Example: ① There is a 90-year-old fool in Beishan who lives near the mountain. -"One Mountain in Gong Yu" 2 There are celebrities in the city who do business with boys.
-Qing Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio 3. Used after the time word, it means ".
Ex.: ① In ancient times, the world was public and the monarch was a guest. -"Interview with Ming Yi" (2) Today's Xiangzhuang sword dance, its meaning is often repeated in Pei Gong.
-"The Hongmen Banquet" 4. Put it after the number. What's the difference between them? -"Yueyang Tower" (2) These people are also suffering from war.
Auxiliary word 1. Used in hypothetical complex sentences or causal complex sentences to indicate pause, so as to prompt the following. Exodus: ① If I go to my relatives and serve you, I will admire your lofty righteousness.
-"Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru" (2) Dare to reply to Cao Cao's generals, the same as this case! -"Purple Tongzhi Sword" Volume II. Put it at the end of the question to express doubt. Example: Which one? There is a difference between up and down.
3. Use the word "if" to form a phrase, or use it alone to express comparison, which is equivalent to ".
The appearance of ","
Like it. " Exodus: ① But when you read it, you will find it no different.
-Liu Tang Zongyuan's Qian Donkey (2) If you say it, you will be embarrassed. -Qing Pu Songling's Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio. 4. Put it after the subject, which leads to judgment.
Constitute a "person". And "structure".
Ex.: Chen Shengsheng is also from Yangcheng. -Historical Records of Chen She Family is uncommon/indefinite 1. (Indeterminacy, although translated into this meaning in many versions, can't be found in the commonly used dictionaries of ancient Chinese, and may have the same meaning as the auxiliary word 1) is put after the subject, which leads to the reason.
However, exercise will definitely overcome difficulties. The weak are the strong, not only because of the weather, but also because of repression. (2) and anling to five miles, ACTS and Mr Also.
The beauty of my wife is personal. (4) The crab kneels six times and pinches twice, which is not the den of snakes and scorpions. Those who have nothing to trust are impatient.
(uncertain) auxiliary words, put in hypothetical complex sentences, indicate hypothesis, which is equivalent to "if".
、"。
Words. "Example: (1) If you enter, you can't be a doctor in China. If you leave, you can't beat foreign patients, and the country will die forever.
(2) Those who try their best but can't come can have no regrets. If you don't, if you belong to it, you will be captured.
3. (Uncertainty) is placed at the end of the statement, indicating the end of the statement. Ex.: ① Send it to the mouth of the lake, because you can see the so-called stone clock.
(2) When the first minister explained the cow, he saw nothing but the cow. 4. (Extraordinary significance) Pass Ye:-Eight Classics of Han Feizi: "Nothing is important ... and officials are selfless."
[4] "Shuowen Jacky": "There is no gentleman in Lu, why take it?" They are all interpreted as "zhe", but "zhe" and "ye" in ancient books can be used interchangeably.
3. Help to summarize the knowledge points of 1 and 2, the compulsory language of Grade One in Guangdong Education Edition, mainly because the function words of' zhi' in classical Chinese include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliary words, exclamations, pronouns and function words. First, the basic function of adverbs is to modify verbs, adjectives or other adverbs. As an adverbial or complement of a sentence, 1. Adverb of degree 2. Time adverb 3. Range adverb 4. Modal adverb 5. Frequency adverb 6. Modesty adverb 2. Preposition Preposition is a kind of words that introduce nouns, pronouns or noun phrases into verbs and adjectives to express their related places, times, ways, reasons and objects. The principles of using prepositions are as follows: first, they must form an object-object phrase with the object they carry, which can be used to modify or supplement verbs and adjectives and serve as adverbials or complements of sentences. Secondly, prepositions can be divided into six types according to their functions: place, time, reason and purpose, object, dependence and passivity. Thirdly, the prepositions with the highest frequency and complicated usage are: Yu, Yi, Wei and so on. Third, conjunctions. Words that express a certain relationship between them. Fourthly, auxiliary words are words that can't be used alone in ancient Chinese, nor can they act as sentence components, but only play a certain auxiliary role in sentences. Structural auxiliary words: zhi, zhe, suo and ran. Wisdom: 1. Attributive symbol. Translation or not. 2. Supplementary symbols. 3. Preposition object markers. 4.
4. Refer to the answer 1 for some exercises. The adverb "Xiang" (1) in Peacock Flying Southeast refers to each other: "Meeting each other is often rare", "Liuhe just corresponds", "Meeting in the grave" and "Flourishing leaves, making friends" (2) Adverbs, single meaning. "Swear that the sky will pay off" (you, on behalf of) (3) Noun, appearance: "My son is thin and rich" (2) Usage of nouns such as verbs (1) "I learn from Tao" (the teacher said) Teacher, learn. "Teacher" and "Tao" should be used together according to the meaning of the sentence. Wandering around The noun after the wish verb is often used as a verb. From this, the nouns after adverbs are often used as verbs, such as "a wise monarch is not an official who does nothing, and he who does not fight does not enjoy it." (3) "my uncle's wife, Zhao Shuai, gave birth to a shield" (the death of Zhong Er) "wife", and gave birth to a wife for him. Secondly, the prepositional structure. Build houses. Nouns followed by prepositions are often used as verbs. (5) "The first person who breaks the Qin Dynasty and enters Xianyang is the king." (Hongmen Banquet) "The king is respected." Nouns followed by pronouns are often used as verbs. 3. Usage of prepositional object in classical Chinese (1) "What is the king doing here?" In interrogative sentences, pronouns are the objects of predicate verbs, and the predicate verbs often come first. (2) "Wes, who are we taking home?" In interrogative sentences, pronouns are the object of prepositions, and they are always prepositions. (3) "It is unnecessary for ancient people to bully the city." (The Story of Shi Zhongshan) In negative sentences, pronouns are the object of predicate verbs, and they are always prepositions. (4) "There is nothing in the book." (Zhang Hengchuan) In negative sentences, when the object is emphasized, "zhi" is often marked between the preposition object and the predicate verb. (6) "Since the beginning of teaching, the enemy is seeking." (Zuo Zhuan) When emphasizing the object, we often mark "yes" between the preposition object and the predicate verb. 4. Usage of ellipsis in classical Chinese (65438+) (Xiang Ru) Please kneel down. "(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) The subject is omitted. ② "The right and pursuit of changing clothes (the right of Yu Xia)." (Battle of Red Cliffs) Verb object ellipsis. (3) "There are different snakes in Yongzhou, and snakes are black and white; (snake) touches vegetation and dies; Bite with (snake), there is no defense. " (On Snake Catchers) Omit the subject and the prepositional object. (4) "During the Qin Dynasty, (Xiang Bo) traveled with the minister, and Xiang Bo killed him, but the minister was still alive. "(The Hongmen Banquet) was masked and the subject was omitted. 5. Usage of passive sentences in classical Chinese (65433 (Shangqin)) uses "Wei" to indicate passivity, and "Qidian" is an unmarked passive sentence. (4) "If you don't hurry now, you may be the first person to do it." ("Battle of Red Cliffs") with "Wei
5. Ask for a summary of the function words of Meng Shi Ci, a compulsory three-person teaching version in Chinese high school. Therefore, it is necessary to study the translation of Meng's text. Meng's knowledge point is 1. The ancient meaning of ancient and modern strange people: people, people, read the modern meaning of "Meng": rogue, pronounced "máng", weeping, weeping. Night: at night, nouns are used as adverbials. Behavior 2: Make ... not specific, use it ... 23: Use it half-heartedly, use it ... Three-year-old poor: poor adjectives as nouns ... 3. Polysemy will make children angry, and autumn will last for a while: Please cover it up, from your own point of view. Then heaven and earth can't last for a moment (Su Shi's Red Wall Poetry); And I don't know that the old times are coming (preface to Wang Xizhi's Lanting); I am leaving my home and family; The reason for the ghost: …… or it can be translated as "Lai". 4. The bandits who spread false words came to trade silk bandits and spread the word "no", not because they were embarrassed, but because they spread the word "Xu". The interjection can still be said that if they get rid of it, they will have a Pan Pan, a bank and a deposit. 5. The accumulation of keywords. Destroy the appearance of continuous tears. Burn the tortoise shell, look at the cracks on the tortoise shell and infer the quality. Divine calculation The object of divination. Blame it on disaster. Bribery of property. Indulge in it Fall down. Distracted. The soup is full of water. It's getting wet. This is a huge mistake. No, I stayed up all night, getting up early and going to bed late. I stayed up all night, getting up early, going to bed at night and going to bed late. Not a day goes by without it. I looked at it, once, one day, I was satisfied, sneered at myself, mourned my sadness and shared my happiness with you.
6. Ask for the knowledge of classical Chinese in Guangdong, which is compulsory for senior high school Chinese, and the knowledge of classical Chinese in Guangdong, which is compulsory for senior high school Chinese. 14. If you don't put it on the road, you will be hungry, but you don't know that the real words of "painting" and "road" are in You Ran, and the road of seasons is in the view of Confucius. Ji Jia will have something to do with it. I fought in the country (China) and I fought in the country (for my husband). How can I use that picture? (a person who helps the blind to walk, noun) There is danger if you don't hold it, which is close to the cost (but this is a turning point). The former kings of ancient and modern times thought that East Mongolia was the master of ancient times: waiting for … now: thinking that it was the minister of the country and ancient times: this, this, pronoun today: indicating that there was a state-owned family in ancient times: the fief of a vassal state was called "country" and the fief of a scholar-bureaucrat was called "home" today: country, country; Family, family, clan Chen Li listed it in ancient times as follows: just, as a duty; Today: go to the queue or stop in ancient times: some people are today: or parts of speech are used again and again, nouns and verbs come to blame you, make you safe, keep you healthy, and don't regret losing your life. Death, noun verbs, the living and the dead plant mulberry trees, and noun verbs should be taught in order. Adjective verbs should pay attention to clothes and silk, and noun verbs should not wear the clothes of kings and kings. Noun verbs are unified. The king of the criminal world is innocent, and noun verbs are blamed on 15. Students should be advised to pass on the wrong words, thinking that the wheel is "wandering" and "sharing" and "exposing", so that we can understand clearly and not do anything wrong. But) a gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself from Japanese ginseng (indicating juxtaposition/progression, and), but he knows that he has done nothing wrong (indicating juxtaposition/progression, and). I think about it all the time (meaning modification, which can be translated as "ground"), but people who see him are far away (meaning turning point, but) and the fairy is complacent (meaning cause and effect, so). Perseverance (indicating a turning point, but) and youth (from) (than) are good at falsehood and (right) why are the ups and downs (from …) because a gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself (from) because he thinks there is no wheel or even a thousand miles (to …). No longer stand (dry) (straight) a gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself (introspection). I tasted it and looked forward to it (on tiptoe). When the sound is not added to the disease, the listener shows (strong) (clear) that a fake horse (borrow) (car) leads a thousand miles (to) the river (cross). Introspection today: Explore and understand the crab's six squats and two claws: legs, crab feet today: Kneeling action gold will sharpen the ancient: metal, here refers to metal cutters such as knives and axes today: a valuable metal is not pinned in the cave of snakes and eels: supporting the body, living in the present: cutting off rivers by putting ideals, hopes, feelings, etc. on someone or something: especially the Yangtze River and the Yellow River: referring to the interests of all river worms without claws: birds. Below, quasi-nouns, on the ground and underground, wholeheartedly, numeral adjectives make it happen wholeheartedly, verb nouns bend over to do good, adjective nouns do good 16. Support Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages, and it is difficult to win the grain. However, the scenery has been linked with shadows, thorns and halberds for more than a hundred years, which is the treasure of polysemy and the home of the friendship of Zhao She. Pronouns) Because of legacy (inheritance), benefit (utilization) and river as pool (support), Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages (uniform), took Liuhe (rule) to control its soldiers (army), collected the fees of soldiers (weapons) in the world, and pursued the death (loss) of arrows to flee to the north (army). Who (Sharp) left behind the price of Wu Qin's death (loss) is also a different meaning left over from ancient times: this, today: the verdict is that the Qin people surrendered and took the ancient Xihe River: today's Yellow River: refers to the general river that doesn't like treasures and is ancient: cherishes the present: loves the six ancient countries: at this moment: the division of the nine countries wandered around and dared not enter the ancient times: the military present: refers to one belonging to the army or group army. Ancient times: today: Zhenyin River; Today's moat: the pool is facing an unexpected abyss. It is considered ancient: unfathomable today: refers to the unexpected situation in which Shandong heroes rose and died. Qin people died in ancient times: East of Xiaoshan today: the flexible use of parts of speech in Shandong Province has swept the world, covering the whole world, including seats, bags, bags, nouns, elephant seats, elephant parcels, making verbs join the alliance to weaken Qin, making verbs join the alliance, making verb-noun alliances respect sages and attach importance to scholars, respecting the death of adjectives and verbs and chasing the north, and swallowing verbs and nouns.