Whitebait whitebait is characterized by its slender body. It is nearly cylindrical, with a slightly flat rear section and a body length of about 12 cm. The head is extremely flat. Big eyes, big mouth, long and sharp kiss, triangular. The upper and lower jaws are equal in length; There are a row of fine teeth on the maxilla, maxilla, mandible and mouth cover, and there are 1 pair of canine teeth in the front of mandible. There is no combined anterior bone at the front end of mandible, but there is a fleshy protrusion. Dorsal fin ⅱ 1 1 ~ 13, slightly behind the body. The pectoral fins are 8 ~ 9, and the muscle base is not significant. Gluteal fin Ⅲ 23 ~ 28, opposite to dorsal fin; There is a row of large scales on both sides of the base of the male fish's gluteal fin, which is generally 18 ~ 2 1. There is a transparent lipid fin in the center of dorsal fin and caudal fin. The body is soft and scaleless, transparent, and milky white after death. Some whitebait in the market is fumigated with sulfur to keep fresh and protect color, and it turns khaki after standing. Be careful not to buy it. There is a row of black spots on both sides of the body, and there are two rows of parallel black spots on the ventral surface, which extend from the chest through the abdomen to the front of the gluteal fin, and are separated left and right along the base of the gluteal fin, and the rear end is combined into one to reach the caudal base. In addition, the caudal fin and the first fin of pectoral fin are also dotted with small black spots. The whitebait in Zhuhu Lake is the top grade because of its small size and good meat transparency, and because of the transmission of dark spots, it is bright gray as a whole.
Pond culture technology of whitebait
The selection of Laokoutang requires fresh water quality, no pollution, shelter from the wind and sun, and convenient water intake and drainage. The water surface of a single pond is 0.2 -0.3 hectares (1 hectare or 15 mu), the water surface of an interplanting pond is 0.3 -0.6 hectares, the depth of the pond is more than 2 meters, the sediment is 0.2 meters thick, and there are appropriate aquatic plants around the pond.
grow seedlings
1. Prepare the nursery pond. Pull the net from the fertilizer pond for raising fish, turn over the surface layer of sediment properly, and then pour the water in this pond into the stocking pond after dredging and disinfection.
Because the temperature of whitebait is low when it begins to eat, it is difficult to cultivate the pond water quality, especially the rotifer density is low. By using the fat water in the family fish pond and importing rotifers into resting eggs, the feed density in the stocking pond increased rapidly. This work should be completed two weeks before stocking, and the water depth of the pool before stocking is 0.6 meters. 2. Source of seedlings. For the first-time needed seedlings, mature parents can be collected in natural waters, and the mature parents can be artificially fertilized on site to obtain fertilized eggs (fertilized eggs are sold in fishing grounds). A fertilized egg can hatch in still water indoors. When the water temperature is kept at 4℃-6℃, the film will be released in 30 -40 days, with high hatching rate and good stocking effect. After the end of February, it is easier to get the opening bait, which is beneficial to improve the survival rate of seedlings.
3. Stocking method. The effect of stocking eggs in embryonic stage is better than that of fry, and they hatch in the pool 1 week before hatching. Put 20,000 fertilized eggs in every 667 square meters (1 mu) and catch 30 kilograms of whitebait from September to June. Excessive stocking will cause insufficient bait for seedlings. Water depth of the pool1m-1.5 m.
4. Cultivation techniques. Larvae feed on rotifers and nauplii. After hatching 10 days, it will die without bait, so the stocking pond should be fully fertilized in advance to ensure that there is enough bait when eating. Rotifers can reach a considerable density by adding fully fermented manure and limewater to the culture bait, and the water thickens after 10 days-15 days. Fertilization can be applied frequently in the juvenile stage of whitebait, and the amount of fertilization can be controlled according to the water color and water temperature, so that the transparency of the pool water can reach more than 40 cm and the water depth can be kept at 2 meters.
Adult fish culture
1. Provide sufficient bait. In the adult stage (more than 40 mm in length), the food intake is large and the growth rate is obviously accelerated. Therefore, it is necessary to apply fertilizer frequently to maintain the density of plankton. When applying fertilizer, it is necessary to apply decomposed fermented fertilizer or sprinkle a small amount of soybean milk, and use 250-500 grams of soybean per 667 cubic meters of water every day, according to the water quality.
2. Beware of floating head. The requirement of dissolved oxygen of whitebait is higher than that of common fish, and it always floats first when it is mixed. When the water temperature is 20℃, floating head will appear. If emergency measures are not taken immediately, a large number of deaths may occur. The way to prevent floating head is to reduce the amount of fertilization and not make the bait organisms over-multiply. If the water is too fat, fresh water should be replaced as soon as possible, and oxygenator or oxygenator can be used to increase oxygen if necessary.
3. Pay attention to the change of eating habits. The feeding habits of whitebait have a transitional period, from cladocera and copepod to carnivorous gradually. It is found that there are fish and shrimp in the intestine of whitebait with a body length of nearly 80 mm, indicating that the feeding habits are changing. Small fish and shrimp should be introduced in time to maintain a certain density and promote the growth of whitebait. Suitable eggs can be introduced into the Yangtze River basin in May, and the hatched larvae are just the feeding period of the big whitebait.
4. Anti-high temperature. In high temperature season, the depth of the pool water should be kept above 2.5 meters, and shading measures should be taken when necessary to prevent high temperature hazards.
Artificial incubation technology
Whitebait is a rare small economic fish, which is suitable for growing in large waters. In recent years, there are many large and medium-sized reservoirs in the north. The suitable water temperature for spawning in winter is 0℃ ~ 8℃. Artificial incubation technology is as follows:
Preparatory work/about to start work
Prepare two 50ml and 200ml measuring cups, three 200ml and 500ml measuring cylinders, five burettes and suction balls, five tweezers and scissors, two thermometers, four trays, 1 scale, 50g malachite green and 20kg salt. 140 cm？ A number of 20 cm fertilizer bags are made of 6-wire polyethylene film. The construction scale is 1.2m? 2 meters? Several 0.2m hatcheries were made of bricks, then covered with polyethylene film and disinfected with 15% salt solution.
Catch parent fish
In northern China, whitebait generally matures in the middle and late June of 65438+February, and artificial fertilization begins when mature individuals reaches 30%. To catch the parent fish, gill nets with 1.8 cm ~ 2.2 cm mesh are used. The fishing area is generally about 2 meters deep and the bottom material is gravel.
artificial insemination
(1) Male and female identification of parent fish.
The female fish can see the mature eggs arranged in the abdominal cavity through its transparent abdomen. Abdominal swelling, gently press the abdomen, and the eggs flow out. The male fin is thick, only one testis is small, and there is a white vas deferens near the cloaca. Mature male with red hearts.
(2) artificial insemination.
Dry the parent fish with a dry towel and put it in a tray. Take the fertilization bag, fold it into a tube shape, hold it with the middle finger, ring finger and little finger of the left hand, then take the female fish, pick up her head, close her right thumb with the other four fingers, gently press her abdomen with her thumb, and squeeze the eggs into the fertilization bag. Then hang the male fish upside down with his right hand, with his head pointing to his arm, his gluteal fin 1 cm away from the egg, squeeze out the semen and put the male fish on the egg. Add 30 ml of 0.7% normal saline into the fertilization bag, grab the bag mouth and shake it up and down to make it fully mixed. Fill the fertilization bag with air, then tie your mouth with a rubber band and let it stand for 30 minutes. Then take the male fish out of the fertilization bag, add 100 ml of filtered river water, and wait to put it into the incubator.
shadow
(1) Add filtered water to the incubation tank until the water depth is 5 cm ~ 7 cm, remove immature egg lumps and impurities in the fertilization bag, and then put the fertilized eggs into the incubation tank with a density of 500,000 eggs /m2.
(2) Remove unfertilized dead eggs with straws every morning.
(3) Change the filtered water from 1/2 to 1/3 every day, and the water temperature difference shall not exceed 1℃.
(4) After two days, the concentration was 0. 1? 10? 6 malachite green medicated bath fish eggs for half an hour. The unfertilized egg turns white and floats on the upper layer, and the fertilized egg sinks quickly, transparently and brightly, in the lower layer. Generally, it takes 6-8 days to hatch.
Formula of scrambled eggs with whitebait
Materials:
Four eggs and 50 grams of whitebait.
Exercise:
(1) Wash whitebait.
(2) After the eggs are broken up, add monosodium glutamate, Shaoxing wine, refined salt and whitebait.
(3) Take a plate, pour in the cooked salad oil, pour in 2 eggs and whitebait, cover with fire for 4 minutes, and stir fry once in the middle.
Three silk silver fish soup
Materials:
Appropriate amount of whitebait, egg 1 each, 3 mushrooms, water bamboo 1 each, salad oil, salt, starch, shallots, yellow wine and sesame oil.
Exercise:
(1) Wash whitebait, select soft and rotten ones, drain the water, add egg white, a little salt and yellow wine, and grab them evenly by hand.
(2) Soak the mushrooms in advance and shred them. Shred water bamboo. Cut the onion into 5cm long pieces.
(3) Mix raw flour with cold water (not too thin).
(4) Heat oil in the pot, saute shredded mushrooms and shredded water bamboo, and add water to cook.
(5) Boil the water in the pot, add the prepared whitebait, boil the soup again, add the prepared raw flour, and quickly stir evenly with chopsticks.
(6) Add salt, sprinkle with shallots and sesame oil, and take out.
Steamed egg soup with whitebait
Materials:
3 eggs, 100g whitebait, salt, ginger, cooking wine and onion.
Exercise:
(1) Wash whitebait, add cooking wine and ginger, and marinate to remove fishy smell.
(2) Beat the eggs into a bowl, break them up, add warm water twice as much as the eggs, and add salt to mix well.
(3) Filter the egg liquid with a sieve to remove foam and add chopped green onion.
(4) Cover with plastic wrap and steam for 3 minutes on medium heat until the eggs are semi-solidified.
(5) Put the whitebait on the custard and steam for another two minutes.
Nutritional efficacy chemical constituents of whitebait
The edible part 100g contains: water 89g, protein 8.2g, fat 0.3g, carbohydrate 1.4g, ash1.0g; Calcium 258 mg, phosphorus 102 mg, iron 0.5 mg, thiamine 0.0 1 mg, riboflavin 0.05 mg and nicotinic acid 0.2 mg. Dried whitebait is called dried swallow. The protein content per100g dried swallow is 72? 1g, fat 13g, heat 1709? 4 kJ, calcium 76 1 mg, phosphorus 1000 mg.
Indication effect
Tonify deficiency, strengthen stomach, benefit lung and water.
(1) Daily herb: "Broaden the middle and strengthen the stomach, and it is better to use ginger as soup."
② Yao Kecheng's Materia Medica of Food: "diuresis, moistening lung and relieving cough."
③ Outline of Medical Forest: "Reinforce lung and clear gold, nourish yin and replenish labor."
④ Diet spectrum of fun life: "Nourishing stomach yin and regulating meridians."
Nutritional explanation
The protein content of whitebait is 72. 1%, and the amino acid content is also quite rich, so it has high nutritional value. It has the effects of tonifying kidney, strengthening yang, eliminating deficiency, promoting blood circulation, invigorating spleen and moistening lung, and is an excellent nourishing product. As a whole food (that is, eating whitebait as a whole without removing the internal organs, head and wings), its function of health preservation and longevity is recognized by the international nutrition community.
The whole group of whitebait, pointed whitebait, long-finned whitebait. Whitebait is also called Wang Yuyu, Forever Fish, Silver Bar Fish and Noodle Fish. Distributed in the coastal areas of Shandong to Zhejiang. Wash after the attack and use it fresh or dry it in the sun for later use.
Whitebait is a kind of fish rich in calcium, high protein and low fat. There are basically no big fishbones, which is suitable for children. According to modern nutritional analysis, whitebait is rich in nutrition and has the characteristics of high protein and low fat. And think that whitebait does not remove fins and bones, which belongs to? Whole food? , comprehensive nutrition, conducive to human immune function and longevity.
Each hundred grams of whitebait can supply 407 kilocalories, which is almost 5-6 times that of ordinary edible fish; Its calcium content is as high as 76 1 mg, which is the highest among fish.
Whitebait is especially suitable for people with physical weakness, malnutrition, dyspepsia, hyperlipidemia, spleen and stomach weakness, lung deficiency, cough, fatigue and other symptoms.
[Attribute] Sweet in taste and flat in nature. It can benefit the spleen and stomach, replenish qi and moisten the lungs.
[Reference] contains protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin B 1, B2 and nicotinic acid.
[Usage] Used for spleen and stomach weakness and dyspepsia; Infantile malnutrition and malnutrition; Exhaustive cough, dry cough without phlegm.
[Usage] Cook soup and add it to dishes.
Matching should be avoided.
Gold collocation
Whitebait and bracken have the effects of losing weight, tonifying deficiency and strengthening stomach;
Taboo collocation
Whitebait plus licorice is not good for health;
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