Morality is an important part of developing advanced culture and forming human civilization, especially spiritual civilization. We usually talk about morality.
It refers to the principles and standards that people should follow in their behavior. The definition of morality can be summarized as follows: morality is a certain social and class orientation.
A special code of conduct put forward by people to deal with various relationships between individuals and between individuals and society.
This concept shows that morality is a code of conduct that takes good and evil as the standard and regulates the relationship between people and between individuals and society.
Fan. Morality always promotes good and suppresses evil. Morality is different from law. It is judged according to public opinion, traditional culture and living habits.
A person's quality is mainly maintained by his conscious inner thoughts.
The word morality has a long history. As early as more than two thousand years ago, the word "virtue" appeared in China's ancient works.
Language. "Tao" represents the law of movement and change of things; "Virtue" is to divide people according to its rules after understanding "Tao".
The relationship between them is handled properly. From Confucius, the founder of Confucianism in China, a great thinker and educator, for thousands of years.
People have always attached importance to moral issues.
translate freely
(1) Moral conduct; Especially good conduct. See the entry "Morality (1)". Example: Morality | Public Morality | Moral Education | Having both ability and political integrity.
(2) friendship; Grace. Example: Merit | Accumulated Virtue | Gratitude | On Pan Geng's "Kindness as the Heart, Virtue for the People".
(3) mind; Faith. Example: unite as one | centrifugal separation from Germany.
(4) Feeling virtuous. Example: Zuo Zhuan has been in public office for three years. ""What about virtue? "
(5) the essence of things. Example: On the Inheritance of Nation and the Origin of Language by Zhang, "Reality, morality and career are inseparable."
(6) The abbreviation of Germany.
(7) surname.
The respected #dé gāo wàng zhòng has a high moral character and an outstanding reputation. Often used to praise the elderly.
[Example] Mr. Li is a respected elder and enjoys a high reputation in education and science.
= = = = = = = = = = = = More information about this word = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
"Women are virtuous without talent" is an ancient feudal proverb.
Today, when China stands on its own feet among the nations of the world as a "state of etiquette" or inherits traditional morality, should we also examine this old saying?
This old saying not only reflects the discrimination against women in feudal society, but also reflects the dual values and moral standards of men and women in patriarchal culture. More importantly, it is also a means of feudal rule, that is, women's "virtue" and "talent" are closely linked, and women are deprived of their right to education on the grounds of "virtue", which makes women in an ignorant position, thus causing China women to be "ignorant for thousands of years". The state of "women are empty" (The Story of Big Dai Li), whether unmarried or married, is mostly ignorant, empty-headed and ignorant-in order to ensure the dominance of male chauvinism and the oppression and control of women.
The earliest origin of "women without talent is virtue" is impossible to verify, but there is a similar saying consistent with its meaning: "philosophers become cities, women become cities"; "A wise woman is an owl" (owls and owls are extremely fierce birds, meaning vicious); There are also "bandits descended from the sky and were born of women", all of which belong to the Western Zhou Dynasty. It can be seen that it is not a good thing to think that men are smart and intelligent, and that women are smart and intelligent is the fundamental reason for disturbing the world, causing disasters and bringing disaster to the country and the people. According to these statements in the Book of Songs, it can be concluded that the concept of "female disaster theory" has a long history. In this sense, in order to prevent and prevent women from becoming smart, it has become a very important political issue to consolidate feudal rule, because it is directly related to the stability of the country. In order to prevent "intelligent women from entering the city", it is necessary to prevent women from becoming "intelligent women". The most important thing is to imprison them in the small circle of the family and let them be busy with family affairs all day, ignorant and indifferent. According to records, women in the Han Dynasty were forbidden to go out at the age of ten. They had to stay in the boudoir and learn a lot of "women's things" such as holding hemp, managing silk, weaving, making fermented sauce and wine pulp, so as to practice the basic skills needed for housework. After that, I got married at fifteen and at twenty. It can be seen that women in this era do not learn nothing, but act according to the role of "the man is the master and the woman is the master", so that women are "nothing more than drinking and drinking", that is, they are only allowed to learn housework skills, and they are not allowed to participate in the social education system to learn various cultural knowledge, especially about society, politics, economy, culture and ideology.
According to "Women's Commandments" written by Ban Zhao in the Eastern Han Dynasty, before marriage, women should not only practice housework skills, but also carry out so-called "women's education" to achieve the purpose of regulating women's words and deeds. The content of "women's education" is four aspects: women's morality, women's words, women's abilities and women's merits, which is the embodiment of feudal ethics and ethics. Therefore, "women's education" is by no means the same as "promoting women's education" in China's modern history. The purpose of "women's education" is just the opposite of "advocating women's education". Not to promote women's liberation, but to tighten the rope around women's necks. What is particularly striking is that the four aspects of "Women's Education" are expressed in the negative form of "unnecessary": "Women's virtues don't need to be clear and unique", "Women's words don't need to be eloquent", "Women's looks don't need to be beautiful" and "Women's merits don't need to be ingenious". Obviously, these disciplines require women not to do what they could have done, that is, pretend that they can't do it, let alone try to be the best and the best. These four "don't have to", especially "a woman's virtue needs to be clear and unique", not only confirm each other again with the statement that a woman without talent is a virtue, but also explicitly require women to try their best to "play dumb"-even if they are smart and have a mirror in their hearts, they should also show the appearance of being dull, slow, ignorant and weak, suppress themselves, belittle themselves and belittle themselves. Ban Zhao is the daughter of Ban Biao, a famous historian and writer, and her brother Ban Gu is also a famous historian. Although Ban Zhao is a woman, she benefits from her family background. Wen Hui is superior. She was once begged by Ma Rong, a great scholar, and was praised as "strange girl" by Chen Dongyuan, the author of China Women's History. Presumably, Ban Zhao himself, as a scholar, is fully aware of how many men's knowledge is actually under his own, and how many women are actually very smart. However, bound by the feudal ethics, Ban Zhao not only followed the Three Cardinals and the Five Permits, but was also invited to the harem to explain the female virtues to the concubines, and used his own literary thinking to systematize the feudal ethics in which men were superior to women and compiled the Female Commandment. This book, together with other works such as Biography of Woman and Women's Training, has become a model of "women's education" in feudal times, and has also become a thousand-year shackle firmly around the necks of women in China.
To do things that bind women, you must rely on women, alas!
In order to institutionalize the idea that "women are virtuous without talent", patriarchy also combined with Confucianism to vigorously promote the feudal ethics of "men and women are different" and "men and women should be guarded against", the core and most important of which is to prevent women from "adultery". To this end, it is very exaggerated to say that once a woman has knowledge, she may have a yearning for freedom and the ability to think, which is not only difficult to control, but also becomes "lewd", and then all kinds of "infidelity" occur. Historically, stories and legends of such female "womanizers" abound. For example, Zhuo Wenjun, a talented woman, was moved by the sound of Sima Xiangru's piano and eloped with it; Although Cai Wenji learned a lot, his feelings were complex and tender, and the result was three changes; Du Liniang and Cui Yingying, who read some literary "miscellaneous books" because of their written knowledge, became more sentimental and changed their temperament. Chun Qing germinated and put the rebellion against feudal ethics into action, and so on. Therefore, women have been deprived of the right to education for thousands of years, with the aim of shaping women into obedient slaves of feudal ethics.
morality
Virtue corresponds to Taoism and constitutes the core of Taoism. "Tao Te Ching, Moral Meaning" says that "morality is comprehensive, and its
Two meanings, one but not the same, two but not the other. "There are forty-one words" De "in the Tao Te Ching, in which" De "is put forward.
"Xuande", "Comte" and "Jide", but there is no specific explanation for the meaning of "De". fifth
Chapter 11 says: "Tao is born, livestock is virtuous, things are shaped, and potential is achieved." It is based on the respect and virtue of all things. Respect for the Tao,
Virtue is expensive, often natural. Among them, Tao and virtue are defined as "the growth of all things" and "livestock"
The relationship between nurturing everything. Therefore, it is generally believed that "virtue is the merit of Tao" (Korean) and "virtue is the use of Tao".
(Lu Deming) "Sages have different ways" (Su Zhe). Zhuangzi's "Heaven and Earth" said: "Tong
Those in heaven and on earth are also virtuous; He who walks in all things is also Tao. "and said:" shape is not Tao, life and morality are unknown. Living in poverty,
Just like Ming Dow, who is either the most kind or evil? Chen Guying, a contemporary China scholar studying in the United States, believes that when analyzing the concept of "virtue", it
There are three meanings: first, "the power of Tao is obvious in things"; Second, "lies in the way of all things, embodied in all things."
Now its attributes, that is, showing its virtue "; Third, "when the Tao is put into practice at the life level, it is called virtue", which is commonly said.
Man's "virtue" Early Taoism followed the pre-Qin Taoist theory. Taiping Dao Taiping Jing, Volumes 56-56.
Sixty-four said, "Tao, heaven, yang, the Lord's life;" Morality, land, yin and nurturing. ..... Mr. Wang is the main student.
Everything is born; Dexing is the Lord, everyone knows it, and there is no righteousness. Tao and virtue are also interpreted as "growth" here.
The relationship between "all things" and "nurturing all things" comes down in one continuous line with the thought of Tao Te Ching.
Starting from the social ideal of pursuing "peace", Taiping Dao extended the concept of "morality" to the social and political field.
It is considered that "the land is governed by virtue, so it is humiliated; It is more convenient to advance and retreat if people rule with peace. " "Those who govern the country by virtue advance and retreat twice." and
And "rule by virtue" is listed as the fourth law of "ten laws" to help emperors rule, which is second only to "rule by vitality, rule by nature and rule by Tao".
Taiping Jing holds that "virtue" and "punishment" are opposite, saying that "virtue and anger work together, so anger comes out and advances;
Punishment and murderous look have the same force, so murderous look comes out and enters. Virtue and heaven are in the same column, and punishment and land are in the same column. Virtue and reality
People are where they are, and punishment is where they are. Virtue often goes hand in hand with wealth, so if you are rich outside, you will get out, and if you are rich inside, you will get in, so winter will go and summer will come. Punishment and
Decline and death are in the same place, so winter comes out and summer comes in. The dead are clear, so the house is clear. Therefore, the virtue is the same as the emperor, so the king is out.
Yin, the inner king was punished; Punishment and villains are in the same place, so there is no scholar in my hometown. Where things go, they always return to the emperor.
Therefore, it is called the emperor; Punishment has never been in the same place as things, and there are no scholars, so it cannot be called a gentleman. "The gentleman's advice lies in" Tao "
Those who want the heart of heaven and earth should also cultivate "Tao" and "virtue" As for the skill of "being afraid of wisdom and cheating", they can only
Conquer those villains who have no words and deeds. The Taiping Jing also extends the viewpoint of moral "supporting" to personal cultivation and recognizes it.
Comments on "those who have no mechanical virtue are said to have no virtue", and those who have no virtue will be "good at hurting", so they are called "the image of fierce defeat".
It is "the name of the worst weak, poor and poor little people". This kind of person is "the sky doesn't like it, the earth doesn't like it, and people don't want to get close." they
"Harm for the king, disaster for the gentleman, ghosts and gods inherit heaven to teach, and soon rule." Laowu avenue
In China, there are many interpretations of "virtue". Note that "Xuande" means "Xuan, Heaven also". I have been practicing the law and want to teach others the law.
Also "; Note that "Changde" means "morality always exists", so it can be seen that "Five Records of Mi Dou" advocates "morality is one" and "virtue".
It means "morality".
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Taoist teachings focused on the construction of world outlook, social outlook and immortal outlook. Xi Shengjing
Explaining it with the relationship of body and function is the relationship between "Tao" and "virtue", saying that "Tao is based on inaction and virtue is based on benevolence". Liu Ren
The commentary will say: "Nothing is enlightenment." : Benevolence is virtue. "Virtue", that is, "Tao", is embodied in
The attribute of "thing"-"benevolence". There is also "Tao is not empty, but empty; Virtue is not desire.
God, God returns to himself ",and" I have no intention of leaving the ghosts and gods dormant. "God" here refers to both "God" and "God"
It means "God". Li Rong commented in the Tang Dynasty: "Virtue is wonderful when there is no Tao. After all, no dream is clear.
Quiet. If people can be humble and have no body, they will naturally return to the Tao; Hold the god and keep the wonderful, and naturally return to virtue. He also pointed out: "The sage has no intention,
If you can't afford to be greedy, the Tao is in yourself, and the virtue stops at the body, so you say: stay. Use the Tao, then the Tao flows far and near;
Huaide, then Dezang, is not only where people belong, but also where ghosts and gods belong. "Therefore, people can return to the Tao,
Return to virtue. Morality is the foundation of human spirit, which makes ghosts and gods submit. However, in the same period, Taoism in Jiangnan was mostly
Explain "virtue" from the general concept of "morality". Ge Hong's "Bao Pu Zi Nei Bian" requires individuals to "accumulate good deeds", which
A "virtue" is interpreted as "accumulating virtue to do good, being kind to things, being lenient with others, enjoying their blessings, caring for their sufferings and worrying about their urgency,
Save a life ",and the ruler and loyal minister of the country should cultivate themselves; As for peace, "Dao Pu De Yi". the Tang Dynasty
Generation, Taoism doctrine system gradually enriched and complete. Wu Yun said in Metaphysics: "Try to discuss it, heaven and earth, people,
Ghosts and gods, ghosts and gods, can not be separated from Tao, no virtue. Wu Yun thought, "What is virtue?" Heaven and earth, yin and yang
With five elements and four latitudes, Mu Zhi takes Jun as a teacher, nurtures Jun by teachers, and nurtures Jun by calming Ming Dow. Liu Ze is endless,
The students in the group don't know Xie Qigong; People don't know how to rely on their strength, which is the so-called virtue. "This will be the Yin and Yang of heaven and earth.
All products are regarded as "morality", including "ghosts and gods". After the Tang and Song Dynasties, Taoist teachings were emphatically discussed.
An annoying question. Song Huizong has a preface in the Western Ascension Classic, which says:
"Everything is the Tao, and the Tao is what I call the virtue. Morality is inherent in people. " This will "Tao"
And "virtue" is considered to be a talent that people have. In ancient times, "virtue" and "virtue" were interlinked, so Wang Daoyuan, a bastard, thought:
"Virtue, also, the hiding of the heart, the blending of sex, the principle of starting things." Some saints with "virtue",
"A saint who never shows virtue, hiding in the dark, pure and radiant, devoted to softness, like a baby", and "virtuous",
"Obsessing on it, only in the world, is gain or loss, and the theory is promoted above self-virtue, with wisdom as the cover." Therefore, there are
A virtuous person should be "virtuous and simple, like a child, and a child is like a newborn". Thinking:
"Too YuXiuZhen, can't wait.
My generation wants to return to its roots, but it's not that simple after all. Today, the mind has no owner, and it is naturally restless and safe.
Shen Yuan is so quiet, his vitality is so weak, he is like a child. "In the Tang Dynasty, the inner alchemist practiced Taoism and personal inner alchemy.
The combination of "Tao" and "destiny" is considered as "virtue". Sima Chengzhen once said: "The living is the great virtue of heaven,
The great joy of the earth is also the great happiness of people. Also known as: "health, be careful not to get lost;" Be careful not to lose your life. Peaceful communication
Life is born with each other, and life is born with the Tao. The two are inseparable, and then it is long-lasting. He who speaks for a long time gains the quality of Tao. "So,
"Adults contain light and hide it, so as to be fully prepared, concentrate on treasures, and have no intention to learn Taoism. It is called the Tao." Qing dynasty Dao
Liu Huayang, a scholar and famous Neidan, said: "Tao is virtue, and virtue is the body of Tao. People can understand their virtues, but they are self-sufficient. "
Now, the body depends on its own way, but runs and transports itself. This is called quietness, feeling and energy. Also known as "Ancient Yun Sheng: Virtue,
The ear of performance. No way, no virtue, no way and no owner.
Seeking morality outside the Tao is far from morality; Peide, the prefect, has made great contributions. "Liu Huayang once used" morality "in the practice of internal revision.
The concept of "using the body" guides his internal cultivation, saying: "I tried to look at it from the inside unintentionally, and looked for it from the outside without body, but I could hardly find it.
It feels like a dream, empty, like fish walking with water, like smoke in a fog, a group of people rush to the world of Rongwei, but people can't go deep, so
The natural way is delicious. "Other internal scholars understand and interpret the Tao Te Ching from the perspective of internal cultivation and put the theory of internal cultivation into practice.
Under the system of Taoist teachings. Liu, a Taoist priest in the Qing Dynasty and a famous painter of Inner Dan, emphasized Inner Dan in "Nine Essentials of Determining Truth".
Practice must "accumulate virtue and practice", thinking that "virtue" means "helping the elderly and the poor, taking care of the widowed, taking medicine and giving up tea, building bridges and roads,
Helping the poor and needy, attaching importance to wealth and righteousness, and facilitating wide travel ",saying that" Taoist people are their own business; Virtue is a human matter. The cultivation has been exhausted.
And the accumulation of virtue is endless, lamenting that "the accumulation of virtue is a matter of one's own life; Tao teaches immortal things. Want to cultivate without accumulating virtue,
Personnel can't, how can the immortal road be achieved? "Liu in the book" difficult to argue ",completely from it.
From Dan Xue's point of view. He believes: "Born to be completely virtuous; Congenital loss is the virtue of the next. " The so-called "congenital"
"All" means that "a person who is physically prepared and psychologically prepared has never been hurt by yang", that is, "the innate yang has never been hurt". The so-called "congenital deficiency",
That is, "sex has dispersed, the five elements are divided, the four elephants are not harmonious, and Gem is lost." Liu also criticized some at that time.
The fallacy of the Dan family is that "those who leak sperm are virtuous, and those who are perfect are virtuous." Therefore, in the practice of Neidan family,
In the theoretical system, "virtue" has evolved into a synonym for "essence" and "congenital yang"
Morality is essentially a kind of value. The "virtue" of "women without talent is virtue" essentially embodies and defends the interests of men in feudal society, and is also a concentrated expression of their values.
Morality is a universally binding code of conduct that people gradually form according to their needs in real life.
It has a good mass base and is often widely spread, forming a * * * knowledge.
It must be distinguished from the law, both of which are codes of conduct, but the law is guaranteed by the state's coercive power, and morality is the contract of the soul, which can only be consciously observed by people, so the binding force is much weaker than the law, and the power of morality is realized by public opinion. The formation is different. Morality is a custom rule gradually established in life, while the law is formulated by the state. Represents different interests. Law is generally a powerful tool for those in power to manage, while morality is the embodiment of the interests of the masses in life, which has a certain gap.
For people, there should be no ultimate morality, because morality does not have the ability of law. If there is, it can only be the combination of people's moral level and law and become the final form-law. Then it is not pure morality. Or an individual with a firm moral character, perhaps barely the best position.