In 67 AD, a famous classical scholar from ancient India came to Luoyang, China to preach for the first time. At that time, China society believed in Confucianism and Taoism, and was skeptical and negative about the Buddhist scriptures handed down by them. So they held a Dafa meeting, from the emperor to the people, and the whole city was sensational. They threw books of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism into the fire. As a result, the classics of Confucianism and Taoism are all gone. Only when Buddhist scriptures become fresher and cleaner, they jump into flames and make all kinds of amazing gestures. Later, there was the idiom "the true classics of fire", and "incredible" was the reason.
(2) An Shigao (date of birth and death unknown) Figure: Traveling eastward.
The prince of Guqu Kingdom (present-day Iran) is extremely clever, and he knows all about birds and animals. Later, he gave the throne to his uncle and became a monk. In 147, Dongyue Desert came to China. The introduction of Hinayana into systematic translation is the originator of Buddhist scripture translation in China. In China for more than 20 years, he translated 34 Buddhist scriptures and 40 volumes. In the last years of Emperor Ling (189), he fled Jiangnan, went to Guangzhou via Lushan Mountain, and finally stopped.
(3) Stone (3 12—385) Figure: Stone refused to seal.
An outstanding Buddhist scholar in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was known as the "Bodhisattva with Indian Hands". /kloc-became a monk at the age of 0/2. At the age of 24, he worshipped the Buddha Tucheng as a monk and advocated that monks and nuns take "Shi" as their surname. He taught thousands of monks and nuns in Chong Wang Temple, which had a great influence. Fu Jian, king of Qin, not only asked him for Buddha, but also often asked him for political advice. At that time, Fu Jian in the north competed with Hou Lu, a senior official of Jinjingshi in the south, and he was unmoved. He has outstanding achievements and insights in laying the foundation for the development of Buddhism in China, and has become a lifelong teacher.
(4) Fotucheng (232-348) Figure: Fotucheng stopped killing.
Kucha people from the Western Regions (now Kuqa, Xinjiang) came to Luoyang in Yongjia four years of the Western Jin Dynasty (3 10) and won the trust of Schleswig and Shi Hu with their magical skills. He often participated in military and political affairs, and repeatedly advised Shi to "de-moralize" and "not kill", not to be tyrannical and not to harm others with Buddhism. With his influence and wisdom, he advised Shi to stop killing, and Shi regarded him as a man of god from now on. He used his intelligence and position to build 839 temples in Chaoting and counties, reaching the highest number since Buddhism was introduced to China, with more than 10,000 disciples. When he died, 1 17.
(5) Hui Yuan (334-416) Photography: San Xiao, West Lake.
An outstanding monk in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Social instability in the Eastern Jin Dynasty led him to avoid the world and repeatedly refused official recommendation. He became a monk from Dao 'an at the age of 2 1, insisting that monks who became monks did not bow to the emperor. At the same time, he advocated harmonious coexistence with Confucianism and Taoism for the first time, which was highly praised by emperors and generals and made Buddhism develop in an all-round way. He is the ancestor of the Pure Land Sect of Buddhism, and he made friends with all social strata in a "non-party" manner. He lives in Lushan Mountain, and he has never crossed Tiger Creek. Even if Emperor Jin 'an passed by, he wouldn't accept it or send it. But neither he nor the famous scholar Xie Lingyun felt that he sent it to Huxi. The three of them laughed heartily. Hui Yuan is a monk who is good at absorbing the thoughts of famous scholars. He was honored as a "master of discernment" and "master of conscience" in the Tang Dynasty and a "master of Chinese studies" in the Song Dynasty.
(6) Faxian (about 337- about 422) Map: 1, Westbound Wan Li 2, which is famous throughout the ages.
People from the Eastern Jin Dynasty, an arduous and great traveler and outstanding Buddhist translator in ancient China, set out from Chang 'an at the age of 62, crossed the Great Gobi, passed through more than 30 countries in the western regions, and narrowly died in the Himalayas, with a journey of tens of thousands of miles. After 14 years, it arrived in Laoshan, Qingdao, Shandong Peninsula in April12 years. He not only brought back dozens of Brahma Buddhist scriptures, but also translated dozens of volumes. And wrote China's first travel book, Buddhism. Later generations commented that Fa Xian was able to complete such a difficult journey because: first, he was ambitious, determined to seek the law, and if he had ambition, he would have sincerity; Secondly, he is sincere and sincere, and the stone is open; Third, he has courage. Although his life is dying, he can be indomitable regardless of his safety. This is really commendable, and later generations are deeply impressed by him.
(7) Kumarajiva (343-4 13) map: translating classics overnight.
Gu Qiuci is one of the forty translators of Buddhism in China. At the age of 7, he became a monk with his mother. He is proficient in Mahayana and Hinayana classics and has a high level of Chinese accomplishment. Therefore, the Buddhist scriptures he translated are especially loved by the Buddhist scriptures in Middle-earth. For the later Buddhist literature, the transplantation and dissemination of Mahayana basic teachings contributed greatly. From 40 1 to Chang 'an, more than 300 volumes have been translated. The classics he translated had a great influence on the later development of Buddhism in China, which provided a basis for the establishment of Tiantai Sect and Pure Land Sect.
(8) bodhidharma? —528) Photo: 1, a reed crossing the river 2, Dharma facing the wall
The third son of the ancient South Indian Jade King, he decided to go to China to promote Mahayana Buddhism. According to the historical records of Zen Buddhism, he is the 28th founder after Sakyamuni and the first founder of Zen Buddhism in China.
After arriving in Jinling, he talked with Liang Wudi about Zen and made up his mind to cross the river and spread it to the north. It is said that when Dharma crossed the river, people on the west bank wanted to see the skill of this distant monk, so they deliberately left the dock. Dharma borrowed a reed from an old woman, put it in the river, stood on the reed, and soon drifted to the north shore. He saluted the old woman across the river and pushed the reed across the river.
After crossing the river, Dharma stopped at the Shaolin Temple in Songshan Mountain, closed his eyes and meditated against the stone wall in the cave halfway up Wurufeng Mountain. Day after day, year after year, facing the stone wall for 9 years, he finally realized the Zen machine. Legend has it that when Dharma ended his meditation, his figure was printed on the stone wall. Later generations called the cave Dharma Cave, and the wall stone was called the face wall stone.
(9) Daosheng (the year of birth and death is unknown) Figure: The stubborn stone nods.
Monks in the Eastern Jin Dynasty are extremely clever, and they can teach at the age of 15. After studying in Roche for many years, I have a deep understanding of the purpose of the Buddha. According to Buddhism, "all beings can become Buddhas". He put forward the view that "anyone can become a Buddha with one explanation", which was unheard of at that time. Conservative people called him a heresy and misled people, so they drove him out of the monk and out of Jiankang. It is said that when he arrived in Suzhou, he firmly believed that his theory was correct, so he set up a stone on the Tiger Hill in Suzhou as an audience and preached to the stone. When talking about "explanation also has Buddha nature", he asked Shi: "Is what I said in line with Buddha's heart?" All the stones nodded in agreement. This is the famous allusion of "giving birth to a public opinion and nodding with a stubborn stone". Later, the Nirvana Sutra spread to the south, and monks really called it "Buddha nature" to praise the outstanding knowledge of Daosheng.
(10) Zhiyi (538—597) Photo: Dream Bench Roof.
A monk in the Sui Dynasty was the founder of Tiantai Sect in China. He preached for more than 30 years and founded Tiantai Sect, which is the first Sect in the history of Buddhism in China. Tiantai Sect is based on Hokkekyo, so Tiantai Sect is also called Fahua Sect. He built 36 temples in his life and taught himself 14000 monks. There are many works, which have a great influence in the history of Buddhism in China (Chishan Fahua Academy belongs to Tiantai Sect).
(1 1) Ji Zang (549-623) Figure: Zongdalunzong
Persia (now Iran), a native of Jinling, is the founder of the "Three Debates" and a great master. Because the "three theories" said "eight noes" at the beginning, meaning "everything is empty", but the Sui and Tang emperors did not accept this idea, but it could not have as far-reaching influence as Tiantai Sect and soon declined. However, Ji Zang's erudition was respected by emperors Chen, Sui and Tang. Sanlun Sect was later introduced to Japan from Korea by his disciple Guan Hui. He flourished in Korea for a while and was called the ancestor of Sanlun Sect in Japan.
(12) Daoxuan (596-667) Figure: Nanshan Textual Research Method
A monk in the Tang Dynasty, the founder of Famen Nanshan School in China. Law is discipline, which is very important to Buddhism, because he lived in Zhong Nanshan for a long time and established his legal norms in the mountains. Therefore, the world called him "Nanshan lawyer", and the "four-point method" he established became the norm of later generations. He is also a Buddhist historian and has written many books.
(13) Xuanzang (600-664) Figure: 1, going its own way, 2, bullying thieves, 3, historical sites
A monk in the Tang Dynasty was one of the four great translators of Buddhism in China and the founder of Faxiangzong. /kloc-became a monk at the age of 0/3. Wan Li, 29, went through hardships in the desert of Xiyue, with a round trip to 17, a trip to Vandory, and a trip to 138 countries. After returning to China, he wrote 12 volume "Records of the Western Regions of Datang", with thousands of students. When he was in India, he had a debate with 18 kings, more than 4,000 monks and more than 2,000 heretics in the debate contest in the city of girls. No one can oppose his teaching, which makes him famous all over India. After returning to China, he founded the only bosom friend. Xuanzang is an outstanding translator. He translated 75 volumes 1335 in his life, which can be said to be unprecedented. He is a famous monk in the East, an outstanding thinker and a world-famous traveler. He occupies an important position in the history of Buddhism, philosophy, culture and communication between China and foreign countries in China.
In 664, Xuanzang died in the Yuhua Palace Dojo in Chang 'an, and Tang Gaozong went to North Korea in grief. Mourners reached more than one million people within 500 miles of the capital, which was blocked.
(14) Three Masters of Kaiyuan (713-741) Photo: Three Masters of Tantric Buddhism.
During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, three Indian monks, Samamitabha, King Kong Zhi and Bukong, founded Tantric Buddhism. They were all foreign eminent monks who came to China in the Tang Dynasty and systematically spread Indian Tantra to China, so they were called "the three masters of Kaiyuan".
Xu Bodhi, a Tianzhu person, is a descendant of Wang Fan, the uncle of Sakyamuni. Soon after he became king, he gave way to his brother. He became a monk himself. At the age of 80, he was ordered to teach Hong in China, and Tang Xuanzong regarded him as a Buddhist. He was 99 years old. In the fourth year after Samamitabha came to China, another Indian monk, King Kong Zhi, took his disciples through Guangzhou. Directly into Luoyang, was named a Buddhist by Xuanzong Li. His disciple Bukong is the most accomplished and influential of the three great scholars. After the death of King Kong, he was ordered to sail to Lion Country (present-day Sri Lanka) with the credentials of the Tang Dynasty, and collected more than 1000 volumes of esoteric classics. Tianbao returned to Chang 'an five years ago, translating scriptures and teaching Buddhism. In 774, he died at the age of 70. Translate 77 Tantric Classics in a lifetime, 100 volumes. Therefore, he was called one of the "Four Interpreters of China" by later generations, and was honored as a national teacher by Xuanzong, Suzong and Daizong dynasties.
(15) Huineng (638-731) Figure: Mana Killer
Monk in Tang Dynasty, founder of Nanzong Zen. Lu, ancestral home, Lingnan people. He lost his father when he was three years old. In the first year of Yifeng (676), he met the Indian master in Huozhuoji, Nanhai, and became the sixth ancestor of Zen. In the history of Buddhism in China, only Master Huineng, who founded the paternal sect, was born in poverty. He has an important position and far-reaching influence not only in the history of Buddhism in China, but also in the history of philosophy in China. Chasing for the "Great Zen Master".
(16) Fazang (643——7 12) Photo: Bodhisattva Hua Yan.
A monk in the Tang Dynasty, whose common surname was Kang, was given the name Xianshou, or "Xianshou Master", and later changed his name to "Kangzang layman". The actual founder of "Hua Yanzong". /kloc-When he was 0/7 years old, he studied Huayan Jing from Yunhua Temple, and studied Gaozong, Wu Zetian and Zhongzong in Yunhua Temple. He died in the first year of Zong Rui's birth (AD 7 12) at the age of 70. Fazang made a lifelong contribution to the establishment and promotion of Hua Yanzong. He has written many books and systematically expounded Hua Yanzong's ideological system. Wu Zetian called Fazang "the third ancestor of Hua Yan" and gave him the title of "sage and bodhisattva" in Hua Yan Jing.
(17) First line (683-727) Figure: Looking at the sky at night.
A monk in the Tang Dynasty, a famous astronomer, was also the organizer of tantric teachings. Born in the first year of Emperor Gaozong Hongdao. He died in kaiyuan 15 of Xuanzong at the age of 45. He died as a "great master".
A line whose real name is Zhang, whose real name is Sui, is a hero in the early Tang Dynasty and a descendant of Zhang. When I was young, I studied classics and history, especially the study of Yin-Yang and Five Elements. 2 1 year-old became a monk, participated in the translation field in Sumitomo Buddha, and wrote twenty volumes of Da Sun Jing. He is the author of 20 volumes of Dayan Calendar, 52 volumes of Kaiyuan Dayan Calendar, 3 volumes of Seven Political Calendars, Book of Changes 12 and Arithmetic 1 volume. The bank also made the armillary sphere and the ecliptic instrument. Using these instruments, a team discovered the movement of stars. This is earlier than the western stars put forward their own views 1000 years. He initiated astronomical observation at the national 12 site and calculated the length equivalent to meridian latitude, which was 90 years earlier than that in the west. Joseph Needham of Britain praised him as "one of the greatest astronomers and mathematicians in the history of China" in the book History of Science and Technology in China. His outstanding contribution to China's ancient science, technology and culture will go down in history forever.
(18) Huaihai (720——8 14) Photography: Du Laohu, Zen master of Baizhang.
The Zen master in the Tang Dynasty was called "Baizhang Zen Master" because he taught his younger brother in Baizhang Mountain. In the past, Zen monks lived in Dharma Temple. Huaihai established Zen Temple because of the different habits between Zen and Dharma School, and formulated the rules of Zen, which was later called Baizhang Qinggui. After Tang Muzong's death, he was known as "Great Wisdom Zen Master". Due to the strength of Hai Huai, Mazu School formed the Hongzhou School with many disciples. Because he once had an adventure with the old fox in his missionary work, the Zen master of later generations called it "Wild Fox Zen".
The origin of "wild Zen fox" is like this. Every time Huaihai goes to the lecture hall, there is an old man who listens among monks. One day, when Master Baizhang finished practicing Buddhism, all the monks dispersed, and only the old man stayed in the meditation room and refused to leave. Huaihai approached and asked, "What advice does the old benefactor have?" The old man responded with a gift and said, "I am not an ordinary person, I am the embodiment of the wild fox!" " "He said intermittently," I was originally a yogi, just because a young Taoist asked me a question:' Is it possible for a person with high practice not to fall into the cycle of cause and effect and become a long-lived immortal without life and death? "At that time, I told him without thinking:' People who practice a lot will certainly not fall into a causal cycle'. As a result, I was wrong. As time went by, a wild fox appeared in my meditation place! It handcuffed me and said gruffly, "You are a member of our wild fox country. "I became a wild fox and lived a dark life. To this day, I can't be detached. Where did I go wrong? Please ask the master for advice, and I am grateful! "
"It's not that you don't fall into a causal cycle, but you don't fall into a causal cycle!" Hai Huai said without hesitation.
Then he explained: "the greatness of a saint does not lie in his breaking away from the cycle of cause and effect and becoming an immortal, or a monster with ever-changing gods." Because he is in the causal cycle, but he is not fooled by it. So ... the holy one falls into cause and effect but doesn't know cause and effect! "
"The holy one can't transcend the cycle of life and death? Why did you get sick and die? " The old man asked suspiciously.
"This is where a saint is a saint!" As far as the Buddha is concerned, he could have fled to the deep mountains to meditate and amuse himself, and he could have ascended to heaven to enjoy his old age. However, he refused. In order to unite all beings in the cycle of life and death, he would rather endure the torture of disease and life and death and stay in the world to share joys and sorrows with us. "
When the old man heard this, a little red light appeared on his thin face. He knelt down and said with tears, "Thank you, Master, for enlightening me and getting rid of the wild fox. At sunrise tomorrow morning, the disciple will degenerate and beg the master to collect the body for his disciple and bury him as a monk. " After that, he disappeared behind an ancient Matsushita temple.
The next day, Huaihai summoned the Zen monks of the whole temple and came to the ancient Matsushita. Sure enough, he saw a wild fox lying on the ground. Huaihai ordered the monks to bury them under the Gu Song with the ceremony of their death. Later, he asked someone to set up a stone tablet, which read: Fox Fairy Tomb!
One day, a monk named Bo Huang Xi Yun (who later became a proud disciple of Huaihai Gate) came to Huaihai and asked him, "Master, if this yogi was right then, where should he be now?"
"Come here, I'll tell you!" Huaihai beckoned and said.
I saw Berberis approaching Baizhang, and the arrow slapped Baizhang! Instead of being angry, Huaihai clapped his hands and laughed and said, "I was going to slap you, but I didn't expect you to be worse than me." Say that finish this mentoring two people laugh into a heap.
This story also shows his originality and Zen. Because of the real liberation, the real Buddha has no form, so he has no direction and can't ask him where he is. Huang Berberis knew this, but he deliberately asked the master this unreasonable question, so Huaihai said he would slap him. But it was because Berberis Huang knew the absurdity of the problem and that Master would hit him that he slapped him first! Although there is severity between master and apprentice in Zen, there is also humor between Huaihai and Huang Bai.
(19) Dao Ji (1 148- 1209) Photography: Jigong Living Buddha.
Li Xiuyuan, an eminent monk in the Southern Song Dynasty, is internationally known as "Jigong". Born in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province in the early Southern Song Dynasty. Shishou 6 1 year. Buddhists mythologized him as an arhat and called him "Dragon-dropping". Because he punished the evil and promoted the good all his life, and helped the world, later generations compiled this unruly Lohan into various legendary stories, and now there are as many as six or seven kinds circulating in the world, so it can be said that the living Buddha of Jigong is a household name in China.
(20) Hongyi (1880-1942) Figure: Buddha saves the country.
Li Shutong, whose real name is Hongyi, is a famous scholar and monk in modern China. He is a talented scholar who knows classics, calligraphy, painting, printing, music and drama like the back of his hand. /kloc-studied in Japan in 0/905, and after returning to China in 0/910, he founded Meiwen Society with Liu Yazi and others as editor-in-chief of Mei Wen magazine. 19 18 became a monk in Hangzhou. In 1930s, when the Japanese invaded China, Li Shutong forgot the fate of the country and did not continue to believe in Buddhism. He loudly put forward the slogan of "Remembering Buddha to save the country and not forgetting to remember Buddha" and actively participated in the anti-Japanese national salvation movement, which had a great influence in the religious circles. Since then, many Buddhist children have not only promoted anti-Japanese, but also left their jobs. 1942, Li Shutong died in Quanzhou at the age of 66. Buddhism respects him as "the method of reviving Nanshan 1 1 acting as the founder".
(2 1) Jian Zhen (688—763) Photo: Du Dong, Jian Zhen.
Monks in the Tang Dynasty, also known as "masters crossing the sea" and "great monks in the Tang Dynasty". A monk in the Tang Dynasty, the ancestor of Japanese legalists. Born in Jiangyang County, Yangzhou, the common name is Chunyu. He became a monk in his early years and became an authority on the Southern Commandments at the age of 45. He appointed 40000 disciples. In the first year of Tang Tianbao (742), at the invitation of Japanese monks studying abroad, they went to Du Dong to preach. In this way, at the age of 55, Jian Zhen began his feat of going east in the history of light, and struggled for it for 12 years. During the period of 12, Jian Zhen and his party made six trips to the east, but the first five failed. When crossing the sea for the fifth time, 36 people died before and after drifting to Zhou Zhen (now Ya County) of Hainan Island due to the storm. More than 200 people left because of setbacks, and Jian Zhen himself became blind. However, Jian Zhen's belief in teaching Buddhism in Du Dong remains unshakable. In 753, he traveled eastward again. After drifting for more than a month, he finally arrived at Lukong Island in the south of Kyushu, Japan, and introduced all the civilizations of the Tang Dynasty to Japan at that time, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of Japanese culture. First of all, fundamental changes have taken place in Japanese Buddhism. With the efforts of Jian Zhen and his disciples, Japanese Legalists were formally established. He is the ancestor of the Japanese Legalist school who officially preached Buddhism, and was awarded the title of "exorcist" by the Japanese emperor. It has made indelible contributions to Sino-Japanese culture, medicine, architecture, communication and friendly exchanges.