The literary inquisition in Shunzhi dynasty
The literary inquisition in the Qing Dynasty began in the fourth year of Shunzhi-a Buddhist letter in Guangdong can record the tragic Shunzhi rebellion against the Qing people.
The historical manuscript of the story, Bian Ji, was captured by Qing soldiers at the gate of Nanjing. After a year of torture, he was exiled to Shenyang. The following year, there was Preface to Fang seal cutting, written by Fang seal cutting without the title of Shunzhi, which was regarded as an unforgivable article about orthodoxy by Gang Lin, a great scholar. Provisions: "From now on, China ink stick bamboo slips can only be published after being edited and reviewed by courtiers, and other miscellaneous manuscripts of the Housing Department are prohibited." From then on, the censor of speech in Qing Dynasty was born, the autocracy of censorship of speech and publication in China began, and China people's "freedom of speech and human rights" greatly regressed.
The literary inquisition in Kangxi dynasty
Compared with Yongzheng and Qianlong dynasties, the literary inquisition in Kangxi dynasty was not very serious, but it also killed a large number of literati. The Ming History Case started with Zhuang Ting's Ming History Case, but it is said that Zhu Guozhen, the cabinet record of Ming Xi Zong Tianqi Dynasty, was excluded by Wei Zhongxian and returned to his hometown of Wucheng, Zhejiang Province, and fabricated Kangxi.
A book "The Emperor and the History of Ming Dynasty" was published, and the unpublished manuscript included "Biography of Officials in Past Dynasties". After the death of the Ming Dynasty, there was a rich man named Zhuang Tingzhen in Huzhou, Zhejiang. He is blind, and he was inspired by "Zuo Qiu was blind, but he lost his Mandarin". He also wants to write a history handed down from generation to generation. However, he was not familiar with historical events, so he bought historical manuscripts from Zhu Guozhen's descendants and recruited talents who were interested in compiling the history of Jiangnan Ming Dynasty to supplement the history of Chongzhen Dynasty and Nanming Dynasty. When talking about the history of Nanming, he still respects the name of the Ming Dynasty, refuses to admit the orthodoxy of the Qing Dynasty, and mentions the fact that Nuzhen was founded in the late Ming Dynasty, such as writing Nuerhachi's name directly, stating that Li killed Nuerhachi's father and brother, scolding Shang Kexi and Geng as "thieves" in the Qing Dynasty, and writing that the Qing army used "Yi Kou" when entering the customs. These are all very important things in the Qing court. After the publication of Ming History, there was nothing at first, but only a few years later, a few shameless villains tried to blackmail the publisher, which caused an accident. Zhuang Tingyi, the person in charge at that time, had been dead for many years, and his father relied on the money to buy off the government and fight back the blackmailers one by one. I don't want a small official named Wu Zhirong to report to Beijing angrily. Ao Bai and others were so interested that they issued a decree to investigate the matter. So people related to Zhuang's Ming History are in big trouble. In the second year of Kangxi (1663), on May 26th, in the scenic Hangzhou city, the Qing army took more than 70 people (they wrote prefaces, proofread and even sold books, bought books, printed lettering and local officials) to "commit" the Ming history case, and at the same time, they were in Bijiao Square. Zhuang Ting, the "principal offender", opened the coffin and slaughtered the corpse according to "Big Violation", and hundreds of people were implicated and exiled. The case of "Ming History" set a bad precedent of "anti-writing" to ask for bribes. Some villains followed Wu Zhirong's example and found fault with other people's books, which was far-fetched, calling them "anti-writing" and extorting money all over the sky. For example, Sun Qifeng's Shen Jia Da Ji was accused of commemorating the demise of the Ming Dynasty, so Sun Qifeng was taken to Beijing for detention and released after being rescued. Later, the gangsters simply made their own books and listed their names on whoever they wanted to blackmail. It depends on who is the most courageous and whose heart is the darkest, such as Shen Tianfu, Xia Yi, Zhou Yi and others. They carved a book of poetry, which was compiled by Chen Jisheng under the guise of more than 700 celebrities from all over the country. In the sixth year of Kangxi (1667), Shen Tianfu went to the cabinet Wu Yuanlai's house to ask for 2,200 taels of silver, but was refused. So he reported the book to the official, and the truth came out after the trial of the punishments, and Shen Tianfu was beheaded in Xicheng. In the fifth year of Kangxi (1666), the Huang case occurred in Shandong. Huang Pei, a native of Jimo, Shandong Province, was a royal guard in the late Ming Dynasty. After his death, he lived in seclusion at home. Huang Pei's anti-Qing national thoughts are reflected in his poems, such as "Banana leaves the sea, the sun and the moon shine in Shandong", "Loulan was killed and refused to return, so he gave the golden emblem to the fighters", "There is no fireworks in Pingsha, and I think the love rainbow is flying from the north". The person suing is Huang, the grandson of his handmaiden Huang Kuan. Huang, whose real name is Jiang, accused the Huang family of privately engraving and collecting "rebellious" poems and books in order to return to the family and remove the title of master and servant. As a result, fourteen people, including Huang Pei, were arrested, imprisoned and beheaded. Jiang was not enough, and he wrote an article entitled "North-South Communication" in conjunction with the wicked, accusing Gu and others of "abandoning ministers because of their ignorance" and those who had second thoughts about the Qing court. The communication between the north and the south is either plotting rebellion or slandering the imperial court. In this insidious article, about 300 people were named in an attempt to make a big case against Chiang Kai-shek. The case was indeed brought to the point where it was ordered to be handled, and the governor and governor of Shandong also personally asked questions. Gu was imprisoned for nearly seven months before he was released after Zhu Yizun and others rescued him everywhere. Dai Mingshi was indignant at the Qing court's wanton tampering with the history of Ming Dynasty. He wrote Nanshan Collection, which recorded the history of the late Ming Dynasty, by visiting the old people of the Ming Dynasty and consulting written materials. Fifty years after Kangxi (17 1 1), the book was denounced ten years after it was printed. Because the title of Nanming was used in the book and Dourgen's misconduct was involved, Emperor Kangxi was very angry and ordered Dai Mingshi to be executed that year. All the men in Dai's family were beheaded,/kloc-all men and women under 0/5 were sent to be slaves to the heroes of Qing Dynasty. The fellow villager once provided the reference material "Notes on Guizhou and Guangxi" and was also sentenced to Dai Mingshi; Dai's relatives who have titles will be deleted; Wang Hao, Fang Bao and Roy, who prefaced Nanshan Collection, were executed. Founder Yu, You and others donated money to publish Nanshan Collection and sent Ningguta to join the army with his wife and children. More than 300 people were involved in Nanshan Collection. Later, Emperor Kangxi pretended to be merciful and changed Dai Mingshi's death penalty to death penalty. People who should have been executed, such as Dai Jia and Fang Jia, were exiled to Heilongjiang. Fang was dead, but he was still sent to the coffin to slaughter his body. In the fifty-third year of Kangxi (17 14), Zhuan Xu, a folk rapper, used rap to write history. This was the pioneering work of a generation, but Emperor Kangxi thought that he had desecrated history, so he turned to Xu for questioning.
Literary inquisition in Yongzheng period
The literary inquisition in Yongzheng period of Nian Gengyao case began with Nian Gengyao case. Nian Gengyao, a native of Huangqi, Han army, was born a scholar and had a talent for fighting. He built Yongzheng in Sichuan and Tibet many times.
Meritorious service: In the last years of Kangxi, Yin Zhen, General Dingxi and Governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, then Prince Yong, attached himself to him. After Yin Zhen succeeded to the throne, Nian Gengyao was highly prized, and was named Governor of Sichuan and Shaanxi, General Taibao and General Fuyuan, and was awarded the first class merit. Nian Gengyao began to regard his younger sister as the concubine of Yongzheng as his own credit. Yin Zhen had long wanted to make an example, but he had no excuse. In February of the third year of Yongzheng (1724), the astronomical spectacle of "the combination of the sun and the moon, the combination of the five stars and the pearl" appeared. Courtiers congratulated on the table, and Yin Zhen paid special attention to Nian Gengyao's playing table and found the "fault". First, the handwriting is scrawled, and second, the idiom "Go out early and come back late" is written as "Go out late and come back late", which means diligent all day long. Regardless of this, Yongzheng thought that Nian Gengyao was up to no good, and those who bore a grudge against Nian Gengyao saw that the emperor had taken the lead, so they rose up and attacked him, and Nian Gengyao was disintegrated into ninety-two major crimes. Yin Zhen ordered Nian Gengyao to commit suicide, his relatives and companions were beheaded, exiled or relegated, and all those involved with him were punished. Seven days after Nian Gengyao's death, the king beheaded the public, that is, Wang's Essay on the Western Expedition. Wang, a native of Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, was appointed as Shaanxi's deployment envoy by his good friend Hu Qiheng in the early years of Yongzheng, and was a confidant of his boss Nian Gengyao. Wang went to visit, took the opportunity to pay a visit to Nian Gengyao, and became a temporary guest of Nian Gengyao. Wang wrote two volumes of Essays on the Western Expedition in the reading room and gave them to Nian Gengyao for collection. Nian Gengyao offended the property, and the essays on the Western Expedition were sent to the palace. After reading it, Yongzheng gnashed his teeth and wrote an inscription on the title page: "Paradoxical madness, as for this pole! I'm sorry to see it so late, but I'll save it for another day and let this kind of thing get away with it. " Probably the article mentioned that "a wily rabbit dies, a running dog cooks", which was to remind Nian Gengyao. Yin Zhen was dissatisfied with this, but he also wanted to show his filial piety. He only called the king "writing poems to satirize the emperor of the sage, which is a big violation of the Tao." So Wang was beheaded, beheaded, and his head was displayed in Beijing food market for ten years. His wife and children were sent to Heilongjiang to be slaves to the armored people (sergeant Manchu); Brothers and uncles exiled Ningguta; Alienate relatives, all the incumbents were removed from office and handed over to the local officials of their origin. Because of the large number of people involved, rumors of "massacre" even spread in Pinghu County where Wang lived, and residents fled in panic. Nian Gengyao was also implicated in the case of money abetting crime. Qian, a famous worker, was born in Wujin, Jiangsu. He was the same age as Nian Gengyao in the provincial examination, so he may have made friends. In the second year of Yongzheng (1724), Nian Gengyao, a powerful official, went to Beijing for an audience, and Qian Xian praised him with poems, such as "The flag-bearer of Shaanxi Province in Zhou Dynasty, from the drum to the general in Han corner" and "Zhong Ding swears by the name of mountains and rivers that it is appropriate to publish the second monument he has hidden". Nian Gengyao was punished, and Qian certainly heard about the disaster. Yongzheng accused him of "singing flattery and praising evil". But he didn't kill him, he just fired him and drove him back to his hometown, but he wrote the word "famous sinner" and ordered Qian's local officials to make a plaque and hang it in Qian's home. The word "teaching sinners by naming names" is a great shame, which not only makes money infamous, but also makes his descendants look down upon it. Yin Zhen also ordered Changzhou Magistrate and Wujin Magistrate to go to Qianjia on the first and fifteenth day of each month to check the hanging of the plaque. If you don't hang up, you will be reported to the governor for Meiji crimes. That's not enough. When Qian left Beijing, Yongzheng ordered Beijing officials to write satirical poems for Qian from the university students and Jiuqing. As a result, a total of 385 people took the imperial edict as their poem. After Yongzheng saw it, he paid the money to compile a book, Poems of Famous Offenders, which was published and distributed to schools all over the country, so that all scholars in the world knew it. Praise satirical poems with charm, and punish those without charm. There is a sentence in Chen Wance's poem: "The famous world has the same name as the world's crimes, and the Ming works are no different from the Ming works" (Dai Mingshi and Nian Gengyao also have Ming works in Zhi Nan Shan Ji An), with sharp wording and clever sentences, which was praised by Yongzheng. On the other hand, Wu Xiaodeng, assistant minister of Hanlin, was sent to Ningguta as a slave for his poem Absurdity. Among the people who wrote poems, there was a man named Justine who criticized Qian Shiming for "a hundred years of humiliation". There was a man named Xie Jishi who criticized Qian for "treachery has been exposed since ancient times". But before long, they followed, and the conquered people, as pigs and dogs, could not help being bitten. Long Keduo is a person who has to be mentioned. He is the younger brother of Emperor Kangxi's filial piety, the son of Tong Guowei, the commander-in-chief of the official-to-step army in the last years of Kangxi, and the minister of rites. In the early years of Yongzheng, he attacked the first-class official, awarded the official department minister and added Taibao. Longkodo, like Nian Gengyao, was an important official of Yongzheng. Without him, it is difficult to ascend to the throne, especially Roncodo, who is said to have directly participated in the regicide reform and usurpation. Yongzheng Jiangshan sit tight, will get rid of people who know the inside story, Nian Gengyao has been removed from his post, and Longkodo must also die. In October of the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), Long Keduo was tried for possession of jade (royal genealogy). Wang unanimously determined that Long Keduo had committed forty-one major crimes, so he was forbidden to enter forever, and his property was recovered from the stolen money, and his second son was also punished. The following year, Roncado died in the detention center. However, the case related to the Renkodo case ended several months before Renkodo was convicted. Justine was born in Haining, Zhejiang. In the 45th year of Kangxi (1706), he was a scholar and was elected to the Imperial Academy. He was made a cabinet scholar by Duobao, and was later made a left assistant minister of the Ministry of Rites by Zuodu Yushi Cai Bao. For details about this literary inquisition, please refer to the six-volume Cha Chuan in the early Qing Dynasty. In May of the fifth year of Yongzheng (1727), the case ended, and Justine slaughtered his body, beheaded his relatives or exiled him, and all the Jiangxi officials involved were dismissed. Not only that, because Wang He and Justine were both from Zhejiang, Yongzheng took it out on Zhejiang scholars. In October of the fourth year of Yongzheng (1726), the next month when Justine was imprisoned, the Qing court set up special envoys in Zhejiang to supervise the scholars and rectify the style of scholars (then the southeast provinces set up special envoys one after another to observe the rectification). 1 1 month, send a letter to stop the examination and examination in Zhejiang Jinshi province. The assistant minister of the official department supported this proposition. Wang, Cha and others made the conclusion that "the more water adds shame, the more ashamed Wu Shan is", and put forward ten suggestions to rectify customs and restrain scholars. Yongzheng approved the governor of Zhejiang and made a resolution to rectify customs. In August of the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), at the request of Li Wei, the governor of Zhejiang Province, Yongzheng lifted the imperial edict of stopping after having obtained the provincial examinations, and cancelled the task of keeping the customs two years later.