1. Pruning: In fruit and vegetable cultivation, when the plant has enough functional leaves, in order to control the growth of nutrients, reduce the consumption of nutrients, remove redundant branches, create a certain plant shape, and promote fruit development, the method is called pruning.

2. Nucleation: refers to the operation of removing growing points. For melons (melons, gourds) with lateral vines as the main fruit, pinching should be carried out shortly after the main vines grow, so as to promote them to branch early and open female flowers early. For fruits and vegetables cultivated in scaffolding, in order to inhibit vegetative growth, the operation of removing the top growth point is also called "topping" or "drilling tip".

3, bifurcation: removing side branches or axillary buds is called bifurcation. Repeatedly, reduce nutrient consumption.

(2) picking and binding the leaves

1. defoliation: removing diseased leaves, old leaves and yellow leaves during plant growth is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission under plants, reducing the occurrence and spread of diseases, reducing nutrient consumption and promoting the good development of plants.

2. Bundling leaves: Bundling leaves is a management measure for Chinese cabbage and cauliflower. In the late growth stage of Chinese cabbage, the outer leaves bind the core tightly and soften the leaves to protect them from freezing injury; When the flower ball of cauliflower is formed, the leaves near the flower ball are bound or bent to cover the flower ball, so that the flower ball is white and the quality is improved. However, the bunching of leaves should not be carried out too early, otherwise it will affect photosynthesis.

(3) Sparse flowers and fruits to ensure flowers and fruits.

1, flower thinning and fruit thinning: for vegetables with vegetative organs as products, flower organs should be removed as soon as possible to reduce nutrient consumption and promote the formation of product organs, such as potatoes and garlic; For vegetables with big fruits as products, select a few high-quality young fruits, remove the remaining flowers and fruits, and increase the benefits by concentrating nutrition, improving the quality of single fruit and improving the quality, such as watermelon, wax gourd and tomato. , and pay attention to choose the best fruiting parts and well-developed young fruits;

2. Protect flowers and fruits: For vegetables that are easy to drop flowers and fruits in protected cultivation, such as tomatoes and kidney beans, measures should be taken to protect flowers and fruits to improve the fruit setting rate.

(4) supporting, pulling and tying vines

1. Scaffolding: For vegetables that cannot grow vertically, such as cucumbers, tomatoes and kidney beans, the planting density can be increased to make full use of space and soil. Common rack-shaped herringbone frame, quadruped frame, hedge frame, straight frame and scaffold.

2. Traction: Traction refers to the method of climbing and guiding some lianas and semi-lianas in protected cultivation. That is, one end of the traction rope is fixed at the top of the frame, and the other end is fixed at the root, so that plants are wound on the traction rope.

3. Tie vines: For vegetables with poor climbing performance, such as cucumbers and tomatoes, the stems and vines are fixed on telephone poles with hemp rope, straw and plastic rope, which is called tie vines. 8-shaped binding is often used in production, which can prevent the stem and vine from rubbing against the frame pole. When tying the rattan, the tightness should be moderate to prevent the rattan from swinging in the wind on the frame, so as not to hurt or scratch the rattan.

(5) pressing vines, reversing stems and winding vines

1, vine pressing: vine pressing is to press some stem nodes of vine vegetables growing on the ground into the soil to promote the occurrence of adventitious roots, increase the absorption area and prevent strong winds from blowing. The plants are neatly arranged in the field, and the stems and leaves are evenly distributed.

2. Stems lodging and winding vines: In order to reduce the shade of poles in facilities, hanging vines are often used for cultivation. Cucumber, tomato, kidney bean and other infinitely growing vegetables, the length of stems and vines can reach more than 3 m. In order to ensure that the stems and vines have enough growth space and are easy to manage, the stems and vines can be dropped and coiled at the edge of the border at any time according to the fruit harvesting situation, so that the growing points of plants can always be kept at a suitable height.